{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,13]],"date-time":"2026-11-13T22:33:04Z","timestamp":1794609184463,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750636800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Italian Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Institute On Aging of the National Institutes of Health","award":["R01AG075775, 2P01AG019724"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG075775, 2P01AG019724"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020884","name":"ANID","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1250317, 1250091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1250317, 1250091"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020884","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"DICYT-USACH","award":["032351G_DAS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["032351G_DAS"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003074","name":"Agencia Nacional de Promoci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01-PICTE-2022-05-00103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01-PICTE-2022-05-00103"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003074","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008725","name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EI-X-2023-1-176993"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EI-X-2023-1-176993"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"ReDLat"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG057234, R01AG075775, R01AG21051, and CARDS-NIH"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG057234, R01AG075775, R01AG21051, and CARDS-NIH"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000957","name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Association","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["SG-20-725707"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SG-20-725707"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000957","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Rainwater Charitable Foundation\u2019s Tau Consortium","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/003q4qk22","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015442","name":"Global Brain Health Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015442","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Parkinsons Dis."],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-025-01050-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T08:33:55Z","timestamp":1750667635000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Digital phenotyping of Parkinson\u2019s disease via natural language processing"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Simona","family":"Aresta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petronilla","family":"Battista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cinzia","family":"Palmirotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serena","family":"Tagliente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianvito","family":"Lagravinese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Santacesaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allegra","family":"Benzini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Mongelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brigida","family":"Minafra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Lunetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adolfo M.","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Salvatore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"1050_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.55.3.181","volume":"55","author":"AJ Hughes","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hughes, A. J., Daniel, S. E., Kilford, L. & Lees, A. J. Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease: a clinico-pathological study of 100 cases. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 55, 181\u2013184 (1992).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1050_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-004-0956-9","volume":"318","author":"H Braak","year":"2004","unstructured":"Braak, H., Ghebremedhin, E., R\u00fcb, U., Bratzke, H. & Del Tredici, K. Stages in the development of Parkinson\u2019s disease-related pathology. Cell Tissue Res. 318, 121\u2013134 (2004).","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"1050_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3206","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws023","volume":"135","author":"RC Helmich","year":"2012","unstructured":"Helmich, R. C., Hallett, M., Deuschl, G., Toni, I. & Bloem, B. R. Cerebral causes and consequences of parkinsonian resting tremor: a tale of two circuits?. Brain 135, 3206\u20133226 (2012).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1050_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-140476","volume":"5","author":"C Ellis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ellis, C., Crosson, B., Gonzalez Rothi, L. J., Okun, M. S. & Rosenbek, J. C. Narrative discourse cohesion in early stage Parkinson\u2019s disease. J. Parkinsons. Dis. 5, 403\u2013411 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Parkinsons. Dis."},{"key":"1050_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2017.05.001","volume":"171","author":"S Ash","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ash, S. et al. Longitudinal decline in speech production in Parkinson\u2019s disease spectrum disorders. Brain Lang. 171, 42\u201351 (2017).","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"1050_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-022-00422-8","volume":"8","author":"AM Garc\u00eda","year":"2022","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda, A. M. et al. Detecting Parkinson\u2019s disease and its cognitive phenotypes via automated semantic analyses of action stories. NPJ Parkinsons Dis. 8, 163 (2022).","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"1050_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2015.05.022","volume":"69","author":"Y Bocanegra","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bocanegra, Y. et al. Syntax, action verbs, action semantics, and object semantics in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Dissociability, progression, and executive influences. Cortex 69, 237\u2013254 (2015).","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"1050_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda, A. & Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez, A. Words in motion: motor-language coupling in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Transl. Neurosci. 