{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:48:53Z","timestamp":1792784933130,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780963200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":104,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019125","name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019125","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004794","name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004794","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CNES","award":["APR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APR"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04h1h0y33","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Microgravity"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41526-026-00617-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T16:36:14Z","timestamp":1781022974000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Influence of gravity variations on the activity of neuronal spheroids in an acoustic trap"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Pierre-Ewen","family":"Lecoq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Viraye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chlo\u00e9","family":"Dupuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"Benoit-Gonin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Luc","family":"Aider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Michel","family":"Peyrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"617_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.11.017","volume":"122","author":"KE Hupfeld","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hupfeld, K. E., McGregor, H. R., Reuter-Lorenz, P. A. & Seidler, R. D. Microgravity effects on the human brain and behavior: dysfunction and adaptive plasticity. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 122, 176\u2013189 (2021).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"617_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, U., Baig, S., Majid, A. & Bell, S. M. The neurology of space flight; how does space flight effect the human nervous system? Life Sci. Space Res. 36, 105\u2013115 (2022).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2022.09.003"},{"key":"617_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41526-021-00133-z","volume":"7","author":"M Roy-O\u2019Reilly","year":"2021","unstructured":"Roy-O\u2019Reilly, M., Mulavara, A. & Williams, T. A review of alterations to the brain during spaceflight and the potential relevance to crew in long-duration space exploration. npj Microgravity 7, 1\u20139 (2021).","journal-title":"npj Microgravity"},{"key":"617_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.4882","volume":"76","author":"JK Lee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee, J. K. et al. Spaceflight-Associated Brain White Matter Microstructural Changes and Intracranial Fluid Redistribution. JAMA Neurol. 76, 412\u2013419 (2019).","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"617_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-04382-w","volume":"6","author":"S Jillings","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jillings, S. et al. Prolonged microgravity induces reversible and persistent changes on human cerebral connectivity. Commun. Biol. 6, 46 (2023).","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"617_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.3390\/app11010068","volume":"11","author":"F Ferranti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ferranti, F., Del Bianco, M. & Pacelli, C. Advantages and limitations of current microgravity platforms for space biology research. Appl. Sci. 11, 68 (2020).","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"617_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2019.10.006","volume":"13","author":"A Wnorowski","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wnorowski, A. et al. Effects of spaceflight on human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte structure and function. Stem Cell Rep. 13, 960\u2013969 (2019).","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"617_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4042","DOI":"10.3390\/app9194042","volume":"9","author":"C Cepeda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cepeda, C. et al. Human neural stem cells flown into space proliferate and generate young neurons. Appl. Sci. 9, 4042 (2019).","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"617_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2021.08.008","volume":"40","author":"L Moroni","year":"2022","unstructured":"Moroni, L. et al. What can biofabrication do for space and what can space do for biofabrication? Trends Biotechnol. 40, 398\u2013411 (2022).","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"617_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1056652","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.1056652","volume":"10","author":"R Long","year":"2022","unstructured":"Long, R. et al. 3d cell culture based on artificial cells and hydrogel under microgravity for bottom-up microtissue constructs. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 10, 1056652 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"617_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaba4174","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aba4174","volume":"6","author":"VA Parfenov","year":"2020","unstructured":"Parfenov, V. A. et al. Magnetic levitational bioassembly of 3d tissue construct in space. Sci. Adv. 6, eaba4174 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"617_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1007\/s12217-020-09835-7","volume":"32","author":"G Dumy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dumy, G. et al. Acoustic manipulation of dense nanorods in microgravity. Microgravity Sci. Technol. 32, 1159\u20131174 (2020).","journal-title":"Microgravity Sci. Technol."