{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T15:53:36Z","timestamp":1786377216348,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745366400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21 NS122280"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 NS122280"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Parkinsons Dis."],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-025-00925-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T12:43:55Z","timestamp":1745412235000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Environmental exposures and familial background alter the induction of neuropathology and inflammation after SARS-CoV-2 infection"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Debotri","family":"Chatterjee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Drishya","family":"Kurup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard Jay","family":"Smeyne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"925_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ascherio, A. & Schwarzschild, M. A. The epidemiology of Parkinson's disease: risk factors and prevention. Lancet Neurol. 15, 1257\u20131272 (2016).","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)30230-7"},{"key":"925_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ben-Shlomo, Y. et al. The epidemiology of Parkinson's disease. Lancet 403, 283\u2013292 (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01419-8"},{"key":"925_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tansey, M. A.-O. et al. Inflammation and immune dysfunction in Parkinson disease. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 22, 657\u2013673 (2022).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00684-6"},{"key":"925_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dorsey, E. R. et al. The body, the brain, the environment, and Parkinson\u2019s disease. J. Parkinsons Dis. 14, 363\u2013381 (2024).","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-240019"},{"key":"925_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.11.005","volume":"44","author":"A Zimprich","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zimprich, A. et al. Mutations in LRRK2 cause autosomal-dominant parkinsonism with pleomorphic pathology. Neuron 44, 601\u2013607 (2004).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"925_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70117-0","volume":"7","author":"DG Healy","year":"2008","unstructured":"Healy, D. G. et al. Phenotype, genotype, and worldwide genetic penetrance of LRRK2-associated Parkinson\u2019s disease: a case-control study. Lancet Neurol. 7, 583\u2013590 (2008).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"925_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20319","volume":"20","author":"C Sato","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sato, C. et al. Analysis of the glucocerebrosidase gene in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov. Disord. 20, 367\u2013370 (2005).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"925_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1096284","volume":"304","author":"EM Valente","year":"2004","unstructured":"Valente, E. M. et al. Hereditary early-onset Parkinson\u2019s disease caused by mutations in PINK1. Science 304, 1158\u20131160 (2004).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"925_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2018.10.026","volume":"61","author":"D Ayton","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ayton, D., Ayton, S., Barker, A. L., Bush, A. I. & Warren, N. Parkinson\u2019s disease prevalence and the association with rurality and agricultural determinants. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 61, 198\u2013202 (2019).","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"925_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2006.10.008","volume":"25","author":"MG Purisai","year":"2007","unstructured":"Purisai, M. G. et al. Microglial activation as a priming event leading to paraquat-induced dopaminergic cell degeneration. Neurobiol. Dis. 25, 392\u2013400 (2007).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"925_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002839","volume":"119","author":"CM Tanner","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tanner, C. M. et al. Rotenone, paraquat, and Parkinson\u2019s disease. Environ. Health Perspect. 119, 866\u2013872 (2011).","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"925_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2022.105685","volume":"167","author":"SM Rocha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rocha, S. M. et al. Rotenone induces regionally distinct \u03b1-synuclein protein aggregation and activation of glia prior to loss of dopaminergic neurons in C57Bl\/6 mice. Neurobiol. Dis. 167, 105685 (2022).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"925_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.05.015","volume":"21","author":"XL Bu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bu, X. L. et al. The association between infectious burden and Parkinson\u2019s disease: a case-control study. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 21, 877\u2013881 (2015).","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"925_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-04-01228.2003","volume":"23","author":"HM Gao","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gao, H. M., Hong, J. S., Zhang, W. & Liu, B. Synergistic dopaminergic neurotoxicity of the pesticide rotenone and inflammogen lipopolysaccharide: relevance to the etiology of Parkinson\u2019s disease. J. Neurosci. 