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We performed multimodal analysis on 583 microelectrode recordings (MER) from PD patients undergoing DBS surgery under local anesthesia (LA) and GA. Deep sedation interfered with the identification of the dorsal STN border, and propofol dosages &gt;4\u2009mg\/kg\/h resulted in deeper final electrodes. While firing rate (FR) and burst index (BI) differed between LA and GA, only BI distinguished imaging-defined STN and correlated negatively with the proximity to the DBS sweetspot across conditions. Thus, propofol-based GA complicates navigation in DBS surgery, but MER remain informative if propofol levels are carefully controlled. BI emerges as a potential biomarker when MER are \u201cpolluted\u201d by high levels of propofol, offering critical feedback during DBS surgery under GA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-025-01243-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T18:25:51Z","timestamp":1769711151000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The graded effect of propofol in electrophysiology-guided navigation during deep brain stimulation surgery"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"G.","family":"Issabekov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Al-Fatly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Mousavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Roediger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"K\u00f6hler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Habets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. 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