{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:27:07Z","timestamp":1787012827501,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779667200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":85,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"DBT\/ Wellcome Trust India Alliance","award":["IA\/CPHE\/21\/1\/505953"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IA\/CPHE\/21\/1\/505953"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Parkinsons Dis."],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-026-01405-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T10:12:57Z","timestamp":1779703977000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["GABAergic dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease: insights from in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Shweta","family":"Prasad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dinesh Kumar","family":"Deelchand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manoj","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ravi","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pramod Kumar","family":"Pal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jitender","family":"Saini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"1405_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.55.3.181","volume":"55","author":"AJ Hughes","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hughes, A. J., Daniel, S. E., Kilford, L. & Lees, A. J. Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease: a clinico-pathological study of 100 cases. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 55, 181\u2013184 (1992).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1405_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2017.02.016","volume":"132","author":"N Titova","year":"2017","unstructured":"Titova, N., Qamar, M. A. & Chaudhuri, K. R. The nonmotor features of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 132, 33\u201354 (2017).","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"1405_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-88651-4","volume":"11","author":"DJ Van Wamelen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Van Wamelen, D. J. et al. Cross-sectional analysis of the Parkinson\u2019s disease Non-motor International Longitudinal Study baseline non-motor characteristics, geographical distribution and impact on quality of life. Sci. Rep. 11, 9611 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"1405_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(02)00065-9","volume":"24","author":"H Braak","year":"2003","unstructured":"Braak, H. et al. Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurobiol. Aging 24, 197\u2013211 (2003).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"1405_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10531","volume":"18","author":"W Pirker","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pirker, W. et al. Measuring the rate of progression of Parkinson\u2019s disease over a 5-year period with \u03b2-CIT SPECT. Mov. Disord. 18, 1266\u20131272 (2003).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"1405_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2964","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv215","volume":"138","author":"Z Qamhawi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Qamhawi, Z. et al. Clinical correlates of raphe serotonergic dysfunction in early Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain 138, 2964\u20132973 (2015).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1405_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000031424.51127.2B","volume":"60","author":"M Doder","year":"2003","unstructured":"Doder, M. et al. Tremor in Parkinson\u2019s disease and serotonergic dysfunction: an 11C-WAY 100635 PET study. Neurology 60, 601\u2013605 (2003).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1405_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2011.00179","volume":"5","author":"IU Isaias","year":"2012","unstructured":"Isaias, I. U. et al. A role for locus coeruleus in Parkinson tremor. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 5, 179 (2012).","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"1405_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22361","volume":"69","author":"RC Helmich","year":"2011","unstructured":"Helmich, R. C., Janssen, M. J., Oyen, W. J., Bloem, B. R. & Toni, I. Pallidal dysfunction drives a cerebellothalamic circuit into Parkinson tremor. Ann. Neurol. 69, 269\u2013281 (2011).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"1405_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2898","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm208","volume":"130","author":"S Mounayar","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mounayar, S. et al. A new model to study compensatory mechanisms in MPTP-treated monkeys exhibiting recovery. Brain 130, 2898\u20132914 (2007).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1405_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300914","volume":"31","author":"AF Leentjens","year":"2006","unstructured":"Leentjens, A. F., Scholtissen, B., Vreeling, F. W. & Verhey, F. R. The serotonergic hypothesis for depression in Parkinson\u2019s disease: an experimental approach. Neuropsychopharmacology 31, 1009\u20131015 (2006).","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"1405_CR12","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"S Perez-Lloret","year":"2016","unstructured":"Perez-Lloret, S. & Barrantes, F. J. Deficits in cholinergic neurotransmission and their clinical correlates in Parkinson\u2019s disease. NPJ Parkinson\u2019s. Dis. 2, 1\u201312 (2016).","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinson\u2019s. Dis."},{"key":"1405_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad338","volume":"147","author":"C Laurencin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Laurencin, C. et al. Noradrenergic alterations in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a combined 11C-yohimbine PET\/neuromelanin MRI study. Brain 147, 1377\u20131388 (2024).