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This longitudinal study aims to quantify the axial plane of the optic nerve subarachnoid space area (ONSSA), which is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and expands with elevated ONSP during and after head-down tilt (HDT) bed rest (BR). 36 healthy male volunteers (72 eyes) underwent a 90-day strict 6\u00b0 HDT BR. Without obtaining the pre-HDT data, measurements were performed on days 30, 60, and 90 during HDT and at 6 recovery time points extended to 180-days (R\u2009+\u2009180) in a supine position. Portable B-scan ultrasound was performed using the 12\u2009MHz linear array probe binocularly. The measurements of the ONS and the calculation of the ONSSA were performed with ImageJ 1.51 analysis software by two experienced observers in a masked manner. Compared to R\u2009+\u2009180, the ONSSA on HDT30, HDT60, and HDT90 exhibited a consistently significant distention of 0.44\u2009mm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    (95% CI: 0.13 to 0.76 mm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.001), 0.45 mm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    (95% CI: 0.15 to 0.75 mm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.001), and 0.46 mm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    (95% CI: 0.15 to 0.76 mm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), respectively, and recovered immediately after HDT on R\u2009+\u20092. Such small changes in the ONSSA were below the lateral resolution limit of ultrasound (0.4 mm) and may not be clinically relevant, possibly due to ONS hysteresis causing persistent ONS distension. Future research can explore advanced quantitative portable ultrasound-based techniques and establish comparisons containing the pre-HDT measurements to deepen our understanding of SANS.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41526-024-00347-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]],"date-time":"2024-01-17T14:02:11Z","timestamp":1705500131000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Quantitative ultrasound image assessment of the optic nerve subarachnoid space during 90-day head-down tilt bed rest"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Yuan","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingdi","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaqi","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiangang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengjia","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2740-4251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linjie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8933-4482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ningli","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9294-4652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yinghui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"347_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2017.2396","volume":"135","author":"AG Lee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lee, A. 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