{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T18:29:05Z","timestamp":1793816945475,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779840000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Parkinsons Dis."],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-026-01414-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T15:54:11Z","timestamp":1779897251000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Targeting based on patient-specific 7 Tesla MRI connectivity analysis improves deep brain stimulation for Parkinson\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yarit","family":"Wiggerts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rick","family":"Schuurman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob M. A.","family":"de Bie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martijn","family":"Beudel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wietske","family":"van der Zwaag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pepijn","family":"van den Munckhof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maarten","family":"Bot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"1414_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.05.015","volume":"170","author":"S Ewert","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ewert, S. et al. Toward defining deep brain stimulation targets in MNI space: a subcortical atlas based on multimodal MRI, histology and structural connectivity. Neuroimage 170, 271\u2013282 (2018).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1414_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2827","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24562","volume":"40","author":"LI Boon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Boon, L. I. et al. A systematic review of MEG-based studies in Parkinson\u2019s disease: the motor system and beyond. Hum. Brain Mapp. 40, 2827\u20132848 (2019).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"1414_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3129","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz239","volume":"142","author":"A Horn","year":"2019","unstructured":"Horn, A. et al. Deep brain stimulation induced normalization of the human functional connectome in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain 142, 3129\u20133143 (2019).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1414_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117307","volume":"224","author":"Q Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, Q. et al. Normative vs. patient-specific brain connectivity in deep brain stimulation. Neuroimage 224, 117307 (2021).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1414_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.07.012","volume":"158","author":"H Akram","year":"2017","unstructured":"Akram, H. et al. Subthalamic deep brain stimulation sweet spots and hyperdirect cortical connectivity in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neuroimage 158, 332\u2013345 (2017).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1414_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9129","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1327-18.2018","volume":"38","author":"S Miocinovic","year":"2018","unstructured":"Miocinovic, S. et al. Cortical potentials evoked by subthalamic stimulation demonstrate a short latency hyperdirect pathway in humans. J. Neurosci. 38, 9129\u20139141 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"1414_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-023-05691-4","volume":"7","author":"AA Prasad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Prasad, A. A. & Wallen-Mackenzie, A. Architecture of the subthalamic nucleus. Commun. Biol. 7, 78 (2024).","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"1414_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24974","volume":"82","author":"A Horn","year":"2017","unstructured":"Horn, A. et al. Connectivity Predicts deep brain stimulation outcome in Parkinson's disease. Ann. Neurol. 82, 67\u201378 (2017).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"1414_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2020.571527","volume":"14","author":"R Shang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shang, R., He, L., Ma, X., Ma, Y. & Li, X. Connectome-based model predicts deep brain stimulation outcome in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Front. Comput. Neurosci. 14, 571527 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Comput. Neurosci."},{"key":"1414_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-024-01570-1","volume":"27","author":"B Hollunder","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hollunder, B. et al. Mapping dysfunctional circuits in the frontal cortex using deep brain stimulation. Nat. Neurosci. 27, 573\u2013586 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"1414_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.01.003","volume":"26","author":"V Mathiopoulou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mathiopoulou, V. et al. Utilizing 7-Tesla subthalamic nucleus connectivity in deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease. Neuromodulation 26, 333\u2013339 (2023).","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"1414_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcad298","volume":"5","author":"NI Kremer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kremer, N. I. et al. Dorsal subthalamic nucleus targeting in deep brain stimulation: microelectrode recording versus 7-Tesla connectivity. Brain Commun. 5, fcad298 (2023).","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"1414_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Middlebrooks, E. H. et al. Multi-institutional recommendations on the use of 7T MRI in deep brain stimulation. J Neurosurg. 143, 1165\u20131175 (2025).","DOI":"10.3171\/2025.3.JNS243024"},{"key":"1414_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2023.08.013","volume":"16","author":"TJC Zoon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zoon, T. J. C. et al. Apathy following deep brain stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease visualized by 7-Tesla MRI subthalamic network analysis. Brain Stimul. 16, 1289\u20131291 (2023).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"1414_CR15","first-page":"5533","volume":"2016","author":"N Koirala","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koirala, N. et al. Network effects and pathways in Deep brain stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Annu. Int. Conf. IEEE Eng. Med Biol. Soc. 2016, 5533\u20135536 (2016).","journal-title":"Annu. Int. Conf. IEEE Eng. Med Biol. Soc."},{"key":"1414_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117447","volume":"224","author":"V Litvak","year":"2021","unstructured":"Litvak, V., Florin, E., Tamas, G., Groppa, S. & Muthuraman, M. EEG and MEG primers for tracking DBS network effects. Neuroimage 224, 117447 (2021).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1414_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.2979","volume":"78","author":"RA Holewijn","year":"2021","unstructured":"Holewijn, R. A. et al. General anesthesia vs local anesthesia in microelectrode recording-guided deep-brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease: the GALAXY randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol. 78, 1212\u20131219 (2021).","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"1414_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70264-8","volume":"12","author":"VJ Odekerken","year":"2013","unstructured":"Odekerken, V. J. et al. Subthalamic nucleus versus globus pallidus bilateral deep brain stimulation for advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease (NSTAPS study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 12, 37\u201344 (2013).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"1414_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa000827","volume":"345","author":"Deep-Brain Stimulation for Parkinson\u2019s Disease Study G, Obeso, J. A. et al.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Deep-Brain Stimulation for Parkinson\u2019s Disease Study G, Obeso, J. A. et al. Deep-brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus or the pars interna of the globus pallidus in Parkinson\u2019s disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 345, 956\u2013963 (2001).