{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T10:33:36Z","timestamp":1788172416134,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765152000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":35,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"talian Ministry of Health in the Next Generation EU Program","award":["PNRR-MAD-2022-12375804, \u201cClinical, molecular and electrophysiological profiling of Parkinson's Disease: the role of nonpharmacological therapies\u201d \u2013 CUP: F23C22001130007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNRR-MAD-2022-12375804, \u201cClinical, molecular and electrophysiological profiling of Parkinson's Disease: the role of nonpharmacological therapies\u201d \u2013 CUP: F23C22001130007"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research","award":["PNRR project MNESYS (PE0000006)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNRR project MNESYS (PE0000006)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Parkinsons Dis."],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-025-01225-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T09:49:05Z","timestamp":1765187345000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Backtracking \u03b1-synuclein pathology: social deficits precede motor symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Gioia","family":"Marino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Campanelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppina","family":"Natale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"De Carluccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Servillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Nutarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Emiliana","family":"Caristo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Teresa","family":"Viscomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Ghiglieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Calabresi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"1225_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17013","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.13","volume":"3","author":"W Poewe","year":"2017","unstructured":"Poewe, W. et al. Parkinson disease. Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim. 3, 17013 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"1225_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-023-05672-9","volume":"14","author":"P Calabresi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Calabresi, P. et al. Alpha-synuclein in Parkinson\u2019s disease and other synucleinopathies: from overt neurodegeneration back to early synaptic dysfunction. Cell Death Dis. 14, 176 (2023).","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"1225_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3587","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad150","volume":"146","author":"P Calabresi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Calabresi, P., Di Lazzaro, G., Marino, G., Campanelli, F. & Ghiglieri, V. Advances in understanding the function of alpha-synuclein: implications for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain 146, 3587\u20133597 (2023).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1225_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-023-00905-z","volume":"20","author":"S Citro","year":"2024","unstructured":"Citro, S. et al. A multiple hits hypothesis for memory dysfunction in Parkinson disease. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 20, 50\u201361 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"1225_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.3390\/bs14020101","volume":"14","author":"R Fern\u00e1ndez-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Fern\u00e1ndez, R. et al. Social cognition and mild cognitive impairment in mid-stage Parkinson\u2019s disease. Behav. Sci. 14, 101 (2024).","journal-title":"Behav. Sci."},{"key":"1225_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20160231","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0231","volume":"372","author":"F Seebacher","year":"2017","unstructured":"Seebacher, F. & Krause, J. Physiological mechanisms underlying animal social behaviour. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 372, 20160231 (2017).","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"1225_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2021.02.023","volume":"85","author":"V Czernecki","year":"2021","unstructured":"Czernecki, V. et al. Social cognitive impairment in early Parkinson\u2019s disease: a novel \u201cmild impairment\u201d. Park. Relat. Disord. 85, 117\u2013121 (2021).","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"1225_CR8","first-page":"1","volume":"2021","author":"AN Seubert-Ravelo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Seubert-Ravelo, A. N. et al. Social cognition in patients with early-onset Parkinson\u2019s disease. Park. Dis. 2021, 1\u201313 (2021).","journal-title":"Park. Dis."},{"key":"1225_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2023.114654","volume":"454","author":"C Trompeta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Trompeta, C. et al. Longitudinal assessment of social cognition in de novo Parkinson\u2019s disease patients and its relationship with dopaminergic innervation. Behav. Brain Res. 454, 114654 (2023).","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"1225_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/jnp.12341","volume":"18","author":"AC Slomp","year":"2024","unstructured":"Slomp, A. C. et al. Impaired facial emotion recognition in relation to social behaviours in de novo Parkinson\u2019s disease. J. Neuropsychol. 