23, 1228\u20131236 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"925_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.03-0203fje","volume":"17","author":"HM Gao","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gao, H. M., Liu, B., Zhang, W. & Hong, J. S. Synergistic dopaminergic neurotoxicity of MPTP and inflammogen lipopolysaccharide: relevance to the etiology of Parkinson\u2019s disease. FASEB J. 17, 1957\u20131959 (2003).","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"925_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-017-0019-z","volume":"3","author":"S Sadasivan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sadasivan, S., Sharp, B., Schultz-Cherry, S. & Smeyne, R. J. Synergistic effects of influenza and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) can be eliminated by the use of influenza therapeutics: experimental evidence for the multi-hit hypothesis. NPJ Parkinsons Dis. 3, 18 (2017).","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"925_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1010670","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010670","volume":"18","author":"P Leblanc","year":"2022","unstructured":"Leblanc, P. & Vorberg, I. M. Viruses in neurodegenerative diseases: more than just suspects in crimes. PLoS Pathog. 18, e1010670 (2022).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"925_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-202211","volume":"10","author":"LC Beauchamp","year":"2020","unstructured":"Beauchamp, L. C., Finkelstein, D. I., Bush, A. I., Evans, A. H. & Barnham, K. J. Parkinsonism as a third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic?. J. Parkinsons Dis. 10, 1343\u20131353 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"925_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jang, H. et al. Viral parkinsonism. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1792, 714\u2013721 (2008).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2008.08.001"},{"key":"925_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-202279","volume":"11","author":"RJ Smeyne","year":"2021","unstructured":"Smeyne, R. J., Noyce, A. J., Byrne, M., Savica, R. & Marras, C. Infection and Risk of Parkinson\u2019s Disease. J. Parkinsons Dis. 11, 31\u201343 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"925_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-020-00123-0","volume":"6","author":"D Sulzer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sulzer, D. et al. COVID-19 and possible links with Parkinson\u2019s disease and parkinsonism: from bench to bedside. NPJ Parkinsons Dis. 6, 18 (2020).","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"925_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henry, J. et al. Parkinsonism and neurological manifestations of influenza throughout the 20th and 21st centuries. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 16, 566\u2013571 (2010).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2010.06.012"},{"key":"925_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2008.08.001","volume":"1792","author":"H Jang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jang, H., Boltz, D. A., Webster, R. G. & Smeyne, R. J. Viral parkinsonism. Biochim Biophys. Acta 1792, 714\u2013721 (2009).","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"925_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)17841-4","volume":"214","author":"C Von Economo","year":"1929","unstructured":"Von Economo, C. Cruchet\u2019s \u201cEnc\u00e9phalomy\u00e9lite Subaigu\u00ebdiffuse\u201d and Epidemic Encephalitis Lethargica. Lancet 214, 121\u2013122 (1929).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"925_CR25","first-page":"581","volume":"30","author":"K Von Economo","year":"1917","unstructured":"Von Economo, K. Encepahlitis lethargica. Wien. Klinische Wochenschr. 30, 581\u2013585 (1917).","journal-title":"Wien. Klinische Wochenschr."},{"key":"925_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh008","volume":"127","author":"RC Dale","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dale, R. C. et al. Encephalitis lethargica syndrome: 20 new cases and evidence of basal ganglia autoimmunity. Brain 127, 21\u201333 (2004).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"925_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.12.012","volume":"74","author":"CP Maurizi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Maurizi, C. P. Influenza caused epidemic encephalitis (encephalitis lethargica): the circumstantial evidence and a challenge to the nonbelievers. Med. Hypotheses 74, 798\u2013801 (2010).","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"925_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Levine, K. S. et al. Virus exposure and neurodegenerative disease risk across national biobanks. Neuron. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.12.029 (2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.12.029"},{"key":"925_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0124047","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124047","volume":"10","author":"S Sadasivan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sadasivan, S., Zanin, M., O\u2019Brien, K., Schultz-Cherry, S. & Smeyne, R. J. Induction of microglia activation after infection with the non-neurotropic A\/CA\/04\/2009 H1N1 influenza virus. PLoS ONE 10, e0124047 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"925_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5123-11.2012","volume":"32","author":"H Jang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jang, H. et al. Inflammatory effects of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus infection in the CNS of mice. J. Neurosci. 32, 1545\u20131559 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"925_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14063","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0900096106","volume":"106","author":"H Jang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jang, H. et al. Highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus can enter the central nervous system and induce neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 14063\u201314068 (2009).