{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T08:02:21Z","timestamp":1779696141634,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779667200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Joint Program for Neurodegenerative Disease Research","award":["01ED2309"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01ED2309"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Parkinsons Dis."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Advances in deep brain stimulation lead technology have created new opportunities for multi-site network modulation, including applications for freezing of gait, but systematic strategies for trajectory planning are lacking. We evaluated trajectories targeting the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and the simultaneous engament of the substantia nigra (SN), specifically its pars reticulata (SNr), which is considered as a potential target in Parkinson\u2019s disease. By analyzing 612 electrode trajectories implanted with standard protocols, we found that 61% of trajectories engaged the SNr; simulating larger array spans or deeper implantation depth increased SNr engagement to 76%. We then trained Gaussian Process Classifiers to predict successful SNr engagement. Targeting a point \u22651.5\u2009mm lateral to the medial STN border along Bejjani\u2019s line, with an AC-PC angle \u226555\u00b0 was associated with a\u2009\u2265\u200995% probability of yielding an SNr trajectory. This framework demonstrates that machine learning-assisted data analysis can generate planning principles for precise dual-site stimulation approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-026-01406-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T05:03:53Z","timestamp":1779685433000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Machine learning-based optimization of dual subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra targeting in deep brain stimulation"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Dallas","family":"Leavitt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farzin","family":"Negahbani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Gharabaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"1406_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2024.106089","volume":"122","author":"DD Cummins","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cummins, D. D. et al. Physiological effects of dual target DBS in an individual with Parkinson\u2019s disease and a sensing-enabled pulse generator. Parkinson. Relat. Disord. 122, 106089 (2024).","journal-title":"Parkinson. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"1406_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foote, K.D. et al. Dual electrode thalamic deep brain stimulation for the treatment of posttraumatic and multiple sclerosis tremor. Neurosurg. 280\u2013285, 58 (2006).","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000192692.95455.FD"},{"key":"1406_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2023.01.014","volume":"93","author":"RA Najera","year":"2023","unstructured":"Najera, R. A. et al. Dual-target deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette Syndrome. Biol. Psychiatry 93, e53\u2013e55 (2023).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1406_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2001.95.6.1075","volume":"95","author":"T Yamamoto","year":"2001","unstructured":"Yamamoto, T. et al. New method of deep brain stimulation therapy with two electrodes implanted in parallel and side by side. J. Neurosurg. 95, 1075\u20131078 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"1406_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-00426-z","volume":"17","author":"JK Krauss","year":"2021","unstructured":"Krauss, J. K. et al. Technology of deep brain stimulation: current status and future directions. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 17, 75\u201387 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"1406_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.01.183","volume":"125","author":"D Bagatti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bagatti, D., D\u2019Ammando, A., Franzini, A. & Messina, G. Deep brain stimulation of the Caudal Zona Incerta and motor thalamus for postischemic dystonic tremor of the left upper limb: case report and review of the literature. World Neurosurg. 125, 191\u2013197 (2019).","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"1406_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci7010009","volume":"7","author":"M Hollingworth","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hollingworth, M., Sims-Williams, H. P., Pickering, A. E., Barua, N. & Patel, N. K. Single electrode deep brain stimulation with dual targeting at dual frequency for the treatment of chronic pain: a case series and review of the literature. Brain Sci. 7, 9 (2017).","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"1406_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6628","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-024-12619-3","volume":"271","author":"A Scerrati","year":"2024","unstructured":"Scerrati, A. et al. Thalamic ventral-Oralis complex\/rostral zona incerta deep brain stimulation for midline tremor. J. Neurol. 271, 6628\u20136638 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"1406_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-011-5906-3","volume":"258","author":"D Weiss","year":"2011","unstructured":"Weiss, D. et al. Combined stimulation of the substantia nigra pars reticulata and the subthalamic nucleus is effective in hypokinetic gait disturbance in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J. Neurol. 258, 1183\u20131185 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"1406_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn294","volume":"132","author":"N Chastan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chastan, N. et al. Effects of nigral stimulation on locomotion and postural stability in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain 132, 172\u2013184 (2009).