18, 205\u2013216 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"1225_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/13546805.2025.2490054","volume":"30","author":"CM Eddy","year":"2025","unstructured":"Eddy, C. M. Basal ganglia contributions to social cognition: evidence from movement disorders. Cogn. Neuropsychiatry 30, 1\u201314 (2025).","journal-title":"Cogn. Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"1225_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3743","volume":"17","author":"P Calabresi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Calabresi, P., Picconi, B., Tozzi, A., Ghiglieri, V. & Di Filippo, M. Direct and indirect pathways of basal ganglia: a critical reappraisal. Nat. Neurosci. 17, 1022\u20131030 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"1225_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3002652","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3002652","volume":"22","author":"BA Schuster","year":"2024","unstructured":"Schuster, B. A. et al. Disruption of dopamine D2\/D3 system function impairs the human ability to understand the mental states of other people. PLoS Biol. 22, e3002652 (2024).","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"1225_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2017.01.045","volume":"324","author":"Q Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu, Q., Shi, J., Lin, R. & Wen, T. Dopamine and dopamine receptor D1 associated with decreased social interaction. Behav. Brain Res. 324, 51\u201357 (2017).","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"1225_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abe3040","volume":"371","author":"ML Smith","year":"2021","unstructured":"Smith, M. L., Asada, N. & Malenka, R. C. Anterior cingulate inputs to nucleus accumbens control the social transfer of pain and analgesia. Science 371, 153\u2013159 (2021).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1225_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, T. Y. et al. Distinct prefrontal projection activity and transcriptional state conversely orchestrate social competition and hierarchy. Neuron. 112, 611\u2013627.e8 (2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2023.11.012"},{"key":"1225_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2023.3382","volume":"80","author":"A Terracciano","year":"2023","unstructured":"Terracciano, A., Luchetti, M., Karakose, S., Stephan, Y. & Sutin, A. R. Loneliness and Risk of Parkinson Disease. JAMA Neurol. 80, 1138 (2023).","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"1225_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3477","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab242","volume":"144","author":"A Tozzi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tozzi, A. et al. Dopamine-dependent early synaptic and motor dysfunctions induced by \u03b1-synuclein in the nigrostriatal circuit. Brain 144, 3477\u20133491 (2021).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1225_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz065","volume":"142","author":"V Durante","year":"2019","unstructured":"Durante, V. et al. Alpha-synuclein targets GluN2A NMDA receptor subunit causing striatal synaptic dysfunction and visuospatial memory alteration. Brain 142, 1365\u20131385 (2019).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1225_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ENEURO.0024","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0024-23.2024","volume":"11","author":"C Vandendriessche","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vandendriessche, C. et al. The spreading and effects of human recombinant \u03b1-synuclein preformed fibrils in the cerebrospinal fluid of mice. eNeuro 11, ENEURO.0024\u201323.2024 (2024).","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"key":"1225_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marino, G. et al. Intensive exercise ameliorates motor and cognitive symptoms in experimental Parkinson\u2019s disease restoring striatal synaptic plasticity. Sci Adv. 9, eadh1403 (2023).","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adh1403"},{"key":"1225_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(98)00019-8","volume":"28","author":"KC Berridge","year":"1998","unstructured":"Berridge, K. C. & Robinson, T. E. What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience?. Brain Res. Rev. 28, 309\u2013369 (1998).","journal-title":"Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"1225_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2329","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1996-20.2020","volume":"41","author":"A Ca\u0142y","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ca\u0142y, A. et al. PSD-95 in CA1 area regulates spatial choice depending on age. J. Neurosci. 41, 2329\u20132343 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"1225_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1126\/science.290.5495.1364","volume":"290","author":"AE El-Husseini","year":"2000","unstructured":"El-Husseini, A. E., Schnell, E., Chetkovich, D. M., Nicoll, R. A. & Bredt, D. S. PSD-95 involvement in maturation of excitatory synapses. Science 290, 1364\u20131368 (2000).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1225_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0953-816x.2001.01485.x","volume":"13","author":"D Centonze","year":"2001","unstructured":"Centonze, D., Picconi, B., Gubellini, P., Bernardi, G. & Calabresi, P. Dopaminergic control of synaptic plasticity in the dorsal striatum. Eur. J. Neurosci. 