{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:59:52Z","timestamp":1787169592623,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766448000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009982","name":"Humane Research Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Les Rhoades Memorial PhD Studentship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Les Rhoades Memorial PhD Studentship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009982","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009982","name":"Humane Research Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Les Rhoades Memorial PhD Studentship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Les Rhoades Memorial PhD Studentship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009982","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Parkinsons Dis."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Dopamine agonists in Parkinson\u2019s disease increase the risk of impulse control disorders, yet the underlying neural mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to identify objective neurophysiological markers of impaired impulse control in Parkinson\u2019s linking to impulsivity problems. Nineteen people with Parkinson\u2019s (PwPD) on ropinirole and 18 healthy older adults performed an impulse control task requiring response withholding and inhibition. Transcranial magnetic stimulation was delivered, with corticomotor excitability (CME) and muscle bursts measured via electromyography. During response withholding, PwPD showed early relative increases in CME and more frequent dysfunctional muscle bursts, leading to more variable responses. During response inhibition, PwPD exhibited reduced CME suppression and increased muscle bursting, leading to delayed inhibition which was associated with problematic impulsive behaviours. The neurophysiological measures were associated with more advanced disease and may serve as early, objective markers of impulse control dysfunction, with future work required to assess their utility in predicting impulsive disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-025-01207-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T03:45:45Z","timestamp":1766461545000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Muscle bursting and corticomotor excitability mark impaired impulse control in Parkinson\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Aliya C. M.","family":"Warden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig J.","family":"McAllister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damian","family":"Cruse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayley J.","family":"MacDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"1207_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-017-1686-y","volume":"124","author":"O-B Tysnes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tysnes, O.-B. & Storstein, A. Epidemiology of Parkinson\u2019s disease. J. Neural Transm. 124, 901\u2013905, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00702-017-1686-y (2017).","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"1207_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-181474","volume":"8","author":"ER Dorsey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dorsey, E. R., Sherer, T., Okun, M. S. & Bloem, B. R. The emerging evidence of the Parkinson pandemic. J. Parkinson\u2019s Dis. 8, S3\u2013S8, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JPD-181474 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Parkinson\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"1207_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.03218.x","volume":"106","author":"P Ambermoon","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ambermoon, P., Carter, A., Hall, W. D., Dissanayaka, N. N. & O\u2019Sullivan, J. D. Impulse control disorders in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease receiving dopamine replacement therapy: evidence and implications for the addictions field. Addiction 106, 283\u2013293, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.03218.x (2011).","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"1207_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1017\/S104161021600096X","volume":"28","author":"S Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang, S. et al. Management of impulse control disorders in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Int. Psychogeriatr. 28, 1597\u20131614, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S104161021600096X (2016).","journal-title":"Int. Psychogeriatr."},{"key":"1207_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2013-306787","volume":"85","author":"PJ Garcia-Ruiz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Garcia-Ruiz, P. J. et al. Impulse control disorder in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease under dopamine agonist therapy: a multicentre study. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 85, 840\u2013844, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp-2013-306787 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1207_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.03.028","volume":"69","author":"R Cools","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cools, R. & D\u2019Esposito, M. Inverted-U\u2013shaped dopamine actions on human working memory and cognitive control. Biol. Psychiatry 69, e113\u2013e125, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.03.028 (2011).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1207_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2005.03.024","volume":"30","author":"R Cools","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cools, R. Dopaminergic modulation of cognitive function-implications for L-DOPA treatment in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurosci. Biobehav Rev. 30, 1\u201323, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2005.03.024 (2006).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"1207_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0b013e318278be9b","volume":"2","author":"HD Weiss","year":"2012","unstructured":"Weiss, H. D. & Marsh, L. Impulse control disorders and compulsive behaviors associated with dopaminergic therapies in Parkinson disease. Neurol. Clin. Pr. 2, 267\u2013274, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/CPJ.0b013e318278be9b (2012).","journal-title":"Neurol. Clin. Pr."