5, 152\u2013159 (2014).","DOI":"10.2478\/s13380-014-0218-6"},{"key":"1050_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617716000710","volume":"23","author":"AM Garc\u00eda","year":"2017","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda, A. M. et al. Language deficits as a preclinical window into Parkinson\u2019s disease: evidence from asymptomatic Parkin and dardarin mutation carriers. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 23, 150\u2013158 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"1050_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2016.07.008","volume":"162","author":"AM Garc\u00eda","year":"2016","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda, A. M. et al. How language flows when movements don\u2019t: an automated analysis of spontaneous discourse in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain Lang. 162, 19\u201328 (2016).","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"1050_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goberman, A. M., Blomgren, M. & Metzger, E. Characteristics of speech fluency in Parkinson disease. J Neurolinguist 23, 470\u2013478 (2010).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroling.2008.11.001"},{"key":"1050_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021531","volume":"25","author":"J McDowd","year":"2011","unstructured":"McDowd, J. et al. Understanding verbal fluency in healthy aging, Alzheimer\u2019s disease, and Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neuropsychology 25, 210\u2013225 (2011).","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"1050_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1997.9.2.266","volume":"9","author":"MT Ullman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ullman, M. T. et al. A neural dissociation within language: evidence that the mental dictionary is part of declarative memory, and that grammatical rules are processed by the procedural system. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 9, 266\u2013276 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"1050_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10306","volume":"18","author":"P P\u00e9ran","year":"2003","unstructured":"P\u00e9ran, P. et al. Deficit of verb generation in nondemented patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov. Disord. 18, 150\u2013156 (2003).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"1050_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2007.08.021","volume":"46","author":"C Crescentini","year":"2008","unstructured":"Crescentini, C., Mondolo, F., Biasutti, E. & Shallice, T. Supervisory and routine processes in noun and verb generation in nondemented patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neuropsychologia 46, 434\u2013447 (2008).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"1050_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.05.023","volume":"100","author":"MC Silveri","year":"2018","unstructured":"Silveri, M. C. et al. Word selection processing in Parkinson\u2019s disease: when nouns are more difficult than verbs. Cortex 100, 8\u201320 (2018).","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"1050_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.07.003","volume":"100","author":"AM Garc\u00eda","year":"2018","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda, A. M. et al. Parkinson\u2019s disease compromises the appraisal of action meanings evoked by naturalistic texts. Cortex 100, 111\u2013126 (2018).","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"1050_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.05.002","volume":"197","author":"AM Garc\u00eda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda, A. M. et al. How meaning unfolds in neural time: embodied reactivations can precede multimodal semantic effects during language processing. Neuroimage 197, 439\u2013449 (2019).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1050_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2010\/09-0085)","volume":"54","author":"B Walsh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Walsh, B. & Smith, A. Linguistic complexity, speech production, and comprehension in Parkinson\u2019s disease: behavioral and physiological indices. J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 54, 787\u2013802 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"1050_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dascanio, S. Narrative discourse production in Parkinson\u2019s disease: decoupling the role of cognitive-linguistic and motor speech changes. Heliyon 9, e18633 (2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e18633"},{"key":"1050_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2017.01.005","volume":"168","author":"Y Bocanegra","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bocanegra, Y. et al. Unspeakable motion: selective action-verb impairments in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients without mild cognitive impairment. Brain Lang. 168, 37\u201346 (2017).","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"1050_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2020.08.020","volume":"132","author":"E Eyigoz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eyigoz, E. et al. From discourse to pathology: automatic identification of Parkinson\u2019s disease patients via morphological measures across three languages. Cortex 132, 191\u2013205 (2020).","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"1050_CR23","unstructured":"Eyigoz, E. et al. Unsupervised morphological segmentation for detecting Parkinson\u2019s disease. In AAAI workshops; association for the advancement of artificial intelligence (AAAI, 2018)."},{"key":"1050_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4306.1350","volume":"43","author":"LL Murray","year":"2000","unstructured":"Murray, L. L. Spoken language production in Huntington\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s diseases. J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 43, 1350\u20131366 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"1050_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palmirotta, C. et al. Unveiling the diagnostic potential of linguistic markers in identifying individuals with Parkinson\u2019s disease through artificial intelligence: a systematic review. Brain Sci. 14, 137 (2024).","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14020137"},{"key":"1050_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2023.105411","volume":"113","author":"K Yokoi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yokoi, K. et al. Analysis of spontaneous speech in Parkinson\u2019s disease by natural language processing. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 113, 105411 (2023).","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"1050_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Escobar-Grisales, D. et al. An automatic multimodal approach to analyze linguistic and acoustic cues on Parkinson\u2019s disease patients. In Proceedings of the INTERSPEECH 2023 (Interspeech, 2023).","DOI":"10.21437\/Interspeech.2023-2287"},{"key":"1050_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Escobar-Grisales, D., R\u00edos-Urrego, C. D. & Orozco-Arroyave, J. R. Deep learning and artificial intelligence applied to model speech and language in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Diagnostics 13, 2163 (2023).","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13132163"},{"key":"1050_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Favaro, A. et al. Interpretable speech features vs. DNN embeddings: what to use in the automatic assessment of Parkinson\u2019s disease in multi-lingual scenarios. Comput. Biol. Med. 166, 107559 (2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2023.107559"},{"key":"1050_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Toro, P. A., V\u00e1squez-Correa, J. C., Strauss, M., Orozco-Arroyave, J. R. & N\u00f6th, E. Natural language analysis to detect Parkinson\u2019s disease. In Text, speech, and dialogue 82\u201390 (Springer International Publishing, 2019).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-27947-9_7"},{"key":"1050_CR31","unstructured":"Jessiman, L., Murray, G. & Braley, M. Language-based automatic assessment of cognitive and communicative functions related to Parkinson\u2019s disease. In Proceedings of the first international workshop on language cognition and computational models; Sinha, M (ed. Dasgupta, T.) 63\u201374 (Association for Computational Linguistics, 2018)."},{"key":"1050_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.04.026","volume":"114","author":"P Battista","year":"2020","unstructured":"Battista, P., Salvatore, C., Berlingeri, M., Cerasa, A. & Castiglioni, I. Artificial intelligence and neuropsychological measures: the case of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 114, 211\u2013228 (2020).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"1050_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1162\/coli.2000.26.4.657","volume":"26","author":"B MacWhinney","year":"2000","unstructured":"MacWhinney, B. The CHILDES project: tools for analyzing talk (third edition): volume I: transcription format and programs, Volume II: the database. Comput. Linguist. Assoc. Comput. Linguist. 26, 657\u2013657 (2000).","journal-title":"Comput. Linguist. Assoc. Comput. Linguist."},{"key":"1050_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0182159","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182159","volume":"12","author":"HS Gauvin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gauvin, H. S. et al. Verbal monitoring in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a comparison between internal and external monitoring. PLoS One 12, e0182159 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1050_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(92)90055-J","volume":"42","author":"P McNamara","year":"1992","unstructured":"McNamara, P., Obler, L. K., Au, R., Durso, R. & Albert, M. L. Speech monitoring skills in Alzheimer\u2019s disease, Parkinson\u2019s disease, and normal aging. Brain Lang. 42, 38\u201351 (1992).","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"1050_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DeLeon, J., Tee, B. L. & Garc\u00eda, A. M. Neurodegenerative disorders of speech and language: Language-dominant diseases. In Encyclopedia of behavioral neuroscience, 2nd ed. 51\u201365 (Elsevier, 2022).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-819641-0.00030-X"},{"key":"1050_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(89)90116-8","volume":"37","author":"J Illes","year":"1989","unstructured":"Illes, J. Neurolinguistic features of spontaneous language production dissociate three forms of neurodegenerative disease: Alzheimer\u2019s, Huntington\u2019s, and Parkinson\u2019s. Brain Lang. 37, 628\u2013642 (1989).","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"1050_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(88)90059-4","volume":"33","author":"J Illes","year":"1988","unstructured":"Illes, J., Metter, E. J., Hanson, W. R. & Iritani, S. Language production in Parkinson\u2019s disease: acoustic and linguistic considerations. Brain Lang. 33, 146\u2013160 (1988).","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"1050_CR39","first-page":"238956","volume":"2011","author":"LJP Altmann","year":"2011","unstructured":"Altmann, L. J. P. & Troche, M. S. High-level language production in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a review. Parkinsons Dis. 2011, 238956 (2011).","journal-title":"Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"1050_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2016.07.008","volume":"162","author":"AM Garc\u00eda","year":"2016","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda, A. M. How language flows when movements don\u2019t: an automated analysis of spontaneous discoursein Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain Lang. 162, 19\u201328 (2016).","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"1050_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1080\/14640748508400940","volume":"37","author":"MJ Power","year":"1985","unstructured":"Power, M. J. Sentence production and working memory. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. A 37, 367\u2013385 (1985).","journal-title":"Q. J. Exp. Psychol. A"},{"key":"1050_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2007.10.007","volume":"46","author":"V Boulenger","year":"2008","unstructured":"Boulenger, V. et al. Word processing in Parkinson\u2019s disease is impaired for action verbs but not for concrete nouns. Neuropsychologia 46, 743\u2013756 (2008).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"1050_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.07.011","volume":"80","author":"A Birba","year":"2017","unstructured":"Birba, A. et al. Losing ground: frontostriatal atrophy disrupts language embodiment in Parkinson\u2019s and Huntington\u2019s disease. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 80, 673\u2013687 (2017).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"1050_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.152","volume":"12","author":"RB Postuma","year":"2016","unstructured":"Postuma, R. B. & Berg, D. Advances in markers of prodromal Parkinson disease. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 12, 622\u2013634 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"1050_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Troche, M. S. & Altmann, L. J. P. Sentence production in Parkinson\u2019s disease: effects of conceptual and task complexity. Appl. Psycholinguist. 33, 225\u2013251 (2012).","DOI":"10.1017\/S0142716411000336"},{"key":"1050_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1017\/S0267190508080100","volume":"28","author":"LL Murray","year":"2008","unstructured":"Murray, L. L. Language and Parkinson\u2019s disease. Annu. Rev. Appl. Linguist. 28, 113\u2013127 (2008).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Appl. Linguist."},{"key":"1050_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda, A. M. et al. Toolkit to examine lifelike language (TELL) v. 2.0: optimizing speech biomarkers of neurodegeneration. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 54, 96\u2013108 (2025).","DOI":"10.1159\/000541581"},{"key":"1050_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tagliente, S. et al. Effectiveness of a home-based computerized cognitive training in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a pilot randomized cross-over study. Front. Psychol. 15, 1531688 (2025).","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1531688"},{"key":"1050_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1002\/wics.101","volume":"2","author":"H Abdi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Abdi, H. & Williams, L. J. Principal component analysis: Principal component analysis. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Comput. Stat. 2, 433\u2013459 (2010).","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Comput. Stat."},{"key":"1050_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazzeo, S. et al. Primary progressive aphasia in Italian and English: a cross-linguistic cohort study. Neurology 103, e210058 (2024).","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000210058"},{"key":"1050_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4870","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad253","volume":"146","author":"AM Garc\u00eda","year":"2023","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda, A. M., de Leon, J., Tee, B. L., Blasi, D. E. & Gorno-Tempini, M. L. Speech and language markers of neurodegeneration: a call for global equity. Brain 146, 4870\u20134879 (2023).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1050_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Favaro, A. et al. Interpretable speech features vs. DNN embeddings: what to use in the automatic assessment of Parkinson\u2032s disease in multi-lingual scenarios. 166, 107559 (2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2023.107559"},{"key":"1050_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.119955","volume":"270","author":"X Wei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wei, X. et al. Native language differences in the structural connectome of the human brain. Neuroimage 270, 119955 (2023).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1050_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Norel, R., Agurto, C. & Heisig, S. Speech-based characterization of dopamine replacement therapy in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease. npj Parkinson\u2019s. Dis 6, 12 (2020).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-020-0113-5"},{"key":"1050_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroling.2015.06.001","volume":"36","author":"E Herrera","year":"2015","unstructured":"Herrera, E., Berm\u00fadez-Margaretto, B., Ribacoba, R. & Cuetos, F. The motor-semantic meanings of verbs generated by Parkinson\u2019s disease patients on\/off dopamine medication in a verbal fluency task. J. Neurolinguist. 36, 72\u201378 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Neurolinguist."},{"key":"1050_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586233","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.586233","volume":"12","author":"S Baez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Baez, S. et al. Classifying Parkinson\u2019s disease patients with syntactic and socio-emotional verbal measures. Front. Aging Neurosci. 12, 586233 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"1050_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2024.123283","volume":"466","author":"E Fiorenzato","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fiorenzato, E. et al. Optimal MMSE and MoCA cutoffs for cognitive diagnoses in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a data-driven decision tree model. J. Neurol. Sci. 466, 123283 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"1050_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21507","volume":"22","author":"M Emre","year":"2007","unstructured":"Emre, M. et al. Clinical diagnostic criteria for dementia associated with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov. Disord. 22, 1689\u20131707 (2007).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"1050_CR59","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association & American Psychiatric Association. Task Force on DSM-IV. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association, 1994)."},{"key":"1050_CR60","unstructured":"World Health Organization. The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines (World Health Organization, 1992)."},{"key":"1050_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.24893","volume":"27","author":"I Litvan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Litvan, I. et al. Diagnostic criteria for mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson\u2019s disease: movement disorder society task force guidelines. Mov. Disord. 27, 349\u2013356 (2012).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"1050_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2649","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23429","volume":"25","author":"CL Tomlinson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tomlinson, C. L. et al. Systematic review of levodopa dose equivalency reporting in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov. Disord. 25, 2649\u20132653 (2010).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"1050_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.17.5.427","volume":"17","author":"MM Hoehn","year":"1967","unstructured":"Hoehn, M. M. & Yahr, M. D. Parkinsonism: onset, progression and mortality. Neurology 17, 427\u2013442 (1967).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1050_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22340","volume":"23","author":"CG Goetz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Goetz, C. G. et al. Movement Disorder Society-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS): scale presentation and clinimetric testing results. Mov. Disord. 