13, 1071\u20131077 (2001).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"1225_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2254","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28671","volume":"36","author":"G Natale","year":"2021","unstructured":"Natale, G. et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation exerts \u201cRejuvenation\u201d effects on corticostriatal synapses after partial dopamine depletion. Mov. Disord. 36, 2254\u20132263 (2021).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"1225_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.60.110707.163514","volume":"60","author":"R Adolphs","year":"2009","unstructured":"Adolphs, R. The social brain: neural basis of social knowledge. Annu Rev. Psychol. 60, 693\u2013716 (2009).","journal-title":"Annu Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"1225_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8782","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1280-20.2020","volume":"40","author":"H Leblanc","year":"2020","unstructured":"Leblanc, H. & Ramirez, S. Linking social cognition to learning and memory. J. Neurosci. 40, 8782\u20138798 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"1225_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.7b00420","volume":"9","author":"BD Turner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Turner, B. D., Kashima, D. T., Manz, K. M., Grueter, C. A. & Grueter, B. A. Synaptic plasticity in the nucleus accumbens: lessons learned from experience. ACS Chem. Neurosci. 9, 2114\u20132126 (2018).","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"1225_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2003.11.005","volume":"27","author":"RT Fremeau","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fremeau, R. T., Voglmaier, S., Seal, R. P. & Edwards, R. H. VGLUTs define subsets of excitatory neurons and suggest novel roles for glutamate. Trends Neurosci. 27, 98\u2013103 (2004).","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"1225_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2006.04.016","volume":"55","author":"S Takamori","year":"2006","unstructured":"Takamori, S. VGLUTs: \u2018Exciting\u2019 times for glutamatergic research?. Neurosci. Res. 55, 343\u2013351 (2006).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"1225_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.11.032","volume":"57","author":"RP Seal","year":"2008","unstructured":"Seal, R. P. et al. Sensorineural deafness and seizures in mice lacking vesicular glutamate transporter 3. Neuron 57, 263\u2013275 (2008).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1225_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7158","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0401764101","volume":"101","author":"SM Wojcik","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wojcik, S. M. et al. An essential role for vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1) in postnatal development and control of quantal size. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 7158\u20137163 (2004).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"1225_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-221063","volume":"94","author":"Z Mi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mi, Z. et al. Vesicular glutamate transporter changes in the cortical default mode network during the clinical and pathological progression of alzheimer\u2019s disease. J. Alzheimer\u2019s. Dis. 94, 227\u2013246 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s. Dis."},{"key":"1225_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2006.02.010","volume":"28","author":"A Kashani","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kashani, A., Betancur, C., Giros, B., Hirsch, E. & El Mestikawy, S. Altered expression of vesicular glutamate transporters VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 in Parkinson disease. Neurobiol. Aging 28, 568\u2013578 (2007).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"1225_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.10.009","volume":"287","author":"E Guatteo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Guatteo, E. et al. Functional alterations of the dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems in spontaneous \u03b1-synuclein overexpressing rats. Exp. Neurol. 287, 21\u201333 (2017).","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"1225_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2023.114562","volume":"370","author":"K Barcomb","year":"2023","unstructured":"Barcomb, K. & Ford, C. P. Alterations in neurotransmitter co-release in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Exp. Neurol. 370, 114562 (2023).","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"1225_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhu317","volume":"26","author":"L Saba","year":"2016","unstructured":"Saba, L. et al. Altered functionality, morphology, and vesicular glutamate transporter expression of cortical motor neurons from a presymptomatic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Cereb. Cortex 26, 1512\u20131528 (2016).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"1225_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14366","volume":"520","author":"P Namburi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Namburi, P. et al. A circuit mechanism for differentiating positive and negative associations. Nature 520, 675\u2013678 (2015).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1225_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf7003","volume":"353","author":"T Okuyama","year":"2016","unstructured":"Okuyama, T., Kitamura, T., Roy, D. S., Itohara, S. & Tonegawa, S. Ventral CA1 neurons store social memory. Science 353, 1536\u20131541 (2016).