{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:48:23Z","timestamp":1792784903419,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779408000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":83,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson\u2019s Research","award":["17474"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17474"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03arq3225","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson\u2019s Research","award":["17474"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17474"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03arq3225","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson\u2019s Research","award":["17474"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17474"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03arq3225","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson\u2019s Research","award":["17474"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17474"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03arq3225","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Parkinsons Dis."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Genetic risk factors for Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) remain under-characterized in East Asian populations. We assembled a Taiwanese case\u2013control cohort (2245 PD; 2147 controls), genotyped participants using the Illumina NeuroBooster Array, and imputed 7.6 million variants with the Taiwan Biobank reference panel. Logistic-regression GWAS identified genome-wide significant associations at\n                    <jats:italic>SNCA<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>MCCC1<\/jats:italic>\n                    , with the lead\n                    <jats:italic>SNCA<\/jats:italic>\n                    signal located in intron 4; conditional and joint analyses suggested an additional 5\u2032\n                    <jats:italic>SNCA<\/jats:italic>\n                    component. We observed suggestive associations at\n                    <jats:italic>GCH1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>PPARGC1A<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>GALNT13<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Locus-focused haplotype analyses refined the\n                    <jats:italic>SNCA<\/jats:italic>\n                    signal, delineating an East Asian\u2013enriched risk haplotype, and confirmed risk effects of\n                    <jats:italic>LRRK2<\/jats:italic>\n                    p.G2385R and p.R1628P, including evidence consistent with a gene-dosage effect. A European-derived PRS showed modest discrimination in our cohort (AUC 0.59), while incorporating East Asian and Taiwan-relevant variants improved performance (AUC 0.62). Together, these results define the genetic architecture of PD in Taiwan, highlight shared and population-enriched risk components, and support ancestry-aware PRS construction for improved risk stratification.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-026-01349-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T02:24:15Z","timestamp":1779416655000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genome-wide association and population-tailored polygenic risk for Parkinson\u2019s disease in Taiwan"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5817-460X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yung-Tsai","family":"Chu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-An","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chin-Hsien","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Hwei","family":"Tai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yih-Ru","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chien-Tai","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mong-Hsun","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Hardy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3145-880X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kin-Ying","family":"Mok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4947-5467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruey-Meei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"East Asian Parkinson Disease Genomics Consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji-Feng","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bei-Sha","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huifeng","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huong Thi Thanh","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thi Thanh Huyen","family":"Vu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anh Tuan","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy Y.","family":"Ip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy K. Y.","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fanny C. F.","family":"Ip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaopu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kin Ying","family":"Mok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Hardy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Germaine Hiu Fai","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nelson Yuk-Fai","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wing-Chi","family":"Fong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phillip","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norlinah Mohamed","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahrul","family":"Azmin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nor Azian Abdul","family":"Murad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siti Aishah","family":"Sulaiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siti Hajar","family":"Md Desa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wael","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sulev","family":"Koks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abigail","family":"Pfaff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lewis","family":"Singleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun Joong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seok Jong","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seong-Min","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuewen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsiu-Chuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomotaka","family":"Shiraishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hidetomo","family":"Murakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renpei","family":"Sengoku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobutaka","family":"Hattori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manabu","family":"Funayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatsushi","family":"Toda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wataru","family":"Satake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kotaro","family":"Ogaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenya","family":"Nishioka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew B.","family":"Singleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike A.","family":"Nalls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cornelis","family":"Blauwendraat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Global Parkinson\u2019s Genetics Program","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pin-Jui","family":"Kung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serena","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai Shi","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi Wen","family":"Tay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azlina","family":"Ahmad-Annuar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tzi Shin","family":"Toh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shen-Yang","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ai Huey","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia Lun","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei-Cheng","family":"Lit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anis Nadhirah Khairul","family":"Anuar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans Xing","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elaine Guo Yan","family":"Chew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia Nee","family":"Foo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eng-King","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manabu","family":"Funayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroyo","family":"Yoshino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rauan","family":"Kaiyrzhanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Altynay","family":"Karimova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gulnaz","family":"Kaishibayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cholpon","family":"Shambetova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariam","family":"Isayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samson","family":"Khachatryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaruhi","family":"Tavadyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han-Joon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jee-Young","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sun Ju","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beomseok","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beisha","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huifang","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jifeng","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piu","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Germaine Hiu-Fai","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Ip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phillip","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asha","family":"Kishore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. P.","family":"Divya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pramod","family":"Pal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prashanth Lingappa","family":"Kukkle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roopa","family":"Rajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rupam","family":"Borgohain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehri","family":"Salari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bayasgalan","family":"Tserensodnom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajeev","family":"Ojha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Leila","family":"Doquenia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond","family":"Rosales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duan","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toan","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Teresa","family":"Peri\u00f1an","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul Suhwan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathew J.","family":"Koretsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Bandres-Ciga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fulya","family":"Ak\u00e7imen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry","family":"Houlden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurel","family":"Screven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mie","family":"Rizig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Njideka","family":"Okubadejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilia M.","family":"Gatto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcelo","family":"Kauffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire E.","family":"Shepherd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Hunter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kishore","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melina","family":"Ellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel E.","family":"Renter\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sulev","family":"Koks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Zimprich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Rieder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vitor","family":"Tumas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Camargos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward A.","family":"Fon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ted","family":"Fon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oury","family":"Monchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin Pizarro","family":"Galleguillos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricio","family":"Olguin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcelo","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Leonor","family":"Bustamante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gonzalo","family":"Arboleda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Orozco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marlene Jimenez","family":"del Rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alvaro","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Salama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walaa A.","family":"Kamel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yared Z.","family":"Zewde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis","family":"Brice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Christophe","family":"Corvol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Westenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva-Juliane","family":"Vollstedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harutyun","family":"Madoev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne","family":"Trinh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Junker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"Lohmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lara M.","family":"Lange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasia","family":"Illarionova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brit","family":"Mollenhauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franziska","family":"Hopfner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00fcnter","family":"H\u00f6glinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manu","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Gasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zih-Hua","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Groppa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Akpalu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Efthymios","family":"Dardiotis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgia","family":"Xiromerisiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgios","family":"Hadjigeorgiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Dagklis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Tarnanas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonidas","family":"Stefanis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Stamelou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Quattrone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enza Maria","family":"Valente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micol","family":"Avenali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucilla","family":"Parnetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tommaso","family":"Schirinzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rejko","family":"Kr\u00fcger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wael","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Martinez-Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayela","family":"Rodriguez-Violante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Reayes-Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim J.