23, 2129\u20132170 (2008).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"1050_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-017-3001-y","volume":"38","author":"E Catrical\u00e0","year":"2017","unstructured":"Catrical\u00e0, E. et al. SAND: a screening for aphasia in neurodegeneration. Development and normative data. Neurol. Sci. 38, 1469\u20131483 (2017).","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"1050_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1159\/000492632","volume":"46","author":"P Battista","year":"2018","unstructured":"Battista, P. et al. Screening for aphasia in neurodegeneration for the diagnosis of patients with primary progressive aphasia: clinical validity and psychometric properties. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. 46, 243\u2013252 (2018).","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord."},{"key":"1050_CR67","unstructured":"Radford, A. et al. Robust speech recognition via large-scale weak supervision. In Proceedings of the 40th international conference on machine learning (eds. Krause, A. et al.) 202, 28492\u201328518 (PMLR, 2023)."},{"key":"1050_CR68","unstructured":"MacWhinney, B. The childes project: tools for analyzing talk, volume I: transcription format and programs (Psychology Press, 2014)."},{"key":"1050_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(89)90030-8","volume":"37","author":"EM Saffran","year":"1989","unstructured":"Saffran, E. M., Berndt, R. S. & Schwartz, M. F. The quantitative analysis of agrammatic production: procedure and data. Brain Lang. 37, 440\u2013479 (1989).","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"1050_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9868.00346","volume":"64","author":"JD Storey","year":"2002","unstructured":"Storey, J. D. A direct approach to false discovery rates. J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B Stat. Methodol. 64, 479\u2013498 (2002).","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B Stat. Methodol."},{"key":"1050_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00994018","volume":"20","author":"C Cortes","year":"1995","unstructured":"Cortes, C. & Vapnik, V. Support-vector networks. Mach. Learn. 20, 273\u2013297 (1995).","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"1050_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuhn, M. & Johnson, K. Applied predictive modeling (Springer Science & Business Media, 2013).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-6849-3"},{"key":"1050_CR73","first-page":"281","volume":"13","author":"J Bergstra","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bergstra, J. & Bengio, Y. Random search for hyper-parameter optimization. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 13, 281\u2013305 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"1050_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-7-91","volume":"7","author":"S Varma","year":"2006","unstructured":"Varma, S. & Simon, R. Bias in error estimation when using cross-validation for model selection. BMC Bioinforma. 7, 91 (2006).","journal-title":"BMC Bioinforma."},{"key":"1050_CR75","first-page":"2079","volume":"11","author":"GC Cawley","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cawley, G. C. On over-fitting in model selection and subsequent selection bias in performance evaluation. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 11, 2079\u20132107 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"1050_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1950)078<0001:VOFEIT>2.0.CO;2","volume":"78","author":"GW Brier","year":"1950","unstructured":"Brier, G. W. Verification of forecasts expressed in terms of probability. Mon. Weather Rev. 78, 1\u20133 (1950).","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"1050_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shapley, L. 7. A value for n-Person Games. Contributions to the Theory of Games II (1953) 307-317. In Classics in game theory 69\u201379 (Princeton University Press, 2020).","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400829156-012"},{"key":"1050_CR78","first-page":"4774","volume":"4765","author":"SM Lundberg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lundberg, S. M. & Lee, S.-I. A unified approach to interpreting model predictions. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst. 4765, 4774 (2017).","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."}],"container-title":["npj Parkinson's Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41531-025-01050-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41531-025-01050-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41531-025-01050-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T10:02:25Z","timestamp":1750672945000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41531-025-01050-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1050"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41531-025-01050-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2373-8057"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2373-8057","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 June 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"P.B. and A.M.G. are Atlantic Fellows at the Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI). P.B. receives research supports from the Italian Ministry of Health, Alzheimer\u2019s Association (GBHI ALZ UK-22-866347); B.M. receives research supports from the Italian Ministry of Health; C.L. has served as a scientific consultant for Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Europe, Cytokinetics, Neuraltus, and Italfarmaco and receives research supports from the Italian Ministry of Health; A.M.G. is partially supported by the National Institute on Aging of the National Institutes of Health (R01AG075775, 2P01AG019724); ANID (FONDECYT Regular 1250317, 1250091); DICYT-USACH (032351G_DAS); Agencia Nacional de Promoci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica (01-PICTE-2022-05-00103); Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n (EI-X-2023-1-176993); and the Multi-partner Consortium to Expand Dementia Research in Latin America (ReDLat), which is supported by the Fogarty International Center and the National Institutes of Health, the National Institute on Aging (R01AG057234, R01AG075775, R01AG21051, and CARDS-NIH), Alzheimer\u2019s Association (SG-20-725707), Rainwater Charitable Foundation\u2019s Tau Consortium, the Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia, and the Global Brain Health Institute; and Christian Salvatore is CEO and holds shares of DeepTrace Technologies SRL.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"182"}}