},{"key":"617_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.18063\/ijb.v4i1.130","volume":"4","author":"Y Sriphutkiat","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sriphutkiat, Y., Kasetsirikul, S. & Zhou, Y. Formation of cell spheroids using standing surface acoustic wave (ssaw). Int. J. Bioprinting 4, 130 (2017).","journal-title":"Int. J. Bioprinting"},{"key":"617_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1039\/D0BM01269F","volume":"9","author":"Y Gao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gao, Y., Fajrial, A. K., Yang, T. & Ding, X. Emerging on-chip surface acoustic wave technology for small biomaterials manipulation and characterization. Biomater. Sci. 9, 1574\u20131582 (2021).","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"617_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1038\/s41526-025-00553-1","volume":"12","author":"B Dupont","year":"2026","unstructured":"Dupont, B., Benoit-Gonin, X., Vincent-Bonnieu, S., Aider, J. L. & Ardr\u00e9, M. Illumination optimization and low-power trapping of Limnospira indica PCC 8005 using bulk acoustic waves in microgravity. npj Microgravity 12, 32 (2026).","journal-title":"npj Microgravity"},{"key":"617_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"054044","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.11.054044","volume":"11","author":"GT Silva","year":"2019","unstructured":"Silva, G. T., Lopes, J. H., Le\u00e3o-Neto, J. P., Nichols, M. K. & Drinkwater, B. W. Particle patterning by ultrasonic standing waves in a rectangular cavity. Phys. Rev. Appl. 11, 054044 (2019).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Appl."},{"key":"617_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0003046","volume":"149","author":"JP Leao-Neto","year":"2021","unstructured":"Leao-Neto, J. P., Hoyos, M., Aider, J.-L. & Silva, G. T. Acoustic radiation force and torque on spheroidal particles in an ideal cylindrical chamber. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 149, 285\u2013295 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"617_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1121\/1.402622","volume":"91","author":"G Whitworth","year":"1992","unstructured":"Whitworth, G. & Coakley, W. Particle column formation in a stationary ultrasonic field. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 91, 79\u201385 (1992).","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"617_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3515","DOI":"10.1039\/D0LC00779J","volume":"20","author":"X Hu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hu, X. et al. Versatile biomimetic array assembly by phase modulation of coherent acoustic waves. Lab Chip 20, 3515\u20133523 (2020).","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"617_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.3390\/mi12030329","volume":"12","author":"K Olofsson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Olofsson, K., Carannante, V., Takai, M., \u00d6nfelt, B. & Wiklund, M. Ultrasound-based scaffold-free core-shell multicellular tumor spheroid formation. Micromachines 12, 329 (2021).","journal-title":"Micromachines"},{"key":"617_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6243","DOI":"10.1039\/D0AN01373K","volume":"145","author":"H Cai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cai, H. et al. Acoustofluidic assembly of 3d neurospheroids to model alzheimer\u2019s disease. Analyst 145, 6243\u20136253 (2020).","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"617_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2024.137173","volume":"427","author":"B Hammarstr\u00f6m","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hammarstr\u00f6m, B. et al. Adaptive ultrasonic actuation for dynamic formation and characterization of 3d cell cultures. Sens. Actuat. B Chem. 427, 137173 (2025).","journal-title":"Sens. Actuat. B Chem."},{"key":"617_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3222","DOI":"10.1039\/C5LC00436E","volume":"15","author":"AE Christakou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Christakou, A. E., Ohlin, M., \u00d6nfelt, B. & Wiklund, M. Ultrasonic three-dimensional on-chip cell culture for dynamic studies of tumor immune surveillance by natural killer cells. Lab Chip 15, 3222\u20133231 (2015).","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"617_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2466","DOI":"10.1039\/C8LC00537K","volume":"18","author":"K Olofsson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Olofsson, K. et al. Acoustic formation of multicellular tumor spheroids enabling on-chip functional and structural imaging. Lab Chip 18, 2466\u20132476 (2018).","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"617_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07823-5","volume":"9","author":"B Kang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kang, B. et al. High-resolution acoustophoretic 3d cell patterning to construct functional collateral cylindroids for ischemia therapy. Nat. Commun. 9, 5402 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"617_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2113038","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202113038","volume":"32","author":"DV Deshmukh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Deshmukh, D. V. et al. Continuous production of acoustically patterned cells within hydrogel fibers for musculoskeletal tissue engineering. Adv. Funct. Mater. 32, 2113038 (2022).","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"617_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4475","DOI":"10.1039\/C4LC00956H","volume":"14","author":"S Li","year":"2014","unstructured":"Li, S. et al. Application of an acoustofluidic perfusion bioreactor for cartilage tissue engineering. Lab Chip 14, 4475\u20134485 (2014).","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"617_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-87459-6","volume":"11","author":"N Jeger-Madiot","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jeger-Madiot, N. et al. Self-organization and culture of mesenchymal stem cell spheroids in acoustic levitation. Sci. Rep. 11, 8355 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"617_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.28651","volume":"121","author":"L Rabiet","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rabiet, L. et al. Acoustic levitation as a tool for cell-driven self-organization of human cell spheroids during long-term 3d culture. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 121, 1421\u20131433 (2024).","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"617_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2013.03.012","volume":"53","author":"O Dron","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dron, O. & Aider, J.-L. Varying the agglomeration position of particles in a micro-channel using acoustic radiation force beyond the resonance condition. Ultrasonics 53, 1280\u20131287 (2013).","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"617_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4165","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0011464","volume":"151","author":"N Jeger-Madiot","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jeger-Madiot, N. et al. Controlling the force and the position of acoustic traps with a tunable acoustofluidic chip: Application to spheroid manipulations. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 151, 4165\u20134179 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"617_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.1039\/D1LC00145K","volume":"21","author":"H Cai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cai, H. et al. Intelligent acoustofluidics enabled mini-bioreactors for human brain organoids. Lab Chip 21, 2194\u20132205 (2021).","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"617_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1038\/s44222-024-00166-5","volume":"2","author":"K Melde","year":"2024","unstructured":"Melde, K. et al. Ultrasound-assisted tissue engineering. Nat. Rev. Bioeng. 2, 486\u2013500 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Bioeng."},{"key":"617_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lecoq, P.-E. et al. Influence of microgravity on spontaneous calcium activity of primary hippocampal neurons grown in microfluidic chips. npj Microgravity 10, 15 (2024).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41526-024-00355-x"},{"key":"617_CR35","first-page":"167","volume":"5","author":"K Yosioka","year":"1955","unstructured":"Yosioka, K. & Kawasima, Y. Acoustic radiation pressure on a compressible sphere. Acta Acust. U. Acust. 5, 167\u2013173 (1955).","journal-title":"Acta Acust. U. Acust."},{"key":"617_CR36","unstructured":"Bruus, H. Theoretical Microfluidics, Vol. 18 (Oxford university press, 2007)."},{"key":"617_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marston, P. L. Contrast factor for standing-wave radiation forces on spheres: Series expansion in powers of sphere radius. JASA Express Lett. 4, 074001 (2024).","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0027928"},{"key":"617_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1121\/1.5021339","volume":"143","author":"T Baasch","year":"2018","unstructured":"Baasch, T. & Dual, J. Acoustofluidic particle dynamics: beyond the rayleigh limit. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 143, 509\u2013519 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"617_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4794393","volume":"133","author":"P Glynne-Jones","year":"2013","unstructured":"Glynne-Jones, P., Mishra, P. P., Boltryk, R. J. & Hill, M. Efficient finite element modeling of radiation forces on elastic particles of arbitrary size and geometry. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 133, 1885\u20131893 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"617_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"015105","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.106.015105","volume":"106","author":"A Pavlic","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pavlic, A., Nagpure, P., Ermanni, L. & Dual, J. Influence of particle shape and material on the acoustic radiation force and microstreaming in a standing wave. Phys. Rev. E 106, 015105 (2022).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"617_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-624X(91)90073-H","volume":"29","author":"G Whitworth","year":"1991","unstructured":"Whitworth, G., Grundy, M. & Coakley, W. Transport and harvesting of suspended particles using modulated ultrasound. Ultrasonics 29, 439\u2013444 (1991).","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"617_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrade, M. A., Bernassau, A. L. & Adamowski, J. C. Acoustic levitation of a large solid sphere. Appl. Phys. Lett. 109, 044101 (2016).","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4959862"},{"key":"617_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-72059-x","volume":"14","author":"L Rabiet","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rabiet, L. et al. Improved functionality of hepatic spheroids cultured in acoustic levitation compared to existing 2d and 3d models. Sci. Rep. 14, 21528 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"617_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3390\/inventions3030065","volume":"3","author":"S Torino","year":"2018","unstructured":"Torino, S., Corrado, B., Iodice, M. & Coppola, G. Pdms-based microfluidic devices for cell culture. Inventions 3, 65 (2018).","journal-title":"Inventions"},{"key":"617_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2654","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1616581","volume":"114","author":"M Hill","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hill, M. The selection of layer thicknesses to control acoustic radiation force profiles in layered resonators. J. Acoustical Soc. Am. 114, 2654\u20132661 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Acoustical Soc. Am."},{"key":"617_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lassus, B. et al. Glutamatergic and dopaminergic modulation of cortico-striatal circuits probed by dynamic calcium imaging of networks reconstructed in microfluidic chips. Sci. Rep. 8, 17461 (2018).