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1405_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1989.62.5.1018","volume":"62","author":"DA McCormick","year":"1989","unstructured":"McCormick, D. A. GABA as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in human cerebral cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 62, 1018\u20131027 (1989).","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"1405_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(89)90074-X","volume":"12","author":"RL Albin","year":"1989","unstructured":"Albin, R. L., Young, A. B. & Penney, J. B. The functional anatomy of basal ganglia disorders. Trends Neurosci. 12, 366\u2013375 (1989).","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"1405_CR16","unstructured":"Purves, D. Neuroscience. Oxford University Press, (2012)."},{"key":"1405_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01294","volume":"10","author":"A Murueta-Goyena","year":"2019","unstructured":"Murueta-Goyena, A., Andikoetxea, A., G\u00f3mez-Esteban, J. C. & Gabilondo, I. Contribution of the GABAergic system to non-motor manifestations in premotor and early stages of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Front. Pharmacol. 10, 1294 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"1405_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2015.04.018","volume":"290","author":"S Ikemoto","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ikemoto, S., Yang, C. & Tan, A. Basal ganglia circuit loops, dopamine and motivation: A review and enquiry. Behav. Brain Res. 290, 17\u201331 (2015).","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"1405_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conte, D. et al. The effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation in motor symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s disease: an overview of systematic reviews with meta-analysis. Neurol. Sci. 46, 1\u201314 (2025).","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-025-08310-8"},{"key":"1405_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.678088","volume":"12","author":"P Fatih","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fatih, P. et al. A systematic review of long-interval intracortical inhibition as a biomarker in neuropsychiatric disorders. Front. Psychiatry 12, 678088 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1405_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(01)00158-8","volume":"38","author":"R Cantello","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cantello, R., Tarletti, R. & Civardi, C. Transcranial magnetic stimulation and Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain Res. Rev. 38, 309\u2013327 (2002).","journal-title":"Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"1405_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.4236","volume":"34","author":"G \u00d6z","year":"2021","unstructured":"\u00d6z, G. et al. Advanced single voxel 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy techniques in humans: experts\u2019 consensus recommendations. NMR Biomed. 34, e4236 (2021).","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."},{"key":"1405_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1492(199810)11:6<266::AID-NBM530>3.0.CO;2-J","volume":"11","author":"M Mescher","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mescher, M., Merkle, H., Kirsch, J., Garwood, M. & Gruetter, R. Simultaneous in vivo spectral editing and water suppression. NMR Biomed. 11, 266\u2013272 (1998).","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."},{"key":"1405_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2023.115113","volume":"669","author":"A Peek","year":"2023","unstructured":"Peek, A. et al. A comprehensive guide to MEGA-PRESS for GABA measurement. Anal. Biochem. 669, 115113 (2023).","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"1405_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.12.004","volume":"86","author":"PG Mullins","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mullins, P. G. et al. Current practice in the use of MEGA-PRESS spectroscopy for the detection of GABA. Neuroimage 86, 43\u201352 (2014).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1405_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u00d6z, G. et al. Proton MRS of the unilateral substantia nigra in the human brain at 4 tesla: Detection of high GABA concentrations. Magn. Reson. Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mrm.20761 (2006).","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20761"},{"key":"1405_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e30918","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030918","volume":"7","author":"UE Emir","year":"2012","unstructured":"Emir, U. E., Tuite, P. J. & \u00d6z, G. Elevated pontine and putamenal GABA levels in mild-moderate Parkinson disease detected by 7 tesla proton MRS. PloS One 7, e30918 (2012).","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"1405_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.06.066","volume":"120","author":"S Dharmadhikari","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dharmadhikari, S. et al. Striatal and thalamic GABA level concentrations play differential roles for the modulation of response selection processes by proprioceptive information. Neuroimage 120, 36\u201342 (2015).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1405_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00806","volume":"9","author":"RL O\u2019Gorman Tuura","year":"2018","unstructured":"O\u2019Gorman Tuura, R. L., Baumann, C. R. & Baumann-Vogel, H. Beyond dopamine: GABA, glutamate, and the axial symptoms of Parkinson disease. Front. Neurol. 