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"925_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.3895","volume":"78","author":"NM Cocoros","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cocoros, N. M. et al. Long-term risk of Parkinson disease following influenza and other infections. JAMA Neurol. 78, 1461\u20131470 (2021).","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"925_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayase, Y. & Tobita, K. Influenza virus and neurological diseases. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 51, 181 (1997).","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.1997.tb02580.x"},{"key":"925_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takahashi, M. & Yamada, T. Viral etiology for Parkinson\u2019s disease-a possible role of influenza A virus infection. Jpn J. Infect. Dis. 52, 89\u201398 (1999).","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.52.89"},{"key":"925_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7","volume":"579","author":"P Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou, P. et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature 579, 270\u2013273 (2020).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"925_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30120-1","volume":"20","author":"E Dong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dong, E., Du, H. & Gardner, L. An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time. Lancet Infect. Dis. 20, 533\u2013534 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"925_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2020.104260","volume":"81","author":"T Phan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Phan, T. Genetic diversity and evolution of SARS-CoV-2. Infect. Genet Evol. 81, 104260 (2020).","journal-title":"Infect. Genet Evol."},{"key":"925_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00127","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00127-20","volume":"94","author":"Y Wan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wan, Y., Shang, J., Graham, R., Baric, R. S. & Li, F. Receptor recognition by the novel coronavirus from Wuhan: an analysis based on decade-long structural studies of SARS coronavirus. J. Virol. 94, e00127 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"925_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1560","volume":"203","author":"Y Ding","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ding, Y. et al. Organ distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in SARS patients: implications for pathogenesis and virus transmission pathways. J. Pathol. 203, 622\u2013630 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"925_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.04.026","volume":"181","author":"D Blanco-Melo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Blanco-Melo, D. et al. Imbalanced host response to SARS-CoV-2 drives development of COVID-19. Cell 181, 1036\u20131045.e1039 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"925_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-00334-0","volume":"5","author":"S Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li, S. et al. SARS-CoV-2 triggers inflammatory responses and cell death through caspase-8 activation. Signal Transduct. Target. Ther. 5, 235 (2020).","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"925_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13605","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-64384-y","volume":"14","author":"H Maa\u00df","year":"2024","unstructured":"Maa\u00df, H. et al. Serum cytokine dysregulation signatures associated with COVID-19 outcomes in high mortality intensive care unit cohorts across pandemic waves and variants. Sci. Rep. 14, 13605 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"925_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10344","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810344","volume":"23","author":"J Monserrat","year":"2022","unstructured":"Monserrat, J. et al. Role of innate and adaptive cytokines in the survival of COVID-19 patients. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23, 10344 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"925_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51350","volume":"8","author":"EL Graham","year":"2021","unstructured":"Graham, E. L. et al. Persistent neurologic symptoms and cognitive dysfunction in non-hospitalized Covid-19 \u201clong haulers\u201d. Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol. 8, 1073\u20131085 (2021).","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"925_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15732","volume":"30","author":"A Calculli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Calculli, A. et al. Parkinson disease following COVID-19: report of six cases. Eur. J. Neurol. 30, 1272\u20131280 (2023).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"925_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30305-7","volume":"19","author":"ME Cohen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cohen, M. E. et al. A case of probable Parkinson\u2019s disease after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Lancet Neurol. 19, 804\u2013805 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"925_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28277","volume":"35","author":"I Faber","year":"2020","unstructured":"Faber, I. et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 and Parkinsonism: a non-post-encephalitic case. Mov. Disord. 35, 1721\u20131722 (2020).