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1414_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa035275","volume":"349","author":"P Krack","year":"2003","unstructured":"Krack, P. et al. Five-year follow-up of bilateral stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 349, 1925\u20131934 (2003).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1414_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1205158","volume":"368","author":"WM Schuepbach","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schuepbach, W. M. et al. Neurostimulation for Parkinson\u2019s disease with early motor complications. N. Engl. J. Med. 368, 610\u2013622 (2013).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1414_CR22","first-page":"73","volume":"13 Suppl 1","author":"R Kumar","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kumar, R., Lozano, A. M., Montgomery, E. & Lang, A. E. Pallidotomy and deep brain stimulation of the pallidum and subthalamic nucleus in advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov. Disord. 13 Suppl 1, 73\u201382 (1998).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"1414_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12732","volume":"21","author":"TR Ten Brinke","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ten Brinke, T. R. et al. Substituting the target after unsatisfactory outcome of deep brain stimulation in advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease: cases from the NSTAPS trial and systematic review of the literature. Neuromodulation 21, 527\u2013531 (2018).","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"1414_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.62.8.noc40425","volume":"62","author":"MS Okun","year":"2005","unstructured":"Okun, M. S. et al. Management of referred deep brain stimulation failures: a retrospective analysis from 2 movement disorders centers. Arch. Neurol. 62, 1250\u20131255 (2005).","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"1414_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000325492.58799.35","volume":"63","author":"TM Ellis","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ellis, T. M. et al. Reoperation for suboptimal outcomes after deep brain stimulation surgery. Neurosurgery 63, 754\u2013760 (2008).","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"1414_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2017-316907","volume":"89","author":"M Bot","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bot, M. et al. Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson\u2019s disease: defining the optimal location within the subthalamic nucleus. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 89, 493\u2013498 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1414_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0183711","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183711","volume":"12","author":"T Morishita","year":"2017","unstructured":"Morishita, T. et al. Postoperative lead migration in deep brain stimulation surgery: Incidence, risk factors, and clinical impact. PLoS ONE 12, e0183711 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1414_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb4588","volume":"369","author":"K Amunts","year":"2020","unstructured":"Amunts, K., Mohlberg, H., Bludau, S. & Zilles, K. Julich-Brain: a 3D probabilistic atlas of the human brain\u2019s cytoarchitecture. Science 369, 988\u2013992 (2020).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1414_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcab027","volume":"3","author":"A Boutet","year":"2021","unstructured":"Boutet, A. et al. Sign-specific stimulation \u2018hot\u2019 and \u2018cold\u2019 spots in Parkinson\u2019s disease validated with machine learning. Brain Commun. 3, fcab027 (2021).","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"1414_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25567","volume":"86","author":"TA Dembek","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dembek, T. A. et al. Probabilistic sweet spots predict motor outcome for deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease. Ann. Neurol. 86, 527\u2013538 (2019).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"1414_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28952","volume":"37","author":"I Todt","year":"2022","unstructured":"Todt, I. et al. The contribution of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation to the improvement in motor functions and quality of life. Mov. Disord. 37, 291\u2013301 (2022).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"1414_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28390","volume":"36","author":"TJC Zoon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zoon, T. J. C. et al. Apathy induced by subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a meta-analysis. Mov. Disord. 36, 317\u2013326 (2021).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"1414_CR33","unstructured":"Lokhandwala, T., Lee, A., Yue, B., Thach, A. & Navia, B. Correlation between PDQ-39 and MDS-UPDRS scores in a phase 3 randomized controlled trial of patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease [abstract]. Movement. Disord. 34, S389\u2013S390 (2019)."},{"key":"1414_CR34","first-page":"S771","volume":"38","author":"Y Wiggerts","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wiggerts, Y. et al. Comparing change in motor and ADL rating scales after DBS in Parkinson\u2019s disease, dystonia and tremor. Mov. Disord. 38, S771\u2013S771 (2023).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"1414_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2000.92.4.0615","volume":"92","author":"BP Bejjani","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bejjani, B. P. et al. Bilateral subthalamic stimulation for Parkinson\u2019s disease by using three-dimensional stereotactic magnetic resonance imaging and electrophysiological guidance. J. Neurosurg. 92, 615\u2013625 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"1414_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.13982","volume":"11","author":"L Verlaat","year":"2024","unstructured":"Verlaat, L. et al. 7-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging scanning in deep brain stimulation for Parkinson\u2019s disease: improving visualization of the dorsolateral subthalamic nucleus. Mov. Disord. Clin. Pract. 11, 373\u2013380 (2024).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"1414_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johansson, J. D. Estimation of electric field impact in deep brain stimulation from axon diameter distribution in the human brain. Biomed. Phys. Eng. Express 7, 065033 (2021).","DOI":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/ac2dd4"},{"key":"1414_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25603","volume":"28","author":"A Mathai","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mathai, A., Wichmann, T. & Smith, Y. More than meets the eye-myelinated axons crowd the subthalamic nucleus. Mov. Disord. 28, 1811\u20131815 (2013).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."}],"container-title":["npj Parkinson's Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41531-026-01414-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41531-026-01414-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41531-026-01414-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T08:57:52Z","timestamp":1781773072000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41531-026-01414-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1414"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41531-026-01414-8","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7649191\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2373-8057"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2373-8057","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare the following competing interests: R.S. received TKI Grant from the Ministry of Economic Affairs and is consultant for the educational program of Boston Scientific; R.d.B. received research grants from ZonMw, Stichting ParkinsonFonds, ROMO-foundation, Bial, Medtronic, Brain Research Center, and Parkinson Vereniging, all paid to the institution; M.B. (Beudel) received research funding from the Amsterdam UMC TKI-PPP grant (2021 & 2023 call), the EU Joint Programme\u2014Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND) project (2021 call) and stichting ParkinsonFonds (2023) and Medtronic (2023, 2024). The other authors do not have a competing interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"148"}}