9, 806 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"1405_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elmaki, E. E., Gong, T., Nkonika, D. M. & Wang, G. Examining alterations in GABA concentrations in the basal ganglia of patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease using MEGA-PRESS MRS. Jpn. J. Radiol. 36, 194\u20139 (2018).","DOI":"10.1007\/s11604-017-0714-z"},{"key":"1405_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.25865","volume":"47","author":"T Gong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gong, T. et al. Inhibitory motor dysfunction in parkinson\u2019s disease subtypes. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 47, 1610\u20131615 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"1405_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Gorman Tuura, R. L., Baumann, C. R. & Baumann-Vogel, H. Neurotransmitter activity is linked to outcome following subthalamic deep brain stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Parkinson. Relat. Disord. 50, 54\u201360 (2018).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2018.02.014"},{"key":"1405_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e675","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006007","volume":"91","author":"MJ Firbank","year":"2018","unstructured":"Firbank, M. J. et al. Reduced occipital GABA in Parkinson's disease with visual hallucinations. Neurology 91, e675\u2013e685 (2018).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1405_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8020096","volume":"8","author":"B Pesch","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pesch, B. et al. Impairment of motor function correlates with neurometabolite and brain iron alterations in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Cells 8, 96 (2019).","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"1405_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11010016","volume":"11","author":"F Piras","year":"2020","unstructured":"Piras, F. et al. Cerebellar GABA levels and cognitive interference in Parkinson\u2019s disease and healthy comparators. J. Pers. Med. 11, 16 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Pers. Med."},{"key":"1405_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24857","volume":"41","author":"AJ van Nuland","year":"2020","unstructured":"van Nuland, A. J. et al. GABAergic changes in the thalamocortical circuit in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Hum. Brain Map. 41, 1017\u20131029 (2020).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Map."},{"key":"1405_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2184","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28221","volume":"35","author":"S Delli Pizzi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Delli Pizzi, S. et al. High \u03b3-aminobutyric acid content within the medial prefrontal cortex is a functional signature of somatic symptoms disorder in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov. Disord. 35, 2184\u20132192 (2020).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"1405_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcab175","volume":"3","author":"BL Parkin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Parkin, B. L. et al. Dissociable effects of age and Parkinson\u2019s disease on instruction-based learning. Brain Commun. 3, fcab175 (2021).","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"1405_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.117309","volume":"422","author":"Y Song","year":"2021","unstructured":"Song, Y. et al. Single-dose L-dopa increases upper brainstem GABA in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A preliminary study. J. Neurol. Sci. 422, 117309 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"1405_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1007\/s10334-021-00910-7","volume":"34","author":"Y Song","year":"2021","unstructured":"Song, Y. et al. Upper brainstem GABA levels in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Magn. Reson. Mater. Phys., Biol. Med. 34, 689\u2013696 (2021).","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Mater. Phys., Biol. Med."},{"key":"1405_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28674","volume":"36","author":"AD Seger","year":"2021","unstructured":"Seger, A. D. et al. Putaminal y-Aminobutyric acid modulates motor response to dopaminergic therapy in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov. Disord. 36, 2187\u20132192 (2021).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"1405_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2226","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29187","volume":"37","author":"S Delli Pizzi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Delli Pizzi, S. et al. Altered medial prefrontal connectivity in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients with somatic symptoms. Mov. Disord. 37, 2226\u20132235 (2022).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"1405_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-022-00298-8","volume":"8","author":"P Trujillo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Trujillo, P. et al. Dopamine-induced changes to thalamic GABA concentration in impulsive Parkinson disease patients. npj Parkinson\u2019s. Dis. 8, 37 (2022).","journal-title":"npj Parkinson\u2019s. Dis."},{"key":"1405_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4383","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.3c00717","volume":"14","author":"D Shukla","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shukla, D. et al. Glutathione depletion and concomitant elevation of susceptibility in patients with parkinson\u2019s disease: State-of-the-art MR spectroscopy and neuropsychological study. ACS Chem. Neurosci. 14, 4383\u20134394 (2023).","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"1405_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2024.103641","volume":"43","author":"X Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu, X. et al. GABAergic imbalance in Parkinson\u2019s disease\u2013related depression determined with MEGA-PRESS. NeuroImage: Clin. 43, 103641 (2024).","journal-title":"NeuroImage: Clin."