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toni L.","family":"Pitcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oluwadamilola","family":"Ojo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan O.","family":"Aasly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lasse","family":"Pihlstr\u00f8m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoaib","family":"Ur-Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Cornejo-Olivas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angel","family":"Vinuela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Iakovenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bashayer","family":"Al Mubarak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Umair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferzana","family":"Amod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Carr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soraya","family":"Bardien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Cubo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Hoenicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrin","family":"Beyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pau","family":"Pastor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"El-Sadig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christiane","family":"Zweier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Krack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rim","family":"Amouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samia Ben","family":"Sassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. Nazl","family":"Ba\u015fak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00d6zg\u00fcr \u00d6ztop","family":"\u00c7akmak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sibel","family":"Ertan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gencer","family":"Genc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Carrasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anette","family":"Schrag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Schapira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleanor J.","family":"Stafford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huw","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Hardy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olaitan","family":"Okunoye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rimona","family":"Weil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Jasaitye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vida","family":"Obese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camille","family":"Carroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Bale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald","family":"Grosset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kin Y.","family":"Mok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nigel","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick A.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seth","family":"Love","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Stott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Espay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Marsili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alyssa","family":"O\u2019Grady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernadette","family":"Siddiqi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradford","family":"Casey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Fiske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charisse","family":"Comart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin C.","family":"Solle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaileigh","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maggie","family":"Kuhl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naomi","family":"Louie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sohini","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd","family":"Sherer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew K.","family":"Sobering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cabell","family":"Jonas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Cruchaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline B.","family":"Pantazis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Wegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ejaz","family":"Shamim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jared","family":"Williamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ekemini","family":"Riley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonya","family":"Dumanis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geidy E.","family":"Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Beach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Honglei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignacio Juan","family":"Keller Sarmiento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niccol\u00f2 E.","family":"Mencacci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Lubbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Jankovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Inca-Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Shulman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Nuytemans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl","family":"Kieburtz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katerina","family":"Markopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Marek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lana M.","family":"Chahine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Ruffrage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marissa","family":"Dean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Shulman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Albin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roy","family":"Alcalay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatiana","family":"Foroud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masharip","family":"Atadzhanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"1349_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2284","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00218-X","volume":"397","author":"BR Bloem","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bloem, B. R., Okun, M. S. & Klein, C. Parkinson\u2019s disease. Lancet 397, 2284\u20132303 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1349_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30320-5","volume":"18","author":"MA Nalls","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nalls, M. A. et al. Identification of novel risk loci, causal insights, and heritable risk for Parkinson\u2019s disease: a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies. Lancet Neurol. 