{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T12:20:22Z","timestamp":1777983622681,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777680000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777680000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001663","name":"Volkswagen Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["89387"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["89387"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["424778381 \u2013 TRR 295"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["424778381 \u2013 TRR 295"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Parkinsons Dis."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The rising prevalence of Parkinson\u2019s disease has created an urgent need for brain activity markers guiding diagnosis and treatment strategies. While abnormal basal ganglia activity is known to synchronise with specific cortical regions, the temporal dynamics and cortical network architecture of this coupling remain unclear. To address this, we analysed simultaneous magnetoencephalography and subthalamic nucleus (STN) local field potential recordings from 27 individuals with Parkinson\u2019s disease, both on and off dopaminergic medication. Using a time-delay embedded Hidden Markov Model, we identified dynamic large-scale cortical networks whose occurrences fluctuate over time and exhibit distinct STN-cortical coupling. STN-supplementary motor area (SMA) synchrony increased during activations of the sensorimotor network and the posterior default mode network. The former was associated with 9.5\u201323\u2009Hz power and beta bursts in the STN, and the latter with 5\u201316.5\u2009Hz power. Dopaminergic medication preferentially reduced STN beta power in networks lacking enhanced STN-SMA synchrony. These findings suggest that large-scale cortical networks have varying patterns of association with STN activity and may provide temporal windows into subcortical processing. Such network signatures in non-invasive recordings offer promising candidates for markers of subcortical-cortical activity in Parkinson\u2019s disease and may provide targets for treatment strategies, including closed-loop stimulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-026-01372-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T18:36:14Z","timestamp":1777746974000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Varying patterns of association between cortical large-scale networks and subthalamic nucleus activity in Parkinson\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Oliver","family":"Kohl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chetan","family":"Gohil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Sure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alfons","family":"Schnitzler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Florin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"1372_CR1","unstructured":"Willis, A. W. Parkinson disease in the elderly adult. MO Med. 110, 406\u2013410 (2013)."},{"key":"1372_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2007.05.004","volume":"30","author":"C Hammond","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hammond, C., Bergman, H. & Brown, P. Pathological synchronization in Parkinson\u2019s disease: networks, models and treatments. Trends Neurosci. 30, 357\u2013364 (2007).","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"1372_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2869","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13853","volume":"48","author":"A Singh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Singh, A. Oscillatory activity in the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic neural circuits in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Eur. J. Neurosci. 48, 2869\u20132878 (2018).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"1372_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petersson, P., K\u00fchn, A. A., Neumann, W.-J. & Fuentes, R. Basal ganglia oscillations as biomarkers for targeting circuit dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Prog. Brain Res. 252, 525\u2013557 (2020).","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2020.02.002"},{"key":"1372_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2968","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx252","volume":"140","author":"G Tinkhauser","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tinkhauser, G. et al. Beta burst dynamics in Parkinson\u2019s disease OFF and ON dopaminergic medication. Brain 140, 2968\u20132981 (2017).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1372_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx010","volume":"140","author":"G Tinkhauser","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tinkhauser, G. et al. The modulatory effect of adaptive deep brain stimulation on beta bursts in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain 140, 1053\u20131067 (2017).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1372_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-58825-z","volume":"16","author":"TS Binns","year":"2025","unstructured":"Binns, T. S. et al. Shared pathway-specific network mechanisms of dopamine and deep brain stimulation for the treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Nat. Commun. 16, 3587 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1372_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww048","volume":"139","author":"A Oswal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Oswal, A. et al. Deep brain stimulation modulates synchrony within spatially and spectrally distinct resting state networks in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain 139, 1482\u20131496 (2016).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1372_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq332","volume":"134","author":"V Litvak","year":"2011","unstructured":"Litvak, V. et al. Resting oscillatory cortico-subthalamic connectivity in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain 134, 359\u2013374 (2011).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1372_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.11.063","volume":"55","author":"J Hirschmann","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hirschmann, J. et al. Distinct oscillatory STN-cortical loops revealed by simultaneous MEG and local field potential recordings in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neuroimage 55, 1159\u20131168 (2011).