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This study aimed at investigating the neural and kinematic correlates of bradykinesia during hand-tapping in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease (pwPD) relative to healthy controls. Twenty-five pwPD and 25 age- and sex-matched healthy controls underwent brain functional MRI (fMRI) during a hand-tapping task: subjects alternatively opened and closed their right hand as fully and quickly as possible. Hand-tapping kinematic parameters were objectively measured during the fMRI task using an optical fibre glove. During the fMRI task, pwPD showed reduced hand-tapping amplitude (hypokinesia) and a greater sequence effect. PwPD relative to healthy controls showed a reduced activity of fronto-parietal areas, middle cingulum\/supplementary motor area (SMA), parahippocampus, pallidum\/thalamus and motor cerebellar areas. Moreover, pwPD showed an increased activity of brain cognitive areas such as superior temporal gyrus, posterior cingulum, and cerebellum crus I. The decreased activity of cerebellum IV\u2013V\u2013VI, vermis IV\u2013V, inferior frontal gyrus, and cingulum\/SMA correlated with hypokinesia and with the sequence effect. Interestingly, a reduced activity of areas involved in motor planning and timing correlated both with hypokinesia and with the sequence effect in pwPD. This study has the major strength of collecting objective motor parameters and brain activity simultaneously, providing a unique opportunity to investigate the neural correlates of the \u201cbradykinesia complex\u201d.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-024-00783-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T07:02:58Z","timestamp":1725606178000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Neural correlates of bradykinesia in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a kinematic and functional MRI study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5300-2849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Sarasso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Gardoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Zenere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7904-1803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Emedoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Balestrino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Grassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Basaia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2638-736X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Tripodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Canu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Malcangi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9880-2241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Pelosin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Antonietta","family":"Volont\u00e8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3981-7248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Corbetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5485-0479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Filippi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Agosta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"783_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1601869","volume":"37","author":"CW Hess","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hess, C. 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D.C. is recipient of a grant form the Italian Ministry of Health. M.F. is Editor-in-Chief of the <i>Journal of Neurology<\/i>, Associate Editor of <i>Human Brain Mapping<\/i>, <i>Neurological Sciences<\/i>, and <i>Radiology<\/i>; received compensation for consulting services from Alexion, Almirall, Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi; speaking activities from Bayer, Biogen, Celgene, Chiesi Italia SpA, Eli Lilly, Genzyme, Janssen, Merck-Serono, Neopharmed Gentili, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Roche, Sanofi, Takeda and TEVA; participation in Advisory Boards for Alexion, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Sanofi-Aventis, Sanofi-Genzyme, Takeda; scientific direction of educational events for Biogen, Merck, Roche, Celgene, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lilly, Novartis, Sanofi-Genzyme; he receives research support from Biogen Idec, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, the Italian Ministry of Health, the Italian Ministry of University and Research and Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla. F.A. is Associate Editor of <i>NeuroImage: Clinical<\/i>, has received speaker honoraria from Biogen Idec, Italfarmaco, Roche, Zambon and Eli Lilly, and receives or has received research supports from the Italian Ministry of Health, the Italian Ministry of University and Research, AriSLA (Fondazione Italiana di Ricerca per la SLA), the European Research Council, the EU Joint Programme\u2014Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND) and Foundation Research on Alzheimer Disease (France).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"167"}}