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"925_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2109","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010282","volume":"95","author":"A M\u00e9ndez-Guerrero","year":"2020","unstructured":"M\u00e9ndez-Guerrero, A. et al. Acute hypokinetic-rigid syndrome following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Neurology 95, e2109\u2013e2118 (2020).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"925_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3980","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10560-3","volume":"268","author":"M Morassi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Morassi, M. et al. SARS-CoV-2-related encephalitis with prominent parkinsonism: clinical and FDG-PET correlates in two patients. J. Neurol. 268, 3980\u20133987 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"925_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-202249","volume":"10","author":"EG Brown","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brown, E. G. et al. The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with Parkinson\u2019s disease. J. Parkinsons Dis. 10, 1365\u20131377 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"925_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2020.106349","volume":"200","author":"T Kubota","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kubota, T. & Kuroda, N. Exacerbation of neurological symptoms and COVID-19 severity in patients with preexisting neurological disorders and COVID-19: a systematic review. Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg. 200, 106349 (2021).","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"925_CR52","first-page":"51","volume":"14","author":"SJ Ahmad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ahmad, S. J. et al. Fatality rates after infection with the Omicron variant (B.1.1.529): how deadly has it been? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Acute Med. 14, 51\u201360 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Acute Med."},{"key":"925_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2024.100855","volume":"38","author":"P Hedberg","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hedberg, P. et al. In-hospital mortality during the wild-type, alpha, delta, and omicron SARS-CoV-2 waves: a multinational cohort study in the EuCARE project. Lancet Reg. Health Eur. 38, 100855 (2024).","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health Eur."},{"key":"925_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2035389","volume":"384","author":"LR Baden","year":"2021","unstructured":"Baden, L. R. et al. Efficacy and safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. N. Engl. J. Med. 384, 403\u2013416 (2021).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"925_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034577","volume":"383","author":"FP Polack","year":"2020","unstructured":"Polack, F. P. et al. Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine. N. Engl. J. Med. 383, 2603\u20132615 (2020).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"925_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2107659","volume":"385","author":"PT Heath","year":"2021","unstructured":"Heath, P. T. et al. Safety and efficacy of NVX-CoV2373 Covid-19 vaccine. N. Engl. J. Med. 385, 1172\u20131183 (2021).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"925_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/1055-8330(95)90015-2","volume":"4","author":"V Jackson-Lewis","year":"1995","unstructured":"Jackson-Lewis, V., Jakowec, M., Burke, R. E. & Przedborski, S. Time course and morphology of dopaminergic neuronal death caused by the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. Neurodegeneration 4, 257\u2013269 (1995).","journal-title":"Neurodegeneration"},{"key":"925_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29116","volume":"37","author":"RJ Smeyne","year":"2022","unstructured":"Smeyne, R. J. et al. COVID-19 infection enhances susceptibility to oxidative stress-induced parkinsonism. Mov. Disord. 37, 1394\u20131404 (2022).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"925_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2024.01.017","volume":"141","author":"Q Xia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xia, Q. et al. Case fatality rates of COVID-19 during epidemic periods of variants of concern: a meta-analysis by continents. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 141, 106950 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"925_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7616139","volume":"16","author":"JS Bus","year":"1976","unstructured":"Bus, J. S., Aust, S. D. & Gibson, J. E. Paraquat toxicity: proposed mechanism of action involving lipid peroxidation. Environ. Health Perspect. 16, 139\u2013146 (1976).","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"925_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C100560200","volume":"277","author":"AB Manning-Bog","year":"2002","unstructured":"Manning-Bog, A. B. et al. The herbicide paraquat causes up-regulation and aggregation of alpha-synuclein in mice: paraquat and alpha-synuclein. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 1641\u20131644 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"925_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0164094","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164094","volume":"11","author":"RJ Smeyne","year":"2016","unstructured":"Smeyne, R. J. et al. Assessment of the effects of MPTP and Paraquat on dopaminergic neurons and microglia in the substantia Nigra pars compacta of C57BL\/6 mice. PLoS ONE 11, e0164094 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"925_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-022-00289-9","volume":"8","author":"E Kozina","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kozina, E., Byrne, M. & Smeyne, R. J. Mutant LRRK2 in lymphocytes regulates neurodegeneration via IL-6 in an inflammatory model of Parkinson\u2019s disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis. 8, 24 (2022).","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"925_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy077","volume":"141","author":"E Kozina","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kozina, E. et al. Mutant LRRK2 mediates peripheral and central immune responses leading to neurodegeneration in vivo. Brain 141, 1753\u20131769 (2018).