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1406_CR11","first-page":"1602","volume":"14","author":"CA Artusi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Artusi, C. A. et al. Subthalamic and nigral stimulation for freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Randomized pilot trial. J. Park. Dis. 14, 1602\u20131613 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Park. Dis."},{"key":"1406_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751242","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.751242","volume":"15","author":"MA Horn","year":"2021","unstructured":"Horn, M. A. et al. Comparison of Shod and Unshod gait in patients with parkinson\u2019s disease with subthalamic and nigral stimulation. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 15, 751242 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"1406_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00543","volume":"8","author":"M Scholten","year":"2017","unstructured":"Scholten, M. et al. Effects of subthalamic and nigral stimulation on gait kinematics in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Front. Neurol. 8, 543 (2017).","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"1406_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2018.09.008","volume":"60","author":"F Valldeoriola","year":"2019","unstructured":"Valldeoriola, F. et al. Simultaneous low-frequency deep brain stimulation of the substantia nigra pars reticulata and high-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus to treat levodopa unresponsive freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A pilot study. Parkinson. Relat. Disord. 60, 153\u2013157 (2019).","journal-title":"Parkinson. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"1406_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812954","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.812954","volume":"16","author":"JR Wagner","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wagner, J. R. et al. Combined Subthalamic and Nigral stimulation modulates temporal gait coordination and cortical gait-network activity in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16, 812954 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"1406_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2098","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt122","volume":"136","author":"D Weiss","year":"2013","unstructured":"Weiss, D. et al. Nigral stimulation for resistant axial motor impairment in Parkinson\u2019s disease? A randomized controlled trial. Brain 136, 2098\u20132108 (2013).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1406_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2018.12.010","volume":"63","author":"D Weiss","year":"2019","unstructured":"Weiss, D., Milosevic, L. & Gharabaghi, A. Deep brain stimulation of the substantia nigra for freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease: is it about stimulation frequency? Parkinson. Relat. Disord. 63, 229\u2013230 (2019).","journal-title":"Parkinson. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"1406_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.05.043","volume":"81","author":"R Chowdhury","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chowdhury, R., Lambert, C., Dolan, R. J. & D\u00fczel, E. Parcellation of the human substantia nigra based on anatomical connectivity to the striatum. NeuroImage 81, 191\u2013198 (2013).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"1406_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/122.8.1437","volume":"122","author":"P Damier","year":"1999","unstructured":"Damier, P., Hirsch, E. C., Agid, Y. & Graybiel, A. M. The substantia nigra of the human brain: II. Patterns of loss of dopamine-containing neurons in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain 122, 1437\u20131448 (1999).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1406_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.05.086","volume":"52","author":"RA Menke","year":"2010","unstructured":"Menke, R. A., Jbabdi, S., Miller, K. L., Matthews, P. M. & Zarei, M. Connectivity-based segmentation of the substantia nigra in human and its implications in Parkinson\u2019s disease. NeuroImage 52, 1175\u20131180 (2010).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"1406_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.26653","volume":"6","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Larcher, K. M.-H., Misic, B. & Dagher, A. Anatomical and functional organization of the human substantia nigra and its connections. eLife 6, e26653 (2017).","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"1406_CR22","first-page":"269","volume":"14","author":"D Kroneberg","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kroneberg, D. et al. Kinematic effects of combined subthalamic and dorsolateral nigral deep brain stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J. Park. Dis. 14, 269\u2013282 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Park. Dis."},{"key":"1406_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-024-02860-5","volume":"132","author":"F M\u00fcller","year":"2025","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, F. et al. Effect of subthalamic and nigral deep brain stimulation on speech and voice in Parkinson\u2019s patients. J. Neural Transm. 132, 419\u2013429 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"1406_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2024.03.019","volume":"137","author":"J Thein","year":"2024","unstructured":"Thein, J., Linnhoff, S., Voges, J., Galazky, I. & Zaehle, T. Enhancing attentional performance in Parkinson\u2019s disease: the impact of combined deep brain stimulation of the Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata and the subthalamic nucleus. Am. J. Med. 137, 673\u2013676 (2024).","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"1406_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kim, M. J. et al. Effective stimulation sites and networks for Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata deep brain stimulation for auditory verbal hallucinations in Schizophrenia. 