},{"key":"1405_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2024.103661","volume":"43","author":"Y Tian","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tian, Y. et al. Unveiling MRI markers for Parkinson\u2019s Disease: GABAergic dysfunction and cortical changes. NeuroImage: Clin. 43, 103661 (2024).","journal-title":"NeuroImage: Clin."},{"key":"1405_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, S. et al. Neurotransmitter imbalance, glutathione depletion and concomitant susceptibility increase in Parkinson\u2019s disease. NeuroImage: Clinical, 45, 103740 (2025).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2025.103740"},{"key":"1405_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2012.10.007","volume":"211","author":"H Liu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liu, H. et al. Altered resting-state functional connectivity of the dentate nucleus in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Psychiatry Res.: Neuroimaging 211, 64\u201371 (2013).","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res.: Neuroimaging"},{"key":"1405_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1006\/jmre.1997.1244","volume":"129","author":"L Vanhamme","year":"1997","unstructured":"Vanhamme, L., van den Boogaart, A. & Van Huffel, S. Improved method for accurate and efficient quantification of MRS data with use of prior knowledge. J. Magn. Reson. 129, 35\u201343 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"1405_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26091","volume":"77","author":"R Simpson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Simpson, R., Devenyi, G. A., Jezzard, P., Hennessy, T. J. & Near, J. Advanced processing and simulation of MRS data using the FID appliance (FID-A)\u2014an open source, MATLAB-based toolkit. Magn. Reson. Med. 77, 23\u201333 (2017).","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"1405_CR51","unstructured":"Mandal, P. K. & Shukla, D. Vol. 75 397-402 (SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England, 2020)."},{"key":"1405_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116532","volume":"210","author":"AL Peek","year":"2020","unstructured":"Peek, A. L. et al. Brain GABA and glutamate levels across pain conditions: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of 1H-MRS studies using the MRS-Q quality assessment tool. Neuroimage 210, 116532 (2020).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1405_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70293-5","volume":"8","author":"MC Rodriguez-Oroz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Oroz, M. C. et al. Initial clinical manifestations of Parkinson\u2019s disease: features and pathophysiological mechanisms. Lancet Neurol. 8, 1128\u20131139 (2009).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"1405_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5362","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3634-15.2016","volume":"36","author":"MF Dirkx","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dirkx, M. F. et al. The Cerebral Network of Parkinson\u2019s Tremor: An Effective Connectivity fMRI Study. J. Neurosci. 36, 5362\u20135372 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"1405_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6791","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3073-10.2011","volume":"31","author":"Y-W Lam","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lam, Y.-W. & Sherman, S. M. Functional organization of the thalamic input to the thalamic reticular nucleus. J. Neurosci. 31, 6791\u20136799 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"1405_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melani, R. & Tritsch, N. X. Inhibitory co-transmission from midbrain dopamine neurons relies on presynaptic GABA uptake. Cell Rep. 39 (2022).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.110716"},{"key":"1405_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00269","volume":"10","author":"JW B\u0142aszczyk","year":"2016","unstructured":"B\u0142aszczyk, J. W. Parkinson\u2019s disease and neurodegeneration: GABA-collapse hypothesis. Front. Neurosci. 10, 269 (2016).","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"1405_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt134","volume":"136","author":"MJ Hurley","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hurley, M. J., Brandon, B., Gentleman, S. M. & Dexter, D. T. Parkinson\u2019s disease is associated with altered expression of CaV1 channels and calcium-binding proteins. Brain 136, 2077\u20132097 (2013).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1405_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2019.00237","volume":"12","author":"E Leandrou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Leandrou, E., Emmanouilidou, E. & Vekrellis, K. Voltage-gated calcium channels and \u03b1-synuclein: implications in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Front. Mol. Neurosci. 12, 237 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"1405_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2010.09.001","volume":"226","author":"AC Lanoue","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lanoue, A. C., Dumitriu, A., Myers, R. H. & Soghomonian, J.-J. Decreased glutamic acid decarboxylase mRNA expression in prefrontal cortex in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Exp. Neurol. 226, 207\u2013217 (2010).","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"1405_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.03.011","volume":"152","author":"K Dyke","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dyke, K. et al. Comparing GABA-dependent physiological measures of inhibition with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy measurement of GABA using ultra-high-field MRI. Neuroimage 152, 360\u2013370 (2017).