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1372_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25366-0","volume":"12","author":"A Oswal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Oswal, A. et al. Neural signatures of hyperdirect pathway activity in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Nat. Commun. 12, 5185 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1372_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.119320","volume":"257","author":"BCM Van Wijk","year":"2022","unstructured":"Van Wijk, B. C. M. et al. Functional connectivity maps of theta\/alpha and beta coherence within the subthalamic nucleus region. Neuroimage 257, 119320 (2022).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1372_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2024.106689","volume":"201","author":"C Cao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cao, C. et al. Low-beta versus high-beta band cortico-subcortical coherence in movement inhibition and expectation. Neurobiol. Dis. 201, 106689 (2024).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"1372_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2018.06.007","volume":"117","author":"G Tinkhauser","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tinkhauser, G. et al. Beta burst coupling across the motor circuit in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurobiol. Dis. 117, 217\u2013225 (2018).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"1372_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.30163","volume":"40","author":"P Yao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yao, P. et al. Beta burst characteristics and coupling within the sensorimotor cortical-subthalamic nucleus circuit dynamically relate to bradykinesia in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov. Disord. 40, 962\u2013968 (2025).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"1372_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12574","volume":"39","author":"J Brittain","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brittain, J., Sharott, A. & Brown, P. The highs and lows of beta activity in cortico-basal ganglia loops. Eur. J. Neurosci. 39, 1951\u20131959 (2014).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"1372_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kohl, O. et al. Changes in sensorimotor network dynamics in resting-state recordings in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain Commun. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf282. (2025).","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf282"},{"key":"1372_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2023.03.009","volume":"46","author":"W-J Neumann","year":"2023","unstructured":"Neumann, W.-J., Horn, A. & K\u00fchn, A. A. Insights and opportunities for deep brain stimulation as a brain circuit intervention. Trends Neurosci. 46, 472\u2013487 (2023).","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"1372_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-022-00443-3","volume":"9","author":"R Lofredi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lofredi, R. et al. Subthalamic beta bursts correlate with dopamine-dependent motor symptoms in 106 Parkinson\u2019s patients. npj Parkinsons Dis. 9, 2 (2023).","journal-title":"npj Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"1372_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gohil, C. et al. Canonical Hidden Markov Model Networks for studying M\/EEG. Imaging Neuroscience 4, IMAG.a.1190 (2026).","DOI":"10.1162\/IMAG.a.1190"},{"key":"1372_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1162\/imag_a_00226","volume":"2","author":"C Gohil","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gohil, C. et al. Dynamic network analysis of electrophysiological task data. Imaging Neurosci. 2, 1\u201319 (2024).","journal-title":"Imaging Neurosci."},{"key":"1372_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.12.007","volume":"109","author":"C Higgins","year":"2021","unstructured":"Higgins, C. et al. Replay bursts in humans coincide with activation of the default mode and parietal alpha networks. Neuron 109, 882\u2013893.e7 (2021).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1372_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05316-z","volume":"9","author":"D Vidaurre","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vidaurre, D. et al. Spontaneous cortical activity transiently organises into frequency specific phase-coupling networks. Nat. Commun. 9, 2987 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1372_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.08.030","volume":"245","author":"DO Cheyne","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cheyne, D. O. MEG studies of sensorimotor rhythms: a review. Exp. Neurol. 245, 27\u201339 (2013).","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"1372_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sitnikova, T. et al. Spontaneous activity changes in large-scale cortical networks in older adults couple to distinct hemodynamic morphology. Preprint at bioRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.05.05.079749. (2020).","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.05.05.079749"},{"key":"1372_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2118","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-025-02052-8","volume":"28","author":"MWJ Van Es","year":"2025","unstructured":"Van Es, M. W. J. et al. Large-scale cortical functional networks are organized in structured cycles. Nat. Neurosci. 28, 2118\u20132128 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"1372_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-024-03768-1","volume":"11","author":"F Rassoulou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rassoulou, F. et al. Exploring the electrophysiology of Parkinson\u2019s disease with magnetoencephalography and deep brain recordings. Sci. Data 11, 889 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"1372_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.09.012","volume":"33","author":"O Lucas-Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lucas-Jim\u00e9nez, O. et al. Altered functional connectivity in the default mode network is associated with cognitive impairment and brain anatomical changes in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 33, 58\u201364 (2016).","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"1372_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2023.102490","volume":"228","author":"MJ Szul","year":"2023","unstructured":"Szul, M. J. et al. Diverse beta burst waveform motifs characterize movement-related cortical dynamics. Prog. Neurobiol. 