2025.04.09.25325419 Preprint at https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.04.09.25325419 (2025).","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.04.09.25325419"},{"key":"1406_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1159\/000516098","volume":"99","author":"A de Roquemaurel","year":"2021","unstructured":"de Roquemaurel, A. et al. Stimulation sweet spot in subthalamic deep brain stimulation \u2013 myth or reality? A critical review of literature. Stereotact. Funct. Neurosurg. 99, 425\u2013442 (2021).","journal-title":"Stereotact. Funct. Neurosurg."},{"key":"1406_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.13356","volume":"25","author":"TA Dembek","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dembek, T. A. et al. Sweetspot mapping in deep brain stimulation: strengths and limitations of current approaches. Neuromodul. Technol. Neural Interface 25, 877\u2013887 (2022).","journal-title":"Neuromodul. Technol. Neural Interface"},{"key":"1406_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26043","volume":"29","author":"S Leh\u00e9ricy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Leh\u00e9ricy, S., Bardinet, E., Poupon, C., Vidailhet, M. & Fran\u00e7ois, C. 7 tesla magnetic resonance imaging: A closer look at substantia nigra anatomy in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov. Disord. 29, 1574\u20131581 (2014).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"1406_CR29","first-page":"622","volume":"44","author":"W Hutchison","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hutchison, W. et al. Neurophysiological identification of the subthalamic nucleus in surgery for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Ann. Neurol. J. Am. Neurol. Assoc. Child Neurol. Soc. 44, 622\u2013628 (1998).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol. J. Am. Neurol. Assoc. Child Neurol. Soc."},{"key":"1406_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2012.02.003","volume":"35","author":"MA Ungless","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ungless, M. A. & Grace, A. A. Are you or aren\u2019t you? Challenges associated with physiologically identifying dopamine neurons. Trends Neurosci. 35, 422\u2013430 (2012).","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"1406_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.11.048","volume":"194","author":"JE Bocanegra-Becerra","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bocanegra-Becerra, J. E. et al. Machine learning algorithms for neurosurgical preoperative planning: a scoping review. World Neurosurg. 194, 123465 (2025).","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"1406_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-024-03010-x","volume":"47","author":"MAM Inggas","year":"2024","unstructured":"Inggas, M. A. M. et al. Machine learning for the localization of Subthalamic Nucleus during deep brain stimulation surgery: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. Neurosurg. Rev. 47, 774 (2024).","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Rev."},{"key":"1406_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"016021","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab53ac","volume":"17","author":"D Valsky","year":"2020","unstructured":"Valsky, D. et al. Real-time machine learning classification of pallidal borders during deep brain stimulation surgery. J. Neural Eng. 17, 016021 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"1406_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2016.11.012","volume":"99","author":"W Hamel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hamel, W. et al. Targeting of the subthalamic nucleus for deep brain stimulation: a survey among Parkinson's disease specialists. World Neurosurg. 99, 41\u201346 (2017).","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"1406_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams, C. K. & Rasmussen, C. E. Gaussian Processes for Machine Learning. 2 MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, (2006).","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/3206.001.0001"},{"key":"1406_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(92)90058-A","volume":"46","author":"JM Deniau","year":"1992","unstructured":"Deniau, J. M. & Chevalier, G. The lamellar organization of the rat substantia nigra pars reticulata: Distribution of projection neurons. Neuroscience 46, 361\u2013377 (1992).","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"1406_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00674.2014","volume":"113","author":"M Yasuda","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yasuda, M. & Hikosaka, O. Functional territories in primate substantia nigra pars reticulata separately signaling stable and flexible values. J. Neurophysiol. 113, 1681\u20131696 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"1406_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-024-01570-1","volume":"27","author":"B Hollunder","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hollunder, B. et al. Mapping dysfunctional circuits in the frontal cortex using deep brain stimulation. Nat. Neurosci. 27, 573\u2013586 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"1406_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1159\/000539162","volume":"102","author":"A Yilmaz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yilmaz, A., Eray, H. A., Cakir, M., Ceylan, M. & Blomstedt, P. Deep brain stimulation with double targeting of the VIM and PSA for the treatment of rare Tremor Syndromes. Stereotact. Funct. Neurosurg. 102, 224\u2013239 (2024).","journal-title":"Stereotact. Funct. Neurosurg."