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1405_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-013-1199-5","volume":"39","author":"CD Rae","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rae, C. D. A guide to the metabolic pathways and function of metabolites observed in human brain 1 H magnetic resonance spectra. Neurochem. Res. 39, 1\u201336 (2014).","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"1405_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2009.01.020","volume":"55","author":"C Buddhala","year":"2009","unstructured":"Buddhala, C., Hsu, C.-C. & Wu, J.-Y. A novel mechanism for GABA synthesis and packaging into synaptic vesicles. Neurochem. Int. 55, 9\u201312 (2009).","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"1405_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1993.tb03165.x","volume":"60","author":"DL Martin","year":"1993","unstructured":"Martin, D. L. & Rimvall, K. Regulation of \u03b3-aminobutyric acid synthesis in the brain. J. Neurochem. 60, 395\u2013407 (1993).","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"1405_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.134460","volume":"582","author":"J Glykys","year":"2007","unstructured":"Glykys, J. & Mody, I. The main source of ambient GABA responsible for tonic inhibition in the mouse hippocampus. J. Physiol. 582, 1163\u20131178 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"1405_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1184334","volume":"330","author":"S Lee","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lee, S. et al. Channel-mediated tonic GABA release from glia. Science 330, 790\u2013796 (2010).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1405_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(86)90066-X","volume":"91","author":"Y Tanaka","year":"1986","unstructured":"Tanaka, Y., Nijima, K., Mizuno, Y. & Yoshida, M. Changes in \u03b3-aminobutyrate, glutamate, aspartate, glycine, and taurine contents in the striatum after unilateral nigrostriatal lesions in rats. Exp. Neurol. 91, 259\u2013268 (1986).","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"1405_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a009621","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a009621","volume":"2","author":"JL Lanciego","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lanciego, J. L., Luquin, N. & Obeso, J. A. Functional neuroanatomy of the basal ganglia. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med. 2, a009621 (2012).","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"1405_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-019-0189-2","volume":"20","author":"J Cox","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cox, J. & Witten, I. B. Striatal circuits for reward learning and decision-making. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 20, 482\u2013494 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"1405_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3337","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23244","volume":"37","author":"RR Sch\u00fcr","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sch\u00fcr, R. R. et al. Brain GABA levels across psychiatric disorders: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of 1H-MRS studies. Hum. Brain Map. 37, 3337\u20133352 (2016).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Map."},{"key":"1405_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01297-6","volume":"27","author":"T Nakahara","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nakahara, T. et al. Glutamatergic and GABAergic metabolite levels in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders: a meta-analysis of 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies. Mol. Psychiatry 27, 744\u2013757 (2022).","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1405_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448587","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00087","volume":"13","author":"MV Foga\u00e7a","year":"2019","unstructured":"Foga\u00e7a, M. V. & Duman, R. S. Cortical GABAergic dysfunction in stress and depression: new insights for therapeutic interventions. Front. Cell. Neurosci. 13, 448587 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"1405_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2015142764","volume":"278","author":"L Mazuel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mazuel, L. et al. Proton MR spectroscopy for diagnosis and evaluation of treatment efficacy in Parkinson disease. Radiology 278, 505\u2013513 (2016).","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"1405_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J. & Altman, D. G. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. BMJ 339 (2009).","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2535"},{"key":"1405_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.4484","volume":"34","author":"A Lin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lin, A. et al. Minimum reporting standards for in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRSinMRS): experts\u2019 consensus recommendations. NMR Biomed. 34, e4484 (2021).","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."}],"container-title":["npj Parkinson's Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41531-026-01405-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41531-026-01405-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41531-026-01405-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:03:47Z","timestamp":1787011427000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41531-026-01405-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1405"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41531-026-01405-9","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-8407027\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2373-8057"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2373-8057","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}],"article-number":"194"}}