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Some causative genes of non-parkinsonian entities may also manifest with parkinsonism mimicking PD. This study aimed to investigate the genetic characteristics of clinically diagnosed PD with early onset age or family history. A total of 832 patients initially diagnosed with PD were enrolled, of which, 636 were classified into the early-onset group and 196 were classified into the familial late-onset group. The genetic testing included the multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and next generation sequencing (target sequencing or whole-exome sequencing). The dynamic variants of spinocerebellar ataxia were tested in probands with family history. In the early-onset group, 30.03% of patients (191\/636) harbored pathogenic\/likely pathogenic (P\/LP) variants in known PD-related genes (\n                    <jats:italic>CHCHD2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>DJ-1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>GBA (heterozygous)<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>LRRK2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>PINK1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>PRKN<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>PLA2G6<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>SNCA<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>VPS35<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). Variants in\n                    <jats:italic>PRKN<\/jats:italic>\n                    were the most prevalent, accounting for 15.72% of the early-onset patients, followed by\n                    <jats:italic>GBA<\/jats:italic>\n                    (10.22%), and\n                    <jats:italic>PLA2G6<\/jats:italic>\n                    (1.89%). And 2.52% (16\/636) had P\/LP variants in causative genes of other diseases (\n                    <jats:italic>ATXN3, ATXN2, GCH1, TH, MAPT, GBA (homozygous)<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). In the familial late-onset group, 8.67% of patients (17\/196) carried P\/LP variants in known PD-related genes (\n                    <jats:italic>GBA (heterozygous), HTRA2, SNCA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and 2.04% (4\/196) had P\/LP variants in other genes (\n                    <jats:italic>ATXN2, PSEN1, DCTN1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). Heterozygous\n                    <jats:italic>GBA<\/jats:italic>\n                    variants (7.14%) were the most common genetic cause found in familial late-onset patients. Genetic testing is of vital importance in differential diagnosis especially in early-onset and familial PD. Our findings may also provide some clues to the nomenclature of genetic movement disorders.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-023-00518-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]],"date-time":"2023-05-17T15:01:33Z","timestamp":1684335693000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The genetic spectrum of a cohort of patients clinically diagnosed as Parkinson\u2019s disease in mainland China"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Yi-Min","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin-Yue","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Niu","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin-Ran","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Dan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Si-Di","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi-Si","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng-Tao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jue","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Lin","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin-Hua","family":"Gan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boxun","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng-Tong","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6438-6334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian-Jun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2748-395X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"518_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2284","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00218-X","volume":"397","author":"BR Bloem","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bloem, B. 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