},{"key":"1207_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2017.04.006","volume":"133","author":"D Weintraub","year":"2017","unstructured":"Weintraub, D. & Claassen, D. O. Impulse control and related disorders in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Int Rev. Neurobiol. 133, 679\u2013717, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/bs.irn.2017.04.006 (2017).","journal-title":"Int Rev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"1207_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4623","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.15499","volume":"29","author":"E McKeown","year":"2020","unstructured":"McKeown, E., Saleem, T., Magee, C. & Haddad, M. The experiences of carers looking after people with Parkinson\u2019s disease who exhibit impulsive and compulsive behaviours: an exploratory qualitative study. J. Clin. Nurs. 29, 4623\u20134632, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jocn.15499 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Nurs."},{"key":"1207_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106026","volume":"169","author":"ACM Warden","year":"2025","unstructured":"Warden, A. C. M., McAllister, C., Ruitenberg, M. F. L. & MacDonald, H. J. Impulse control in Parkinson\u2019s disease: distinct effects between action and choice. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 169, 106026, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106026 (2025).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"1207_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2004.08.010","volume":"43","author":"H Bokura","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bokura, H., Yamaguchi, S. & Kobayashi, S. Event-related potentials for response inhibition in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neuropsychologia 43, 967\u2013975, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2004.08.010 (2005).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"1207_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e85747","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085747","volume":"9","author":"C Nombela","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nombela, C., Rittman, T., Robbins, T. W. & Rowe, J. B. Multiple modes of impulsivity in Parkinson\u2019s disease. PLoS One 9, e85747, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0085747 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1207_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-017-0024-2","volume":"3","author":"P Manza","year":"2017","unstructured":"Manza, P., Amandola, M., Tatineni, V., Li, C. R. & Leung, H. C. Response inhibition in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a meta-analysis of dopaminergic medication and disease duration effects. NPJ Parkinsons Dis. 3, 23, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41531-017-0024-2 (2017).","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"1207_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0210880","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210880","volume":"14","author":"N Can\u00e1rio","year":"2019","unstructured":"Can\u00e1rio, N. et al. Impulsivity across reactive, proactive and cognitive domains in Parkinson\u2019s disease on dopaminergic medication: evidence for multiple domain impairment. PLoS One 14, e0210880, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0210880 (2019).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1207_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2018.02.003","volume":"66","author":"P Manza","year":"2018","unstructured":"Manza, P. et al. Levodopa improves response inhibition and enhances striatal activation in early-stage Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurobiol. Aging 66, 12\u201322, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2018.02.003 (2018).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"1207_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-011-2736-6","volume":"212","author":"I Obeso","year":"2011","unstructured":"Obeso, I. et al. Deficits in inhibitory control and conflict resolution on cognitive and motor tasks in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Exp. Brain Res. 212, 371\u2013384, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00221-011-2736-6 (2011).","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"1207_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.04.023","volume":"127","author":"MFL Ruitenberg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ruitenberg, M. F. L., van Wouwe, N. C., Wylie, S. A. & Abrahamse, E. L. The role of dopamine in action control: insights from medication effects in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurosci. Biobehav Rev. 127, 158\u2013170, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.04.023 (2021).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"1207_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-020-05768-0","volume":"238","author":"JS Pickering","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pickering, J. S., Leroi, I., McBride, J. & Poliakoff, E. Continuous force measurements reveal no inhibitory control deficits in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Exp. Brain Res. 238, 1119\u20131132, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00221-020-05768-0 (2020).","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"1207_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2396","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29214","volume":"37","author":"E Wilhelm","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wilhelm, E. et al. Corticospinal suppression underlying intact movement preparation fades in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov. Disord. 37, 2396\u20132406, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.29214 (2022).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"1207_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2024.06.002","volume":"165","author":"E Wilhelm","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wilhelm, E. et al. Subthalamic DBS does not restore deficits in corticospinal suppression during movement preparation in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Clin. Neurophysiol. 