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-35802-9"},{"key":"617_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2007.02.014","volume":"449","author":"J-P Eckmann","year":"2007","unstructured":"Eckmann, J.-P. et al. The physics of living neural networks. Phys. Rep. 449, 54\u201376 (2007).","journal-title":"Phys. Rep."},{"key":"617_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2023.01.1674","volume":"16","author":"B Clennell","year":"2023","unstructured":"Clennell, B. et al. Ultrasound modulates neuronal potassium currents via ionotropic glutamate receptors. Brain Stimul. 16, 540\u2013552 (2023).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"617_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28040-1","volume":"13","author":"S Yoo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yoo, S., Mittelstein, D. R., Hurt, R. C., Lacroix, J. & Shapiro, M. G. Focused ultrasound excites cortical neurons via mechanosensitive calcium accumulation and ion channel amplification. Nat. Commun. 13, 493 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"617_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2101950","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202101950","volume":"9","author":"A Vasan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vasan, A. et al. Ultrasound mediated cellular deflection results in cellular depolarization. Adv. Sci. 9, 2101950 (2022).","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"617_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kohn, F. & Ritzmann, R. Gravity and neuronal adaptation, in vitro and in vivo-from neuronal cells up to neuromuscular responses: a first model. Eur. Biophys. J. 47, 97\u2013107 (2018).","DOI":"10.1007\/s00249-017-1233-7"},{"key":"617_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2568","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00363.2012","volume":"108","author":"A Gonzalez-Sulser","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Sulser, A. et al. Hippocampal neuron firing and local field potentials in the in vitro 4-aminopyridine epilepsy model. J. Neurophysiol. 108, 2568\u20132580 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"617_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188102","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.97.188102","volume":"97","author":"I Breskin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Breskin, I., Soriano, J., Moses, E. & Tlusty, T. Percolation in living neural networks. Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 188102 (2006).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"617_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-37910-1","volume":"14","author":"NJ Averesch","year":"2023","unstructured":"Averesch, N. J. et al. Microbial biomanufacturing for space-exploration-what to take and when to make. Nat. Commun. 14, 2311 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"617_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/s44172-022-00012-9","volume":"1","author":"AJ Berliner","year":"2022","unstructured":"Berliner, A. J. et al. Space bioprocess engineering on the horizon. Commun. Eng. 1, 13 (2022).","journal-title":"Commun. Eng."},{"key":"617_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"016327","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.85.016327","volume":"85","author":"M Settnes","year":"2012","unstructured":"Settnes, M. & Bruus, H. Forces acting on a small particle in an acoustical field in a viscous fluid. Phys. Rev. E 85, 016327 (2012).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"617_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.1039\/c2lc40201g","volume":"12","author":"M Wiklund","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wiklund, M. Acoustofluidics 12: biocompatibility and cell viability in microfluidic acoustic resonators. Lab Chip 12, 2018\u20132028 (2012).","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"617_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1039\/D2LC00854H","volume":"23","author":"R Rasouli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rasouli, R., Paun, R. A. & Tabrizian, M. Sonoprinting nanoparticles on cellular spheroids via surface acoustic waves for enhanced nanotherapeutics delivery. Lab Chip 23, 2091\u20132105 (2023).","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"617_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drinkwater, B. W. A perspective on acoustical tweezers-devices, forces, and biomedical applications. Appl. Phys. Lett. 117, 180501 (2020).","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0028443"},{"key":"617_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marotta, D. et al. Effects of microgravity on human iPSC-derived neural organoids on the International Space Station. Stem Cells Transl. Med. 13, 1186\u20131197 (2024).","DOI":"10.1093\/stcltm\/szae070"},{"key":"617_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E3661","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1509250112","volume":"112","author":"NG Durmus","year":"2015","unstructured":"Durmus, N. G. et al. Magnetic levitation of single cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 112, E3661\u2013E3668 (2015).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"617_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10097","DOI":"10.1039\/D3NR00863K","volume":"15","author":"A Fromain","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fromain, A. et al. Biomineralization of magnetic nanoparticles in stem cells. Nanoscale 15, 10097\u201310109 (2023).","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"617_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crawford-Young, S. J. Effects of microgravity on cell cytoskeleton and embryogenesis. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 50, 183\u2013191 (2006).","DOI":"10.1387\/ijdb.052077sc"},{"key":"617_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32418","volume":"6","author":"M Janmaleki","year":"2016","unstructured":"Janmaleki, M., Pachenari, M., Seyedpour, S., Shahghadami, R. & Sanati-Nezhad, A. Impact of simulated microgravity on cytoskeleton and viscoelastic properties of endothelial cell. Sci. Rep. 6, 32418 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"617_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41526-019-0064-5","volume":"5","author":"FP Kohn","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kohn, F. P. & Hauslage, J. The gravity dependence of pharmacodynamics: the integration of lidocaine into membranes in microgravity. npj Microgravity 5, 5 (2019).","journal-title":"npj Microgravity"},{"key":"617_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2017.00434","volume":"11","author":"Y Cui","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cui, Y. et al. Systematic analysis of mrna and mirna expression of 3d-cultured neural stem cells (nscs) in spaceflight. Front. Cell. Neurosci. 11, 434 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"617_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4586","DOI":"10.1039\/D1LC00737H","volume":"21","author":"JL Sevetson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sevetson, J. L., Theyel, B. & Hoffman-Kim, D. Cortical spheroids display oscillatory network dynamics. Lab. Chip 21, 4586\u20134595 (2021).","journal-title":"Lab. Chip"},{"key":"617_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085282","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1085282","volume":"17","author":"J Striebel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Striebel, J. et al. Human neural network activity reacts to gravity changes in vitro. Front. Neurosci. 17, 1085282 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"617_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1005354","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005354","volume":"13","author":"W Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang, W. et al. Exploring the inhibitory effect of membrane tension on cell polarization. PLoS Comput. Biol. 13, e1005354 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"617_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Falleroni, F. et al. Mechanotransduction in hippocampal neurons operates under localized low piconewton forces. iScience 25, 103807 (2022).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.103807"},{"key":"617_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-97050-8","volume":"11","author":"G Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim, G. & Kim, K.-S. Hypergravity-induced malfunction was moderated by the regulation of nmda receptors in the vestibular nucleus. Sci. Rep. 11, 17420 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"617_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2003.09.039","volume":"33","author":"T Borisova","year":"2004","unstructured":"Borisova, T., Krisanova, N. & Himmelreich, N. Exposure of animals to artificial gravity conditions leads to the alteration of the glutamate release from rat cerebral hemispheres nerve terminals. Adv. Space Res. 33, 1362\u20131367 (2004).","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"617_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3883","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.201500302","volume":"15","author":"Y Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang, Y. et al. Effects of simulated microgravity on the expression of presynaptic proteins distorting the gaba\/glutamate equilibrium\u2013a proteomics approach. Proteomics 15, 3883\u20133891 (2015).","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"617_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.12.020","volume":"77","author":"E Campanac","year":"2013","unstructured":"Campanac, E. et al. Enhanced intrinsic excitability in basket cells maintains excitatory-inhibitory balance in hippocampal circuits. Neuron 77, 712\u2013722 (2013).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"617_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pirjanian, N. A. et al. Establishing Neural Organoid Cultures for Investigating the Effects of Microgravity in Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) (Springer, 2024).","DOI":"10.1007\/7651_2024_550"},{"key":"617_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olofsson, K., Hammarstr\u00f6m, B. & Wiklund, M. Ultrasonic based tissue modelling and engineering. Micromachines 9, 594 (2018).","DOI":"10.3390\/mi9110594"},{"key":"617_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2018.06.001","volume":"140","author":"A Wnorowski","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wnorowski, A., Yang, H. & Wu, J. C. Progress, obstacles, and limitations in the use of stem cells in organ-on-a-chip models. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 140, 3\u201311 (2019).","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"617_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"02LT01","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/25\/2\/02LT01","volume":"25","author":"TM Llewellyn-Jones","year":"2016","unstructured":"Llewellyn-Jones, T. M., Drinkwater, B. W. & Trask, R. S. 3d printed components with ultrasonically arranged microscale structure. Smart Mater. Struct. 25, 02LT01 (2016).","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"617_CR79","unstructured":"Bradski, G. The OpenCV Library (Dr. Dobb\u2019s Journal of Software Tools, 2000)."}],"container-title":["npj Microgravity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41526-026-00617-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41526-026-00617-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41526-026-00617-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T11:04:46Z","timestamp":1789988686000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41526-026-00617-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["617"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41526-026-00617-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2373-8065"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2373-8065","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}],"article-number":"77"}}