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1225_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22381","volume":"546","author":"EA Amadei","year":"2017","unstructured":"Amadei, E. A. et al. Dynamic corticostriatal activity biases social bonding in monogamous female prairie voles. Nature 546, 297\u2013301 (2017).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1225_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.06.004","volume":"79","author":"ID Neumann","year":"2016","unstructured":"Neumann, I. D. & Slattery, D. A. Oxytocin in general anxiety and social fear: a translational approach. Biol. Psychiatry 79, 213\u2013221 (2016).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1225_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-017-1787-6","volume":"135","author":"D Erskine","year":"2018","unstructured":"Erskine, D. et al. Regional levels of physiological \u03b1-synuclein are directly associated with Lewy body pathology. Acta Neuropathol. 135, 153\u2013154 (2018).","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"1225_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-021-02713-2","volume":"59","author":"E Vasili","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vasili, E. et al. Endogenous levels of alpha-synuclein modulate seeding and aggregation in cultured cells. Mol. Neurobiol. 59, 1273\u20131284 (2022).","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"1225_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, L. et al. Synaptic location is a determinant of the detrimental effects of \u03b1-synuclein pathology to glutamatergic transmission in the basolateral amygdala. Elife. 11, e78055 (2022).","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.78055"},{"key":"1225_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-025-01075-z","volume":"11","author":"L Bellingacci","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bellingacci, L. et al. Oligomeric alpha-synuclein causes early synaptic dysfunction of the corticostriatal pathway associated with non-motor symptoms. NPJ Park. Dis. 11, 220 (2025).","journal-title":"NPJ Park. Dis."},{"key":"1225_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5080","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0060-19.2019","volume":"39","author":"Q Wu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wu, Q. et al. \u03b1-Synuclein (\u03b1Syn) preformed fibrils induce endogenous \u03b1syn aggregation, compromise synaptic activity and enhance synapse loss in cultured excitatory hippocampal neurons. J. Neurosci. 39, 5080\u20135094 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"1225_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-62951-x","volume":"14","author":"S Jabra","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jabra, S. et al. Sex- and cycle-dependent changes in spine density and size in hippocampal CA2 neurons. Sci. Rep. 14, 12252 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"1225_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2002.031369","volume":"546","author":"J B\u00e9\u00efque","year":"2003","unstructured":"B\u00e9\u00efque, J. & Andrade, R. PSD-95 regulates synaptic transmission and plasticity in rat cerebral cortex. J. Physiol. 546, 859\u2013867 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"1225_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.08.033","volume":"72","author":"LA Volpicelli-Daley","year":"2011","unstructured":"Volpicelli-Daley, L. A. et al. Exogenous \u03b1-synuclein fibrils induce Lewy body pathology leading to synaptic dysfunction and neuron death. Neuron 72, 57\u201371 (2011).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1225_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20130163","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0163","volume":"369","author":"OA Shipton","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shipton, O. A. & Paulsen, O. GluN2A and GluN2B subunit-containing NMDA receptors in hippocampal plasticity. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 369, 20130163 (2014).","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"1225_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.11.022","volume":"68","author":"ES Bromberg-Martin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bromberg-Martin, E. S., Matsumoto, M. & Hikosaka, O. Dopamine in motivational control: rewarding, aversive, and alerting. Neuron 68, 815\u2013834 (2010).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1225_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1126\/science.566469","volume":"201","author":"RA Wise","year":"1978","unstructured":"Wise, R. A., Spindler, J., deWit, H. & Gerberg, G. J. Neuroleptic-induced \u201cAnhedonia\u201d in rats: pimozide blocks reward quality of food. Science 201, 262\u2013264 (1978).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1225_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e67820","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067820","volume":"8","author":"C Eisenegger","year":"2013","unstructured":"Eisenegger, C. et al. DAT1 polymorphism determines L-DOPA effects on learning about others\u2019 Prosociality. PLoS ONE 8, e67820 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1225_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1038\/35098149","volume":"413","author":"KKW Kampe","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kampe, K. K. W., Frith, C. D., Dolan, R. J. & Frith, U. Reward value of attractiveness and gaze. Nature 413, 589\u2013589 (2001).