165, 107\u2013116, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2024.06.002 (2024).","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"1207_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-021-01680-9","volume":"54","author":"JL He","year":"2022","unstructured":"He, J. L. et al. OSARI, an open-source anticipated response inhibition task. Behav. Res Methods 54, 1530\u20131540, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-021-01680-9 (2022).","journal-title":"Behav. Res Methods"},{"key":"1207_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.040501.115","volume":"23","author":"HC Meyer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Meyer, H. C. & Bucci, D. J. Neural and behavioral mechanisms of proactive and reactive inhibition. Learn Mem. 23, 504\u2013514, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/lm.040501.115 (2016).","journal-title":"Learn Mem."},{"key":"1207_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hall, A., Weightman, M., Jenkinson, N. & MacDonald, H. J. Performance on the balloon analogue risk task and anticipatory response inhibition task is associated with severity of impulse control behaviours in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Exp Brain Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00221-023-06584-y (2023).","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-023-06584-y"},{"key":"1207_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.2014.941784","volume":"47","author":"HJ MacDonald","year":"2015","unstructured":"MacDonald, H. J. & Byblow, W. D. Does response inhibition have pre- and postdiagnostic utility in Parkinson\u2019s disease?. J. Mot. Behav. 47, 29\u201345, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00222895.2014.941784 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Mot. Behav."},{"key":"1207_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2024.05.010","volume":"177","author":"S Weber","year":"2024","unstructured":"Weber, S., Salomoni, S. E. & Hinder, M. R. Selective cancellation of reactive or anticipated movements: differences in speed of action reprogramming, but not stopping. Cortex 177, 235\u2013252, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2024.05.010 (2024).","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"1207_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01184.2011","volume":"108","author":"HJ Macdonald","year":"2012","unstructured":"Macdonald, H. J., Stinear, C. M. & Byblow, W. D. Uncoupling response inhibition. J. Neurophysiol. 108, 1492\u20131500, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.01184.2011 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"1207_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-004-1891-4","volume":"158","author":"CM Stinear","year":"2004","unstructured":"Stinear, C. M. & Byblow, W. D. Impaired inhibition of a pre-planned response in focal hand dystonia. Exp. Brain Res. 158, 207\u2013212, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00221-004-1891-4 (2004).","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"1207_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00340","volume":"10","author":"SC Ficarella","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ficarella, S. C. & Battelli, L. Motor preparation for action inhibition: a review of single pulse TMS studies using the Go\/NoGo paradigm. Front Psychol. 10, 340, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00340 (2019).","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"key":"1207_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7921","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.0607-20.2020","volume":"40","author":"L Raud","year":"2020","unstructured":"Raud, L. et al. A single mechanism for global and selective response inhibition under the influence of motor preparation. J. Neurosci. 40, 7921\u20137935, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/jneurosci.0607-20.2020 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"1207_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21248","volume":"22","author":"WPM van den Wildenberg","year":"2010","unstructured":"van den Wildenberg, W. P. M. et al. Mechanisms and dynamics of cortical motor inhibition in the stop-signal paradigm: a TMS study. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 22, 225\u2013239, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn.2009.21248 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"1207_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00144.2016","volume":"116","author":"MJ Cowie","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cowie, M. J., MacDonald, H. J., Cirillo, J. & Byblow, W. D. Proactive modulation of long-interval intracortical inhibition during response inhibition. J. Neurophysiol. 116, 859\u2013867, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.00144.2016 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"1207_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2707","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00366.2014","volume":"112","author":"HJ MacDonald","year":"2014","unstructured":"MacDonald, H. J., Coxon, J. P., Stinear, C. M. & Byblow, W. D. The fall and rise of corticomotor excitability with cancellation and reinitiation of prepared action. J. Neurophysiol. 112, 2707\u20132717, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.00366.2014 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"1207_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00688.2020","volume":"125","author":"HJ MacDonald","year":"2021","unstructured":"MacDonald, H. J., Laksanaphuk, C., Day, A., Byblow, W. D. & Jenkinson, N. The role of interhemispheric communication during complete and partial cancellation of bimanual responses. J. Neurophysiol. 125, 875\u2013886, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.00688.2020 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"1207_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3371","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01334.2005","volume":"95","author":"JP Coxon","year":"2006","unstructured":"Coxon, J. P., Stinear, C. M. & Byblow, W. D. Intracortical inhibition during volitional inhibition of prepared action. J. Neurophysiol. 