18, 1091\u20131102 (2019).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"1349_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.0428","volume":"77","author":"JN Foo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Foo, J. N. et al. Identification of risk loci for Parkinson disease in asians and comparison of risk between Asians and Europeans A genome-wide association study. JAMA Neurol. 77, 746\u2013754 (2020).","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"1349_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30195-4","volume":"18","author":"S-Y Lim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lim, S.-Y. et al. Parkinson\u2019s disease in the Western Pacific Region. Lancet Neurol. 18, 865\u2013879 (2019).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"1349_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(11)70175-2","volume":"10","author":"OA Ross","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ross, O. A. et al. Association of LRRK2 exonic variants with susceptibility to Parkinson\u2019s disease: a case-control study. Lancet Neurol. 10, 898\u2013908 (2011).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"1349_CR6","first-page":"561","volume":"31","author":"EK Tan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tan, E. K. et al. Multiple LRRK2 variants modulate risk of Parkinson disease: a Chinese multicenter study. Hum. Mutat. 31, 561\u20138 (2010).","journal-title":"Hum. Mutat."},{"key":"1349_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46890","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.10378","volume":"7","author":"H Zhao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhao, H. & Kong, Z. Relationship between LRRK2 R1628P polymorphism and Parkinson\u2019s disease in Asian populations. Oncotarget 7, 46890\u201346898 (2016).","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"1349_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2022.06.010","volume":"102","author":"DP Loesch","year":"2022","unstructured":"Loesch, D. P. et al. Polygenic risk prediction and SNCA haplotype analysis in a Latino Parkinson\u2019s disease cohort. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 102, 7\u201315 (2022).","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"1349_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25274","volume":"84","author":"L Pihlstr\u00f8m","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pihlstr\u00f8m, L. et al. A comprehensive analysis of SNCA-related genetic risk in sporadic parkinson disease. Ann. Neurol. 84, 117\u2013129 (2018).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"1349_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00283-1","volume":"22","author":"M Rizig","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rizig, M. et al. Identification of genetic risk loci and causal insights associated with Parkinson\u2019s disease in African and African admixed populations: a genome-wide association study. Lancet Neurol. 22, 1015\u20131025 (2023).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"1349_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-025-00967-4","volume":"11","author":"P Saffie-Awad","year":"2025","unstructured":"Saffie-Awad, P. et al. Insights into ancestral diversity in Parkinson\u2019s disease risk: a comparative assessment of polygenic risk scores. NPJ Park. Dis. 11, 201 (2025).","journal-title":"NPJ Park. Dis."},{"key":"1349_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00373-2","volume":"20","author":"KY Mok","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mok, K. Y. The East Asian Parkinson disease genomics consortium. Lancet Neurol. 20, 982 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"1349_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34732-5","volume":"13","author":"L Krohn","year":"2022","unstructured":"Krohn, L. et al. Genome-wide association study of REM sleep behavior disorder identifies polygenic risk and brain expression effects. Nat. Commun. 13, 7496 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1349_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-025-01078-w","volume":"11","author":"YL Sosero","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sosero, Y. L. et al. Genome-wide association study of REM sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Npj Park. Dis. 11, 272 (2025).","journal-title":"Npj Park. Dis."},{"key":"1349_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1212\/NXG.0000000000000385","volume":"6","author":"U Rudakou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rudakou, U. et al. Analysis of common and rare VPS13C variants in late-onset Parkinson disease. Neurol. Genet. 6, 385 (2020).","journal-title":"Neurol. Genet."},{"key":"1349_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2213","volume":"44","author":"J Yang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yang, J. et al. Conditional and joint multiple-SNP analysis of GWAS summary statistics identifies additional variants influencing complex traits. Nat. Genet. 44, 369\u2013375, S1-3 (2012).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"1349_CR17","unstructured":"Sun, W., Schulte, C., Gasser, T., Tan, M. & Global Parkinson\u2019s Genetic Program (GP2). TMEM175, SCARB2 and CTSB associations with Parkinson\u2019s disease risk across populations. NPJ Park. Dis. 11, 348 (2025)."},{"key":"1349_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bandres-Ciga, S. et al. NeuroBooster Array: a genome-wide genotyping platform to study neurological disorders across diverse populations. Mov. Disord. 39, 2039\u20132048 (2024).","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29902"},{"key":"1349_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26153","volume":"90","author":"DP Loesch","year":"2021","unstructured":"Loesch, D. P. et al. Characterizing the Genetic Architecture of Parkinson\u2019s Disease in Latinos. Ann. Neurol. 90, 353\u2013365 (2021).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"1349_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-025-00887-3","volume":"11","author":"D Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li, D., Yau, W. Y., Chen, S., Wilton, S. & Mastaglia, F. A personalised and comprehensive approach is required to suppress or replenish SNCA for Parkinson\u2019s disease. NPJ Park. Dis. 11, 42 (2025).","journal-title":"NPJ Park. Dis."},{"key":"1349_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2006.12.001","volume":"13","author":"MJ Farrer","year":"2007","unstructured":"Farrer, M. J. et al. LRRK2 G2385R is an ancestral risk factor for Parkinson\u2019s disease in Asia. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 13, 89\u201392 (2007).","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"1349_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22514","volume":"24","author":"CP Zabetian","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zabetian, C. P. et al. LRRK2 mutations and risk variants in Japanese patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov. Disord. J. Mov. Disord. Soc. 24, 1034\u20131041 (2009).