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Exercise and training are therefore advocated as important adjunct therapies. In this meta-analysis, we assess the existing evidence for such interventions to reduce FOG, and further examine which type of training helps the restoration of gait function in particular. The primary meta-analysis across 41 studies and 1838 patients revealed a favorable moderate effect size (ES\u2009=\u2009\u22120.37) of various training modalities for reducing subjective FOG-severity (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.00001), though several interventions were not directly aimed at FOG and some included non-freezers. However, exercise and training also proved beneficial in a secondary analysis on freezers only (ES\u2009=\u2009\u22120.32,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.007). We further revealed that dedicated training aimed at reducing FOG episodes (ES\u2009=\u2009\u22120.24) or ameliorating the underlying correlates of FOG (ES\u2009=\u2009\u22120.40) was moderately effective (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.01), while generic exercises were not (ES\u2009=\u2009\u22120.14,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.12). Relevantly, no retention effects were seen after cessation of training (ES\u2009=\u2009\u22120.08,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.36). This review thereby supports the implementation of targeted training as a treatment for FOG with the need for long-term engagement.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-021-00224-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,10]],"date-time":"2021-09-10T06:03:22Z","timestamp":1631253802000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["A systematic review on exercise and training-based interventions for freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0072-4637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moran","family":"Gilat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6762-3347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pieter","family":"Ginis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Demi","family":"Zoetewei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joni","family":"De Vleeschhauwer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3935-7256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Femke","family":"Hulzinga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5306-5903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas","family":"D\u2019Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Nieuwboer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"224_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(11)70143-0","volume":"10","author":"JG Nutt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nutt, J. 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