},{"key":"1406_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.3171\/2023.5.JNS23982","volume":"140","author":"AI Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang, A. I., Isbaine, F., Alwaki, A. & Gross, R. E. Multitarget deep brain stimulation for epilepsy. J. Neurosurg. 140, 210\u2013217 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"1406_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-025-01131-5","volume":"21","author":"A Horn","year":"2025","unstructured":"Horn, A. & Neumann, W.-J. From adaptive deep brain stimulation to adaptive circuit targeting. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 21, 556\u2013566 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"1406_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2018.63","volume":"5","author":"WM Pauli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pauli, W. M., Nili, A. N. & Tyszka, J. M. A high-resolution probabilistic in vivo atlas of human subcortical brain nuclei. Sci. Data 5, 180063 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"1406_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4399","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25556","volume":"42","author":"B Yu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yu, B. et al. HybraPD atlas: Towards precise subcortical nuclei segmentation using multimodality medical images in patients with Parkinson's disease. Hum. Brain Mapp. 42, 4399\u20134421 (2021).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"1406_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2010.205542","volume":"82","author":"T Foltynie","year":"2011","unstructured":"Foltynie, T. et al. MRI-guided STN DBS in Parkinson\u2019s disease without microelectrode recording: efficacy and safety. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 82, 358\u2013363 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1406_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28093","volume":"35","author":"L Milosevic","year":"2020","unstructured":"Milosevic, L. et al. Online mapping with the deep brain stimulation lead: a novel targeting tool in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov. Disord. 35, 1574\u20131586 (2020).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"1406_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.119862","volume":"268","author":"C Neudorfer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Neudorfer, C. et al. Lead-DBS v3.0: Mapping deep brain stimulation effects to local anatomy and global networks. NeuroImage 268, 119862 (2023).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"1406_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.07.033","volume":"54","author":"V Fonov","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fonov, V. et al. Unbiased average age-appropriate atlases for pediatric studies. NeuroImage 54, 313\u2013327 (2011).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"1406_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2007.06.004","volume":"12","author":"BB Avants","year":"2008","unstructured":"Avants, B. B., Epstein, C. L., Grossman, M. & Gee, J. C. Symmetric diffeomorphic image registration with cross-correlation: Evaluating automated labeling of elderly and neurodegenerative brain. Med. Image Anal. 12, 26\u201341 (2008).","journal-title":"Med. Image Anal."},{"key":"1406_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1741","volume":"30","author":"T Sch\u00f6necker","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sch\u00f6necker, T., Kupsch, A., K\u00fchn, A. A., Schneider, G.-H. & Hoffmann, K.-T. Automated optimization of subcortical cerebral MR imaging-atlas coregistration for improved postoperative electrode localization in deep brain stimulation. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 30, 1914\u20131921 (2009).","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"1406_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.05.015","volume":"170","author":"S Ewert","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ewert, S. et al. Toward defining deep brain stimulation targets in MNI space: A subcortical atlas based on multimodal MRI, histology and structural connectivity. NeuroImage 170, 271\u2013282 (2018).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"1406_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2012.05.001","volume":"30","author":"A Fedorov","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fedorov, A. et al. 3D Slicer as an Image Computing Platform for the Quantitative Imaging Network. Magn Reson Imaging 30, 1323\u20131341 (2012).","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"1406_CR52","unstructured":"GPy. GPy: A Gaussian process framework in python. (2012)."},{"key":"1406_CR53","first-page":"2825","volume":"12","author":"F Pedregosa","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pedregosa, F. et al. Scikit-learn: Machine learning in Python. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 12, 2825\u20132830 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."}],"container-title":["npj Parkinson's Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41531-026-01406-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41531-026-01406-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41531-026-01406-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T07:03:02Z","timestamp":1779692582000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41531-026-01406-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1406"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41531-026-01406-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2373-8057"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2373-8057","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"AG was supported by research grants from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), the Else Kr\u00f6ner Medical Scientists Kolleg Artificial Intelligence for Clinical Brain Research (ClinBrain), Abbott, Boston Scientific, and Medtronic, all of which were unrelated to this work.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"124"}}