95, 3371\u20133383, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.01334.2005 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"1207_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1162\/0898929052880093","volume":"17","author":"MJ Frank","year":"2005","unstructured":"Frank, M. J. Dynamic dopamine modulation in the basal ganglia: a neurocomputational account of cognitive deficits in medicated and nonmedicated Parkinsonism. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 17, 51\u201372, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/0898929052880093 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"1207_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1102941","volume":"306","author":"M Frank","year":"2005","unstructured":"Frank, M., Seeberger, L. & O\u2019Reilly, R. By carrot or by stick: cognitive reinforcement learning in Parkinsonism. Science 306, 1940\u20131943, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1102941 (2005).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1207_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp054","volume":"132","author":"TDL Steeves","year":"2009","unstructured":"Steeves, T. D. L. et al. Increased striatal dopamine release in Parkinsonian patients with pathological gambling: a [11\u2009C] raclopride PET study. Brain 132, 1376\u20131385, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awp054 (2009).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1207_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2925","volume":"14","author":"JF Cavanagh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cavanagh, J. F. et al. Subthalamic nucleus stimulation reverses mediofrontal influence over decision threshold. Nat. Neurosci. 14, 1462\u20131467, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nn.2925 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"1207_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2014.10.026","volume":"21","author":"P Mart\u00ednez-Mart\u00edn","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Mart\u00edn, P. et al. Parkinson\u2019s disease severity levels and MDS-Unified Parkinson\u2019s disease rating scale. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 21, 50\u201354, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2014.10.026 (2015).","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"1207_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MacDonald, H., Fasmer, O. B., Toom J\u00f8nsi, O. & S\u00f8rensen, L. Capturing Trial-by-Trial Variability in Behaviour: People with Parkinson\u2019s Disease Exhibit a Greater Rate of Short-Term Fluctuations in Response Times. (2024).","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.10.10.24315225"},{"key":"1207_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390490918318","volume":"28","author":"CL Burton","year":"2006","unstructured":"Burton, C. L., Strauss, E., Hultsch, D. F., Moll, A. & Hunter, M. A. Intraindividual variability as a marker of neurological dysfunction: a comparison of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and Parkinson\u2019s disease. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 28, 67\u201383, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13803390490918318 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"1207_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2007.03.022","volume":"45","author":"CM de Frias","year":"2007","unstructured":"de Frias, C. M., Dixon, R. A., Fisher, N. & Camicioli, R. Intraindividual variability in neurocognitive speed: a comparison of Parkinson\u2019s disease and normal older adults. Neuropsychologia 45, 2499\u20132507, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2007.03.022 (2007).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"1207_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2012.11.001","volume":"19","author":"K Dujardin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dujardin, K. et al. The pattern of attentional deficits in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 19, 300\u2013305, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2012.11.001 (2013).","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"1207_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-021-06113-9","volume":"239","author":"S Morrison","year":"2021","unstructured":"Morrison, S. et al. The relation between falls risk and movement variability in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Exp. Brain Res 239, 2077\u20132087, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00221-021-06113-9 (2021).","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res"},{"key":"1207_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2004.05.007","volume":"42","author":"MA Bellgrove","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bellgrove, M. A., Hester, R. & Garavan, H. The functional neuroanatomical correlates of response variability: evidence from a response inhibition task. Neuropsychologia 42, 1910\u20131916, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2004.05.007 (2004).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"1207_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.2869-17.2017","volume":"38","author":"R Hannah","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hannah, R., Cavanagh, S. E., Tremblay, S., Simeoni, S. & Rothwell, J. C. Selective suppression of local interneuron circuits in human motor cortex contributes to movement preparation. J. Neurosci. 38, 1264\u20131276, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/jneurosci.2869-17.2017 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"1207_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3408","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa274","volume":"143","author":"C Ammann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ammann, C. et al. Cortical disinhibition in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain 143, 3408\u20133421, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awaa274 (2020).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1207_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-011-2829-2","volume":"214","author":"R Hanajima","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hanajima, R. et al. Short-interval intracortical inhibition in Parkinson\u2019s disease using anterior-posterior directed currents. Exp. Brain Res. 214, 317\u2013321, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00221-011-2829-2 (2011).","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"1207_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.00190","volume":"14","author":"YY Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee, Y. Y., Li, M. H., Tai, C. H. & Luh, J. J. Corticomotor excitability changes associated with freezing of gait in people with Parkinson disease. Front Hum. Neurosci. 