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"925_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n436","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n436","volume":"372","author":"AH Attaway","year":"2021","unstructured":"Attaway, A. H., Scheraga, R. G., Bhimraj, A., Biehl, M. & Hatipo\u011flu, U. Severe covid-19 pneumonia: pathogenesis and clinical management. BMJ 372, n436 (2021).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"925_CR66","unstructured":"Branswell, H. Comparing the Covid-19 Vaccines Developed by Pfizer, Moderna, and Johnson & Johnson, https:\/\/www.statnews.com\/2021\/02\/02\/comparing-the-covid-19-vaccines-developed-by-pfizer-moderna-and-johnson-johnson\/ (2021)."},{"key":"925_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.11.001","volume":"54","author":"MG Alameh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alameh, M. G. et al. Lipid nanoparticles enhance the efficacy of mRNA and protein subunit vaccines by inducing robust T follicular helper cell and humoral responses. Immunity 54, 2877\u20132892.e2877 (2021).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"925_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.07.019","volume":"53","author":"D Laczk\u00f3","year":"2020","unstructured":"Laczk\u00f3, D. et al. A single immunization with nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccines elicits strong cellular and humoral immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 in mice. Immunity 53, 724\u2013732.e727 (2020).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"925_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32661-1","volume":"397","author":"M Voysey","year":"2021","unstructured":"Voysey, M. et al. Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK. Lancet 397, 99\u2013111 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"925_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-020-00248-6","volume":"5","author":"D Kurup","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kurup, D., Wirblich, C., Ramage, H. & Schnell, M. J. Rabies virus-based COVID-19 vaccine CORAVAX\u2122 induces high levels of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. npj Vaccines 5, 98 (2020).","journal-title":"npj Vaccines"},{"key":"925_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.3390\/v14061126","volume":"14","author":"D Kurup","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kurup, D. et al. A Single Dose of the Deactivated Rabies-Virus Vectored COVID-19 Vaccine, CORAVAX, Is Highly Efficacious and Alleviates Lung Inflammation in the Hamster Model. Viruses 14, 1126 (2022).","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"925_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-022-00532-7","volume":"7","author":"C Yankowski","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yankowski, C., Wirblich, C., Kurup, D. & Schnell, M. J. Inactivated rabies-vectored SARS-CoV-2 vaccine provides long-term immune response unaffected by vector immunity. npj Vaccines 7, 110 (2022).","journal-title":"npj Vaccines"},{"key":"925_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2006.02.002","volume":"69","author":"LC Triarhou","year":"2006","unstructured":"Triarhou, L. C. The percipient observations of Constantin von Economo on encephalitis lethargica and sleep disruption and their lasting impact on contemporary sleep research. Brain Res. Bull. 69, 244\u2013258 (2006).","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"925_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-019-0090-8","volume":"5","author":"CM Bantle","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bantle, C. M. et al. Infection with mosquito-borne alphavirus induces selective loss of dopaminergic neurons, neuroinflammation and widespread protein aggregation. NPJ Parkinsons Dis. 5, 20 (2019).","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"925_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.27.11.1095","volume":"27","author":"DR Schultz","year":"1977","unstructured":"Schultz, D. R., Barthal, J. S. & Garrett, G. Western equine encephalitis with rapid onset of parkinsonism. Neurology 27, 1095\u20131096 (1977).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"925_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8071","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-016-0297-1","volume":"54","author":"M Sochocka","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sochocka, M., Diniz, B. S. & Leszek, J. Inflammatory response in the CNS: friend or foe?. Mol. Neurobiol. 54, 8071\u20138089 (2017).","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"925_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2006.11.013","volume":"184","author":"MM Esiri","year":"2007","unstructured":"Esiri, M. M. The interplay between inflammation and neurodegeneration in CNS disease. J. Neuroimmunol. 184, 4\u201316 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"925_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2008.06.040","volume":"441","author":"B Brodacki","year":"2008","unstructured":"Brodacki, B. et al. Serum interleukin (IL-2, IL-10, IL-6, IL-4), TNFalpha, and INFgamma concentrations are elevated in patients with atypical and idiopathic parkinsonism. Neurosci. Lett. 441, 158\u2013162 (2008).