228, 102490 (2023).","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"1372_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-023-00965-w","volume":"36","author":"LI Boon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Boon, L. I. et al. Cortical and subcortical changes in MEG activity reflect Parkinson\u2019s progression over a period of 7 years. Brain Topogr. 36, 566\u2013580 (2023).","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"1372_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2006.06.720","volume":"117","author":"JLW Bosboom","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bosboom, J. L. W. et al. Resting state oscillatory brain dynamics in Parkinson\u2019s disease: an MEG study. Clin. Neurophysiol. 117, 2521\u20132531 (2006).","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"1372_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29378","volume":"38","author":"M Kr\u00f6sche","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kr\u00f6sche, M. et al. Slowing of frontal \u03b2 oscillations in atypical parkinsonism. Mov. Disord. 38, 806\u2013817 (2023).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"1372_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2012.02.029","volume":"34","author":"KTE Olde Dubbelink","year":"2013","unstructured":"Olde Dubbelink, K. T. E. et al. Cognitive decline in Parkinson\u2019s disease is associated with slowing of resting-state brain activity: a longitudinal study. Neurobiol. Aging 34, 408\u2013418 (2013).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"1372_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(91)90134-P","volume":"79","author":"R Soikkeli","year":"1991","unstructured":"Soikkeli, R., Partanen, J., Soininen, H., P\u00e4\u00e4kk\u00f6nen, A. & Riekkinen, P. Slowing of EEG in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 79, 159\u2013165 (1991).","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"1372_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.1996.tb00229.x","volume":"3","author":"P Stanzione","year":"1996","unstructured":"Stanzione, P. et al. Quantitative EEG changes in non-demented Parkinson\u2019s disease patients before and during L-dopa therapy. Eur. J. Neurol. 3, 354\u2013362 (1996).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"1372_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm034","volume":"130","author":"D Stoffers","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stoffers, D. et al. Slowing of oscillatory brain activity is a stable characteristic of Parkinson\u2019s disease without dementia. Brain 130, 1847\u20131860 (2007).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1372_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2023.102538","volume":"231","author":"AI Wiesman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wiesman, A. I. et al. Adverse and compensatory neurophysiological slowing in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Prog. Neurobiol. 231, 102538 (2023).","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"1372_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2025.102865","volume":"257","author":"M Trubshaw","year":"2026","unstructured":"Trubshaw, M. et al. Divergence of cortical neurophysiology across different neurodegenerative disorders compared to healthy ageing. Prog. Neurobiol. 257, 102865 (2026).","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"1372_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.66057","volume":"10","author":"A Sharma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sharma, A., Vidaurre, D., Vesper, J., Schnitzler, A. & Florin, E. Differential dopaminergic modulation of spontaneous cortico\u2013subthalamic activity in Parkinson\u2019s disease. eLife 10, e66057 (2021).","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"1372_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724334","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.724334","volume":"15","author":"M Sure","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sure, M., Vesper, J., Schnitzler, A. & Florin, E. Dopaminergic modulation of spectral and spatial characteristics of parkinsonian subthalamic nucleus beta bursts. Front. Neurosci. 15, 724334 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"1372_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2023.103317","volume":"37","author":"M Sure","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sure, M., Mertiens, S., Vesper, J., Schnitzler, A. & Florin, E. Alterations of resting-state networks of Parkinson\u2019s disease patients after subthalamic DBS surgery. Neuroimage Clin. 37, 103317 (2023).","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"1372_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124905","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1935742","volume":"97","author":"S Taulu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Taulu, S. & Kajola, M. Presentation of electromagnetic multichannel data: the signal space separation method. J. Appl. Phys. 97, 124905 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"1372_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/51\/7\/008","volume":"51","author":"S Taulu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Taulu, S. & Simola, J. Spatiotemporal signal space separation method for rejecting nearby interference in MEG measurements. Phys. Med. Biol. 51, 1759\u20131768 (2006).","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"1372_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1080\/00401706.1983.10487848","volume":"25","author":"B Rosner","year":"1983","unstructured":"Rosner, B. Percentage points for a generalized ESD many-outlier procedure. Technometrics 25, 165\u2013172 (1983).","journal-title":"Technometrics"},{"key":"1372_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02534144","volume":"35","author":"MA Uusitalo","year":"1997","unstructured":"Uusitalo, M. A. & Ilmoniemi, R. J. Signal-space projection method for separating MEG or EEG into components. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 35, 135\u2013140 (1997).","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"1372_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.04.041","volume":"57","author":"M Woolrich","year":"2011","unstructured":"Woolrich, M., Hunt, L., Groves, A. & Barnes, G. MEG beamforming using Bayesian PCA for adaptive data covariance matrix regularization. Neuroimage 57, 1466\u20131479 (2011).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1372_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1109\/53.665","volume":"5","author":"BD Van Veen","year":"1988","unstructured":"Van Veen, B. D. & Buckley, K. M. Beamforming: a versatile approach to spatial filtering. IEEE ASSP Mag. 5, 4\u201324 (1988).","journal-title":"IEEE ASSP Mag."},{"key":"1372_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kohl, O., Woolrich, M., Nobre, A. C. & Quinn, A. Glasser52: a parcellation for MEG-analysis. Zenodo https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/ZENODO.10401793 (2023).","DOI":"10.5281\/ZENODO.10401793"},{"key":"1372_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18933","volume":"536","author":"MF Glasser","year":"2016","unstructured":"Glasser, M. F. et al. A multi-modal parcellation of human cerebral cortex. Nature 536, 171\u2013178 (2016).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1372_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4685","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25578","volume":"42","author":"L Tait","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tait, L., \u00d6zkan, A., Szul, M. J. & Zhang, J. A systematic evaluation of source reconstruction of resting MEG of the human brain with a new high-resolution atlas: performance, precision, and parcellation. Hum. Brain Mapp. 42, 4685\u20134707 (2021).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"1372_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.03.071","volume":"117","author":"GL Colclough","year":"2015","unstructured":"Colclough, G. L., Brookes, M. J., Smith, S. M. & Woolrich, M. W. A symmetric multivariate leakage correction for MEG connectomes. Neuroimage 117, 439\u2013448 (2015).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1372_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.02.032","volume":"173","author":"JM Palva","year":"2018","unstructured":"Palva, J. M. et al. Ghost interactions in MEG\/EEG source space: a note of caution on inter-areal coupling measures. Neuroimage 173, 632\u2013643 (2018).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1372_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.11.047","volume":"126","author":"D Vidaurre","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vidaurre, D. et al. Spectrally resolved fast transient brain states in electrophysiological data. Neuroimage 126, 81\u201395 (2016).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1372_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01272","volume":"4","author":"S Cole","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cole, S., Donoghue, T., Gao, R. & Voytek, B. NeuroDSP: a package for neural digital signal processing. J. Open Source Softw. 4, 1272 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Open Source Softw."},{"key":"1372_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.1058","volume":"15","author":"TE Nichols","year":"2002","unstructured":"Nichols, T. E. & Holmes, A. P. Nonparametric permutation tests for functional neuroimaging: a primer with examples. Hum. Brain Mapp. 15, 1\u201325 (2002).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"1372_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01026","volume":"3","author":"R Vallat","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vallat, R. Pingouin: statistics in Python. J. Open Source Softw. 3, 1026 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Open Source Softw."},{"key":"1372_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1522675","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2025.1522675","volume":"19","author":"MWJ Van Es","year":"2025","unstructured":"Van Es, M. W. J., Gohil, C., Quinn, A. J. & Woolrich, M. W. osl-ephys: a Python toolbox for the analysis of electrophysiology data. Front. Neurosci. 19, 1522675 (2025).","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"1372_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Quinn, A. J., van Es, M. W. J., Gohil, C. & Woolrich, M. W. OHBA software library in python (OSL). Zenodo https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/ZENODO.6875060 (2022).","DOI":"10.5281\/ZENODO.6875060"},{"key":"1372_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gramfort, A. MEG and EEG data analysis with MNE-Python. Front. Neurosci. 7, 267 (2013).","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2013.00267"},{"key":"1372_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quinn, A. J. et al. The GLM-spectrum: a multilevel framework for spectrum analysis with covariate and confound modelling. Imaging Neurosci. 2, imag-2-00082 (2022).","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.11.14.516449"}],"container-title":["npj Parkinson's Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41531-026-01372-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41531-026-01372-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41531-026-01372-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T23:03:22Z","timestamp":1777763002000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41531-026-01372-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1372"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41531-026-01372-1","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-8222792\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2373-8057"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2373-8057","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A.S. has been serving as a consultant for Medtronic Inc, Boston Scientific, St. Jude Medical, Gr\u00fcnenthal, and has received lecture fees from AbbVie, Boston Scientific, St. Jude Medical, Medtronic Inc, and UCB. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"106"}}