14, 190, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2020.00190 (2020).","journal-title":"Front Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"1207_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2003.016469","volume":"75","author":"S Gauggel","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gauggel, S., Rieger, M. & Feghoff, T. A. Inhibition of ongoing responses in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 75, 539\u2013544, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.2003.016469 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1207_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Raud, L., Thunberg, C. & Huster, R. J. Partial response electromyography as a marker of action stopping. Elife 11, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.70332 (2022).","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.70332"},{"key":"1207_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-017-1384-7","volume":"25","author":"A Rey-Mermet","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rey-Mermet, A. & Gade, M. Inhibition in aging: What is preserved? What declines? A meta-analysis. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 25, 1695\u20131716, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13423-017-1384-7 (2018).","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev."},{"key":"1207_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2017.07.033","volume":"46","author":"DW Dickson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dickson, D. W. Neuropathology of Parkinson disease. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 46, S30\u2013s33, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2017.07.033 (2018).","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"1207_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2023.102097","volume":"92","author":"J Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, J. et al. Updates on brain regions and neuronal circuits of movement disorders in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Ageing Res. Rev. 92, 102097, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arr.2023.102097 (2023).","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"1207_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2013.00090","volume":"4","author":"R de la Fuente-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2013","unstructured":"de la Fuente-Fern\u00e1ndez, R. Imaging of dopamine in PD and implications for motor and neuropsychiatric manifestations of PD. Front Neurol. 4, 90, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2013.00090 (2013).","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"1207_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6106","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000175107","volume":"107","author":"DJ Sharp","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sharp, D. J. et al. Distinct frontal systems for response inhibition, attentional capture, and error processing. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107, 6106\u20136111, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1000175107 (2010).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"1207_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schaum, M. et al. Right inferior frontal gyrus implements motor inhibitory control via beta-band oscillations in humans. Elife 10, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.61679 (2021).","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.61679"},{"key":"1207_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.09.049","volume":"59","author":"NC Swann","year":"2012","unstructured":"Swann, N. C. et al. Roles for the pre-supplementary motor area and the right inferior frontal gyrus in stopping action: electrophysiological responses and functional and structural connectivity. Neuroimage 59, 2860\u20132870, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.09.049 (2012).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1207_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2018.00331","volume":"10","author":"DL Harrington","year":"2018","unstructured":"Harrington, D. L. et al. Altered functional interactions of inhibition regions in cognitively normal Parkinson\u2019s disease. Front Aging Neurosci. 10, 331, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2018.00331 (2018).","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"1207_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21288","volume":"22","author":"RM Camicioli","year":"2007","unstructured":"Camicioli, R. M. et al. Magnetic resonance spectroscopic evidence for presupplementary motor area neuronal dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov. Disord. 22, 382\u2013386, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.21288 (2007).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"1207_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn4038","volume":"16","author":"M Jahanshahi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jahanshahi, M., Obeso, I., Rothwell, J. C. & Obeso, J. A. A fronto\u2013striato\u2013subthalamic\u2013pallidal network for goal-directed and habitual inhibition. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 16, 719\u2013732, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrn4038 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"1207_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.91.3.295","volume":"91","author":"GD Logan","year":"1984","unstructured":"Logan, G. D. & Cowan, W. B. On the ability to inhibit thought and action: a theory of an act of control. Psychol. Rev. 91, 295\u2013327, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-295X.91.3.295 (1984).","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"1207_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bissett, P. G., Jones, H. M., Poldrack, R. A. & Logan, G. D. Severe violations of independence in response inhibition tasks. Sci. Adv. 7 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.abf4355 (2021).","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abf4355"},{"key":"1207_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-015-0695-8","volume":"49","author":"D Matzke","year":"2017","unstructured":"Matzke, D., Love, J. & Heathcote, A. A Bayesian approach for estimating the probability of trigger failures in the stop-signal paradigm. Behav. Res Methods 49, 267\u2013281, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-015-0695-8 (2017).","journal-title":"Behav. Res Methods"},{"key":"1207_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.5334\/joc.264","volume":"6","author":"RA Doekemeijer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Doekemeijer, R. A., Dewulf, A., Verbruggen, F. & Boehler, C. N. Proactively adjusting stopping: response inhibition is faster when stopping occurs frequently. J. Cogn. 6, 22, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5334\/joc.264 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Cogn."},{"key":"1207_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-023-09592-5","volume":"34","author":"D Senkowski","year":"2024","unstructured":"Senkowski, D. et al. Assessing inhibitory control deficits in adult ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the stop-signal task. Neuropsychol. Rev. 34, 548\u2013567, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11065-023-09592-5 (2024).","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev."},{"key":"1207_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000732","volume":"131","author":"K Mar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mar, K., Townes, P., Pechlivanoglou, P., Arnold, P. & Schachar, R. Obsessive compulsive disorder and response inhibition: Meta-analysis of the stop-signal task. J. Psychopathol. Clin. Sci. 131, 152\u2013161, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/abn0000732 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Psychopathol. Clin. Sci."},{"key":"1207_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00529","volume":"9","author":"LJ Castro-Meneses","year":"2015","unstructured":"Castro-Meneses, L. J., Johnson, B. W. & Sowman, P. F. The effects of impulsivity and proactive inhibition on reactive inhibition and the go process: insights from vocal and manual stop signal tasks. Front Hum. Neurosci. 9, 529, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00529 (2015).","journal-title":"Front Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"1207_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00571.2020","volume":"125","author":"M Hynd","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hynd, M., Soh, C., Rangel, B. O. & Wessel, J. R. Paired-pulse TMS and scalp EEG reveal systematic relationship between inhibitory GABA(a) signaling in M1 and fronto-central cortical activity during action stopping. J. Neurophysiol. 125, 648\u2013660, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.00571.2020 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"1207_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-024-12870-","volume":"272","author":"SC Staubo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Staubo, S. C. et al. Impulse control and correlation to dopamine agonist serum concentrations in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease. J. Neurol. 272, 8, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-024-12870- (2025).","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"1207_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572743","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/572743","volume":"2011","author":"PA Macdonald","year":"2011","unstructured":"Macdonald, P. A. & Monchi, O. Differential effects of dopaminergic therapies on dorsal and ventral striatum in Parkinson\u2019s disease: implications for cognitive function. Parkinsons Dis. 2011, 572743, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4061\/2011\/572743 (2011).","journal-title":"Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"1207_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/111.2.299","volume":"111","author":"AM Gotham","year":"1988","unstructured":"Gotham, A. M., Brown, R. G. & Marsden, C. D. \u2018Frontal\u2019 cognitive function in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease \u2018on\u2019 and \u2018off\u2019 levodopa. Brain 111, 299\u2013321, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/111.2.299 (1988).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1207_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2014.07.031","volume":"36","author":"C Vriend","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vriend, C. et al. Failure of stop and go in de novo Parkinson\u2019s disease\u2014a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Neurobiol. Aging 36, 470\u2013475, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2014.07.031 (2015).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"1207_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.12.061","volume":"374","author":"K Herlofson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Herlofson, K. & Kluger, B. M. Fatigue in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J. Neurol. Sci. 374, 38\u201341, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2016.12.061 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"1207_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.2165\/11539720-000000000-00000","volume":"25","author":"B Knie","year":"2011","unstructured":"Knie, B., Mitra, M. T., Logishetty, K. & Chaudhuri, K. R. Excessive daytime sleepiness in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. CNS Drugs 25, 203\u2013212, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/11539720-000000000-00000 (2011).","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"1207_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Triyanti, V., Iridiastadi, H. & Yassierli. Utility of reaction time in measuring fatigue associated with short-period, high-cognitive load task. AIP Conf. Proc. 2485, 050012, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/5.0119736 (2023).","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0119736"},{"key":"1207_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117305","volume":"223","author":"V Noreika","year":"2020","unstructured":"Noreika, V. et al. Alertness fluctuations when performing a task modulate cortical evoked responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation. NeuroImage 223, 117305, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117305 (2020).