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"925_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(96)12706-3","volume":"211","author":"M Mogi","year":"1996","unstructured":"Mogi, M. et al. Interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6 and transforming growth factor-alpha levels are elevated in ventricular cerebrospinal fluid in juvenile parkinsonism and Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurosci. Lett. 211, 13\u201316 (1996).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"925_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-021-02268-5","volume":"141","author":"AS Harms","year":"2021","unstructured":"Harms, A. S., Ferreira, S. A. & Romero-Ramos, M. Periphery and brain, innate and adaptive immunity in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Acta Neuropathol. 141, 527\u2013545 (2021).","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"925_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagatsu, T., Mogi, M., Ichinose, H. & Togari, A. Cytokines in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J. Neural. Transm. Suppl. 58, 143\u2013151 (2000).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-6284-2_12"},{"key":"925_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00684-6","volume":"22","author":"MG Tansey","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tansey, M. G. et al. Inflammation and immune dysfunction in Parkinson disease. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 22, 657\u2013673 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"925_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(94)90746-3","volume":"165","author":"M Mogi","year":"1994","unstructured":"Mogi, M. et al. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) increases both in the brain and in the cerebrospinal fluid from parkinsonian patients. Neurosci. Lett. 165, 208\u2013210 (1994).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"925_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(94)90684-X","volume":"172","author":"G Boka","year":"1994","unstructured":"Boka, G. et al. Immunocytochemical analysis of tumor necrosis factor and its receptors in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurosci. Lett. 172, 151\u2013154 (1994).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"925_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26041","volume":"89","author":"OM Esp\u00edndola","year":"2021","unstructured":"Esp\u00edndola, O. M. et al. Inflammatory cytokine patterns associated with neurological diseases in coronavirus disease 2019. Ann. Neurol. 89, 1041\u20131045 (2021).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"925_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2023.106104","volume":"153","author":"A Nuber-Champier","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nuber-Champier, A. et al. Acute TNF\u03b1 levels predict cognitive impairment 6-9 months after COVID-19 infection. Psychoneuroendocrinology 153, 106104 (2023).","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"925_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-023-02711-2","volume":"20","author":"D Reinhold","year":"2023","unstructured":"Reinhold, D. et al. The brain reacting to COVID-19: analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid proteome, RNA and inflammation. J. Neuroinflammation 20, 30 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"925_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfl133","volume":"95","author":"JR Richardson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Richardson, J. R. et al. Obligatory role for complex I inhibition in the dopaminergic neurotoxicity of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Toxicol. Sci. 95, 196\u2013204 (2007).","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"925_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-79552-z","volume":"11","author":"B Miller","year":"2021","unstructured":"Miller, B. et al. Host mitochondrial transcriptome response to SARS-CoV-2 in multiple cell models and clinical samples. Sci. Rep. 11, 3 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"925_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2024.107170","volume":"204","author":"JW Guarnieri","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guarnieri, J. W. et al. SARS-CoV-2 mitochondrial metabolic and epigenomic reprogramming in COVID-19. Pharm. Res. 204, 107170 (2024).","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"925_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabq1533","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abq1533","volume":"15","author":"JW Guarnieri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guarnieri, J. W. et al. Core mitochondrial genes are down-regulated during SARS-CoV-2 infection of rodent and human hosts. Sci. Transl. Med. 15, eabq1533 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"925_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10756","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-34-10756.2003","volume":"23","author":"TB Sherer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sherer, T. B. et al. Mechanism of toxicity in rotenone models of Parkinson\u2019s disease. J. Neurosci. 23, 10756\u201310764 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"925_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1989.tb09133.x","volume":"52","author":"DT Dexter","year":"1989","unstructured":"Dexter, D. T. et al. Basal lipid peroxidation in substantia nigra is increased in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J. Neurochem. 52, 381\u2013389 (1989).","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"925_CR94","first-page":"37","volume":"40","author":"CW Olanow","year":"1990","unstructured":"Olanow, C. W. Oxidation reactions in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurology 40, 37\u201339 (1990).