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1225_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2018.05.021","volume":"86","author":"CM Eddy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Eddy, C. M. & Cook, J. L. Emotions in action: the relationship between motor function and social cognition across multiple clinical populations. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 86, 229\u2013244 (2018).","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1225_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chong, T. T. J. & Husain, M. The role of dopamine in the pathophysiology and treatment of apathy. Prog. Brain Res. 229, 389\u2013426 (2016)","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2016.05.007"},{"key":"1225_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-024-00836-6","volume":"10","author":"F Servillo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Servillo, F. et al. Molecular and cellular determinants of L-Dopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis. 10, 228 (2024).","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"1225_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campanelli, F. et al. Serotonin drives striatal synaptic plasticity in a sex-related manner. Neurobiol. Dis. 158, 105448 (2021).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2021.105448"},{"key":"1225_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27683","volume":"34","author":"D Mineo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mineo, D. et al. Dopamine drives binge-like consumption of a palatable food in experimental Parkinsonism. Mov. Disord. 34, 821\u2013831 (2019).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"1225_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Seibenhener, M. L. & Wooten, M. C. Use of the Open Field Maze to measure locomotor and anxiety-like behavior in mice. J Vis Exp. e52434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3791\/52434 (2015).","DOI":"10.3791\/52434"},{"key":"1225_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.12.009","volume":"320","author":"C Rodo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rodo, C., Sargolini, F. & Save, E. Processing of spatial and non-spatial information in rats with lesions of the medial and lateral entorhinal cortex: environmental complexity matters. Behav. Brain Res. 320, 200\u2013209 (2017).","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"1225_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-007-0862-4","volume":"194","author":"E De Leonibus","year":"2007","unstructured":"De Leonibus, E. et al. Spatial deficits in a mouse model of Parkinson disease. Psychopharmacol. 194, 517\u2013525 (2007).","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"1225_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2008.129","volume":"34","author":"E De Leonibus","year":"2009","unstructured":"De Leonibus, E. et al. Metabotropic glutamate receptors 5 blockade reverses spatial memory deficits in a mouse model of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neuropsychopharmacology 34, 729\u2013738 (2009).","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"1225_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx351","volume":"141","author":"N Giordano","year":"2018","unstructured":"Giordano, N. et al. Motor learning and metaplasticity in striatal neurons: relevance for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain 141, 505\u2013520 (2018).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1225_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2011.361","volume":"6","author":"SA Golden","year":"2011","unstructured":"Golden, S. A., Covington, H. E., Berton, O. & Russo, S. J. A standardized protocol for repeated social defeat stress in mice. Nat. Protoc. 6, 1183\u20131191 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"1225_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Verheggen, F. J., Haubruge, E. & Mescher, M. C. Alarm Pheromones\u2014Chemical Signaling in Response to Danger. 215\u2013239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0083-6729(10)83009-2 (2010).","DOI":"10.1016\/S0083-6729(10)83009-2"},{"key":"1225_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-024-00824-w","volume":"10","author":"M Massaro Cenere","year":"2024","unstructured":"Massaro Cenere, M. et al. Systemic inflammation accelerates neurodegeneration in a rat model of Parkinson\u2019s disease overexpressing human alpha synuclein. NPJ Park. Dis. 10, 213 (2024).","journal-title":"NPJ Park. Dis."},{"key":"1225_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020538","volume":"22","author":"TT Win-Shwe","year":"2021","unstructured":"Win-Shwe, T. T., Kyi-Tha-Thu, C., Fujitani, Y., Tsukahara, S. & Hirano, S. Perinatal exposure to diesel exhaust-origin secondary organic aerosol induces autism-like behavior in rats. Int J. Mol. Sci. 22, 538 (2021).","journal-title":"Int J. Mol. Sci."}],"container-title":["npj Parkinson's Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41531-025-01225-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41531-025-01225-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41531-025-01225-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T22:04:35Z","timestamp":1768341875000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41531-025-01225-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1225"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41531-025-01225-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2373-8057"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2373-8057","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"14"}}