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. J. Mov. Disord. Soc."},{"key":"1349_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mgg3.604","volume":"7","author":"AA Gopalai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gopalai, A. A. et al. LRRK2 N551K and R1398H variants are protective in Malays and Chinese in Malaysia: A case-control association study for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mol. Genet. Genom. Med. 7, e604 (2019).","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Genom. Med."},{"key":"1349_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0149739","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149739","volume":"11","author":"Y Shu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shu, Y. et al. Parkinson-Related LRRK2 Mutation R1628P Enables Cdk5 Phosphorylation of LRRK2 and Upregulates Its Kinase Activity. PLoS ONE 11, e0149739 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1349_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1817889116","volume":"116","author":"P Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang, P. et al. Crystal structure of the WD40 domain dimer of LRRK2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 116, 1579\u20131584 (2019).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"1349_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20120637","volume":"446","author":"IN Rudenko","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rudenko, I. N. et al. The G2385R Variant of Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 Associated with Parkinson\u2019s Disease is a Partial Loss of Function Mutation. Biochem. J. 446, 99\u2013111 (2012).","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"1349_CR27","unstructured":"Goh, J. W. et al. LRRK2 p.G2385R and p.R1628P variants in a multi-ethnic Asian Parkinson\u2019s Cohort: epidemiology and clinical insights. NPJ Park. Dis. 11, 320 (2025)."},{"key":"1349_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Toh, T. S. et al. Ex vivo LRRK2 activation in Asian G2385R and R1628P variant carriers and idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov. Disord. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.70314 (2026).","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.70314"},{"key":"1349_CR29","first-page":"100877","volume":"40","author":"Y-L Ong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ong, Y.-L. et al. Caffeine intake interacts with Asian gene variants in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a study in 4488 subjects. Lancet Reg. Health West. Pac. 40, 100877 (2023).","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health West. Pac."},{"key":"1349_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Type II kinase inhibitors that target Parkinson\u2019s disease\u2013associated LRRK2 | Science Advances. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.adt2050.","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adt2050"},{"key":"1349_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2015.12.016","volume":"39","author":"C-M Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen, C.-M. et al. Association of GCH1 and MIR4697, but not SIPA1L2 and VPS13C polymorphisms, with Parkinson\u2019s disease in Taiwan. Neurobiol. Aging 39, 221.e1\u20135 (2016).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"1349_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2018.09.008","volume":"73","author":"U Rudakou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rudakou, U. et al. Common and rare GCH1 variants are associated with Parkinson disease. Neurobiol. Aging 73, 231.e1\u2013231.e6 (2019).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"1349_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8744","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.15508","volume":"24","author":"A Zhao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhao, A. et al. SNPs in SNCA, MCCC1, DLG2, GBF1 and MBNL2 are associated with Parkinson\u2019s disease in southern Chinese population. J. Cell. Mol. Med. 24, 8744\u20138752 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"1349_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1038\/s10038-022-01074-5","volume":"67","author":"L-Z Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, L.-Z. et al. Association of rare PPARGC1A variants with Parkinson\u2019s disease risk. J. Hum. Genet. 67, 687\u2013690 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"1349_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2350-12-69","volume":"12","author":"J Clark","year":"2011","unstructured":"Clark, J., Reddy, S., Zheng, K., Betensky, R. A. & Simon, D. K. Association of PGC-1alpha polymorphisms with age of onset and risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease. BMC Med. Genet. 12, 69 (2011).","journal-title":"BMC Med. Genet."},{"key":"1349_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3163","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww242","volume":"139","author":"SH M\u00fcller","year":"2016","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, S. H. et al. Genome-wide association study in essential tremor identifies three new loci. Brain J. Neurol. 139, 3163\u20133169 (2016).","journal-title":"Brain J. Neurol."},{"key":"1349_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.10.023","volume":"106","author":"L Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen, L., Tao, Y., Li, J. & Kang, M. Pioglitazone use is associated with reduced risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease in patients with diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Clin. Neurosci. 106, 154\u2013158 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"1349_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"NINDS Exploratory Trials in Parkinson Disease (NET-PD) FS-ZONE Investigators. Pioglitazone in early Parkinson\u2019s disease: a phase 2, multicentre, double-blind, randomised trial. Lancet Neurol. 14, 795\u2013803 (2015).","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00144-1"},{"key":"1349_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20220539","volume":"50","author":"DM Wenzel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wenzel, D. M. & Olivier-Van Stichelen, S. The O-GlcNAc cycling in neurodevelopment and associated diseases. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 50, 1693\u20131702 (2022).","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"1349_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-025-01159-w","volume":"11","author":"E Vasili","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vasili, E. et al. Glycation of alpha-synuclein enhances aggregation and neuroinflammatory responses. Npj Park. Dis. 11, 307 (2025).","journal-title":"Npj Park. Dis."},{"key":"1349_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awae073","volume":"147","author":"MJ Kmiecik","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kmiecik, M. J. et al. Genetic analysis and natural history of Parkinson\u2019s disease due to the LRRK2 G2019S variant. Brain J. Neurol. 147, 1996\u20132008 (2024).","journal-title":"Brain J. Neurol."},{"key":"1349_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.105940","volume":"78","author":"Y Wu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wu, Y. et al. Glucocerebrosidase gene mutation is a risk factor for early onset of Parkinson disease among Taiwanese. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 78, 977\u2013979 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1349_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29902","volume":"39","author":"S Bandres-Ciga","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bandres-Ciga, S. et al. NeuroBooster Array: A genome-wide genotyping platform to study neurological disorders across diverse populations. Mov. Disord. J. Mov. Disord. Soc. 39, 2039\u20132048 (2024).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. J. Mov. Disord. Soc."},{"key":"1349_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-021-00913-z","volume":"53","author":"U V\u00f5sa","year":"2021","unstructured":"V\u00f5sa, U. et al. Large-scale cis- and trans-eQTL analyses identify thousands of genetic loci and polygenic scores that regulate blood gene expression. Nat. Genet. 53, 1300\u20131310 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"1349_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-023-01300-6","volume":"55","author":"N de Klein","year":"2023","unstructured":"de Klein, N. et al. Brain expression quantitative trait locus and network analyses reveal downstream effects and putative drivers for brain-related diseases. Nat. Genet. 55, 377\u2013388 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"1349_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-023-00595-w","volume":"9","author":"S Pachchek","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pachchek, S. et al. Accurate long-read sequencing identified GBA1 as major risk factor in the Luxembourgish Parkinson\u2019s study. NPJ Park. Dis. 9, 156 (2023).","journal-title":"NPJ Park. Dis."},{"key":"1349_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-022-00288-w","volume":"8","author":"MB Makarious","year":"2022","unstructured":"Makarious, M. B. et al. Multi-modality machine learning predicting Parkinson\u2019s disease. Npj Park. Dis. 8, 35 (2022).","journal-title":"Npj Park. Dis."},{"key":"1349_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-025-00900-8","author":"IJ Kullo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kullo, I. J. Clinical use of polygenic risk scores: current status, barriers and future directions. Nat. Rev. Genet. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41576-025-00900-8 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"1349_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xgen.2022.100197","volume":"2","author":"Y-CA Feng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Feng, Y.-C. A. et al. Taiwan Biobank: A rich biomedical research database of the Taiwanese population. Cell Genomics 2, 100197 (2022).","journal-title":"Cell Genomics"},{"key":"1349_CR50","first-page":"5321","volume":"25","author":"C-H Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen, C.-H. et al. Population structure of Han Chinese in the modern Taiwanese population based on 10,000 participants in the Taiwan Biobank project. Hum. Mol. Genet. 25, 5321\u20135331 (2016).","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"1349_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26424","volume":"30","author":"RB Postuma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Postuma, R. B. et al. MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov. Disord. 30, 1591\u2013601 (2015).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"1349_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1086\/519795","volume":"81","author":"S Purcell","year":"2007","unstructured":"Purcell, S. et al. PLINK: A tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 81, 559\u2013575 (2007).","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"1349_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13742-015-0047-8","volume":"4","author":"CC Chang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chang, C. C. et al. Second-generation PLINK: Rising to the challenge of larger and richer datasets. GigaScience 4, 7 (2015).","journal-title":"GigaScience"},{"key":"1349_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3656","volume":"48","author":"S Das","year":"2016","unstructured":"Das, S. et al. Next-generation genotype imputation service and methods. Nat. Genet 48, 1284\u20131287 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet"},{"key":"1349_CR55","unstructured":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing. https:\/\/www.gbif.org\/tool\/81287\/r-a-language-and-environment-for-statistical-computing."},{"key":"1349_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-023-05318-9","volume":"24","author":"R Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, R., Jia, G. & Diao, X. geneHapR: An R package for gene haplotypic statistics and visualization. BMC Bioinforma. 24, 199 (2023).","journal-title":"BMC Bioinforma."},{"key":"1349_CR57","unstructured":"Daniel, S. & Sinnwell, J. P. haplo.stats: Statistical Analysis of Haplotypes with Traits and Covariates when Linkage Phase is Ambiguous. (2024)."},{"key":"1349_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W185","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaa420","volume":"48","author":"J Oscanoa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oscanoa, J. et al. SNPnexus: A web server for functional annotation of human genome sequence variation (2020 update). Nucleic Acids Res 48, W185\u2013W192 (2020).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"1349_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GTEx Consortium. The genotype-tissue expression (GTEx) project. Nat. Genet. 45, 580\u2013585 (2013).","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2653"},{"key":"1349_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004383","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1004383","volume":"10","author":"C Giambartolomei","year":"2014","unstructured":"Giambartolomei, C. et al. Bayesian test for colocalisation between pairs of genetic association studies using summary statistics. PLOS Genet 10, e1004383 (2014).","journal-title":"PLOS Genet"},{"key":"1349_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Moore, J. E. et al. An expanded registry of candidate cis-regulatory elements. Nature https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-025-09909-9 (2026)","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09909-9"}],"container-title":["npj Parkinson's Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41531-026-01349-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41531-026-01349-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41531-026-01349-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T13:02:19Z","timestamp":1792674139000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41531-026-01349-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1349"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41531-026-01349-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2373-8057"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2373-8057","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 October 2026","order":6,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":7,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This article was originally published with the incorrect license \u2018CC BY-NC-ND\u2019; it should have been \u2018CC BY\u2019. The original article has been updated.","order":8,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}],"article-number":"191"}}