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"925_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S353467","volume":"15","author":"R Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang, R. et al. COVID-19-related brain injury: the potential role of ferroptosis. J. Inflamm. Res. 15, 2181\u20132198 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"925_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4209","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddr348","volume":"20","author":"MC Herzig","year":"2011","unstructured":"Herzig, M. C. et al. LRRK2 protein levels are determined by kinase function and are crucial for kidney and lung homeostasis in mice. Hum. Mol. Genet. 20, 4209\u20134223 (2011).","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"925_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20180463","volume":"47","author":"RL Wallings","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wallings, R. L. & Tansey, M. G. LRRK2 regulation of immune-pathways and inflammatory disease. Biochem Soc. Trans. 47, 1581\u20131595 (2019).","journal-title":"Biochem Soc. Trans."},{"key":"925_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00527","volume":"14","author":"A Marchand","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marchand, A., Drouyer, M., Sarchione, A., Chartier-Harlin, M. C. & Taymans, J. M. LRRK2 phosphorylation, more than an epiphenomenon. Front Neurosci. 14, 527 (2020).","journal-title":"Front Neurosci."},{"key":"925_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26529","volume":"31","author":"N Dzamko","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dzamko, N., Rowe, D. B. & Halliday, G. M. Increased peripheral inflammation in asymptomatic leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 mutation carriers. Mov. Disord. 31, 889\u2013897 (2016).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"925_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadl1535","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adl1535","volume":"16","author":"RL Wallings","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wallings, R. L. et al. The R1441C-Lrrk2 mutation induces myeloid immune cell exhaustion in an age- and sex-dependent manner in mice. Sci. Transl. Med. 16, eadl1535 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"925_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26232","volume":"93","author":"B Hu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hu, B., Huang, S. & Yin, L. The cytokine storm and COVID-19. J. Med. Virol. 93, 250\u2013256 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"925_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14146","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232214146","volume":"23","author":"ZR Korobova","year":"2022","unstructured":"Korobova, Z. R. et al. Cytokine profiling in different SARS-CoV-2 genetic variants. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23, 14146 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"925_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102763","volume":"55","author":"J Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu, J. et al. Longitudinal characteristics of lymphocyte responses and cytokine profiles in the peripheral blood of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. EBioMedicine 55, 102763 (2020).","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"925_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2620","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI137244","volume":"130","author":"G Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, G. et al. Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019. J. Clin. Invest. 130, 2620\u20132629 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"925_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727060","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.727060","volume":"15","author":"H Anand","year":"2021","unstructured":"Anand, H. et al. Nervous system-systemic crosstalk in SARS-CoV-2\/COVID-19: a unique Dyshomeostasis syndrome. Front Neurosci. 15, 727060 (2021).","journal-title":"Front Neurosci."},{"key":"925_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101839","volume":"23","author":"L Fodoulian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fodoulian, L. et al. SARS-CoV-2 receptors and entry genes are expressed in the human olfactory neuroepithelium and brain. iScience 23, 101839 (2020).","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"925_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26521","volume":"93","author":"J Dey","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dey, J. et al. Neuroinvasion of SARS-CoV-2 may play a role in the breakdown of the respiratory center of the brain. J. Med. Virol. 93, 1296\u20131303 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"925_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-023-02612-x","volume":"146","author":"MS Woo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Woo, M. S. et al. Vagus nerve inflammation contributes to dysautonomia in COVID-19. Acta Neuropathol. 146, 387\u2013394 (2023).","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"925_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-023-00769-8","volume":"25","author":"J Meinhardt","year":"2024","unstructured":"Meinhardt, J. et al. The neurobiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 25, 30\u201342 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"925_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-024-01573-y","volume":"27","author":"J Radke","year":"2024","unstructured":"Radke, J. et al. Proteomic and transcriptomic profiling of brainstem, cerebellum and olfactory tissues in early- and late-phase COVID-19. Nat. Neurosci. 27, 409\u2013420 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"925_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7698","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0619-21.2021","volume":"41","author":"LM Hablitz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hablitz, L. M. & Nedergaard, M. The glymphatic system: a novel component of fundamental neurobiology. J. Neurosci. 