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"1207_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.10.003","volume":"132","author":"S Rossi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rossi, S. et al. Safety and recommendations for TMS use in healthy subjects and patient populations, with updates on training, ethical and regulatory issues: expert Guidelines. Clin. Neurophysiol. 132, 269\u2013306, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.10.003 (2021).","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"1207_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182a05ba5","volume":"81","author":"J Karlawish","year":"2013","unstructured":"Karlawish, J. et al. Cognitive impairment and PD patients\u2019 capacity to consent to research. Neurology 81, 801\u2013807, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182a05ba5 (2013).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1207_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2020.05.034","volume":"76","author":"N Ramsay","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ramsay, N. et al. Validation of a UPDRS-\/MDS-UPDRS-based definition of functional dependency for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 76, 49\u201353, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2020.05.034 (2020).","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"1207_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.17.5.427","volume":"17","author":"MM Hoehn","year":"1967","unstructured":"Hoehn, M. M. & Yahr, M. D. Parkinsonism: onset, progression and mortality. Neurology 17, 427\u2013442, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.17.5.427 (1967).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1207_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5198","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.22-12-05198.2002","volume":"22","author":"N Sawamoto","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sawamoto, N., Honda, M., Hanakawa, T., Fukuyama, H. & Shibasaki, H. Cognitive slowing in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a behavioral evaluation independent of motor slowing. J. Neurosci. 22, 5198\u20135203, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/jneurosci.22-12-05198.2002 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"1207_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(94)90029-9","volume":"91","author":"PM Rossini","year":"1994","unstructured":"Rossini, P. M. et al. Non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord and roots: basic principles and procedures for routine clinical application. Report of an IFCN committee. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 91, 79\u201392, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0013-4694(94)90029-9 (1994).","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"1207_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Verbruggen, F. et al. A consensus guide to capturing the ability to inhibit actions and impulsive behaviors in the stop-signal task. Elife 8 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.46323 (2019).","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.46323"},{"key":"1207_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/s0013-4694(96)95190-5","volume":"101","author":"PW Hodges","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hodges, P. W. & Bui, B. H. A comparison of computer-based methods for the determination of onset of muscle contraction using electromyography. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 101, 511\u2013519, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0013-4694(96)95190-5 (1996).","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"1207_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8.42.41","DOI":"10.1002\/cpns.41","volume":"82","author":"RR Wilcox","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wilcox, R. R. & Rousselet, G. A. A guide to robust statistical methods in neuroscience. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 82, 8.42.41\u201348.42.30, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cpns.41 (2018).","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Neurosci."},{"key":"1207_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(199511)51:6<768::AID-JCLP2270510607>3.0.CO;2-1","volume":"51","author":"JH Patton","year":"1995","unstructured":"Patton, J. H., Stanford, M. S. & Barratt, E. S. Factor structure of the Barratt impulsiveness scale. J. Clin. Psychol. 51, 768\u2013774 (1995).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"1207_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.24023","volume":"27","author":"D Weintraub","year":"2012","unstructured":"Weintraub, D. et al. Questionnaire for impulsive-compulsive disorders in Parkinson\u2019s disease-rating scale. Mov. Disord. 27, 242\u2013247, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.24023 (2012).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"1207_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29410","volume":"38","author":"ST Jost","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jost, S. T. et al. Levodopa Dose Equivalency in Parkinson\u2019s disease: updated systematic review and proposals. Mov. Disord. 38, 1236\u20131252, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.29410 (2023).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."}],"container-title":["npj Parkinson's Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41531-025-01207-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41531-025-01207-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41531-025-01207-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T22:20:47Z","timestamp":1768342847000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41531-025-01207-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1207"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41531-025-01207-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2373-8057"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2373-8057","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"11"}}