41, 7698\u20137711 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"925_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Serrano, G. E. et al. SARS-CoV-2 Brain regional detection, histopathology, gene expression, and immunomodulatory changes in decedents with COVID-19. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jnen\/nlac056 (2022).","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nlac056"},{"key":"925_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906457","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.906457","volume":"13","author":"Y Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Zhang, H., Meng, L., Li, F. & Yu, C. Comparison of immune responses elicited by SARS-CoV-2 mRNA and recombinant protein vaccine Candidates. Front Immunol. 13, 906457 (2022).","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"925_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.8823","volume":"329","author":"T Thaweethai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thaweethai, T. et al. Development of a definition of postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Jama 329, 1934\u20131946 (2023).","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"925_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac136","volume":"226","author":"C Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen, C. et al. Global prevalence of post-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) condition or long COVID: a meta-analysis and systematic review. J. Infect. Dis. 226, 1593\u20131607 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"925_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01214-4","volume":"400","author":"AV Ballering","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ballering, A. V., van Zon, S. K. R., olde Hartman, T. C. & Rosmalen, J. G. M. Persistence of somatic symptoms after COVID-19 in the Netherlands: an observational cohort study. Lancet 400, 452\u2013461 (2022).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"925_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-01104-y","volume":"23","author":"S Mehandru","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mehandru, S. & Merad, M. Pathological sequelae of long-haul COVID. Nat. Immunol. 23, 194\u2013202 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"925_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01136-X","volume":"404","author":"T Greenhalgh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Greenhalgh, T., Sivan, M., Perlowski, A. & Nikolich, J. \u017d Long COVID: a clinical update. Lancet 404, 707\u2013724 (2024).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"925_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06651-y","volume":"623","author":"J Klein","year":"2023","unstructured":"Klein, J. et al. Distinguishing features of long COVID identified through immune profiling. Nature 623, 139\u2013148 (2023).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"925_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3315","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47720-8","volume":"15","author":"C Phetsouphanh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Phetsouphanh, C. et al. Improvement of immune dysregulation in individuals with long COVID at 24-months following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat. Commun. 15, 3315 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"925_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2015.08.007","volume":"217","author":"N Pardi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pardi, N. et al. Expression kinetics of nucleoside-modified mRNA delivered in lipid nanoparticles to mice by various routes. J. Control Release 217, 345\u2013351 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Control Release"},{"key":"925_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.04.031","volume":"161","author":"ZC Baquet","year":"2009","unstructured":"Baquet, Z. C., Williams, D., Brody, J. & Smeyne, R. A comparison of model-based (2D) and design-based (3D) stereological methods for estimating cell number in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of the C57BL\/6J mouse. Neuroscience 161, 1082\u20131090 (2009).","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"925_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.10.020","volume":"110","author":"RC Paolicelli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Paolicelli, R. C. et al. Microglia states and nomenclature: a field at its crossroads. Neuron 110, 3458\u20133483 (2022).","journal-title":"Neuron"}],"container-title":["npj Parkinson's Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41531-025-00925-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41531-025-00925-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41531-025-00925-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T14:03:11Z","timestamp":1745416991000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41531-025-00925-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]]},"references-count":123,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["925"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41531-025-00925-0","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2024.12.02.626375","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2373-8057"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2373-8057","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 April 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Authors D.C., D.K. and R.J.S. declare no financial interests. Author R.J.S. serves as Associate Editor of this journal and had no role in the peer-review or decision to publish this manuscript. D.K. is one of the coinventors of the patent application \u201cCoronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccine\u201d.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"86"}}