{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:53:01Z","timestamp":1791244381247,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":109,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GR-2018-12366005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR-2018-12366005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Parkinsons Dis."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cues are specific references that support motor performance by improving speed, timing, and amplitude while reducing variability. This study aimed at investigating the effects of external auditory cueing on bradykinesia-related kinematic deficits and their neural correlates during a hand-tapping task in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease (pwPD) and healthy controls (HC). Twenty-six pwPD and 20 HC performed a right hand-tapping fMRI task either in a self-paced condition (NOCue) or following an auditory cue (Cue). Hand-tapping kinematics were objectively quantified using an optical-fiber glove. PwPD showed reduced hand-tapping amplitude and a greater sequence effect on amplitude than HC during NOCue condition. Cueing attenuated the sequence effect on amplitude in pwPD. During the NOCue condition, pwPD showed reduced activity of pallidum\/thalamus relative to HC. No group differences emerged during Cue condition. During Cue relative to NOCue condition, pwPD showed higher activity of pallidum, parietal, temporal, sensorimotor, insular, and cerebellar regions, alongside reduced activation in of paracentral gyrus and cerebellum. Higher activity of pallidum correlated with better motor performance and higher positive effects of cueing. Our results demonstrated that auditory cueing reduces bradykinesia in pwPD possibly by facilitating basal ganglia activity and reducing the need of movement programming.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-026-01438-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T08:16:00Z","timestamp":1781856960000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Auditory cueing modulates motor performance and brain activity in early Parkinson\u2019s disease\u2014a kinematic and fMRI study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Gardoni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Sarasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Forghieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Grassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Balestrino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Basaia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Tripodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Canu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Antonietta","family":"Volont\u00e8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Corbetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Filippi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Agosta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"1438_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29362","volume":"38","author":"M Bologna","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bologna, M. et al. Redefining Bradykinesia. Mov. Disord. 38, 551\u2013557 (2023).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"1438_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz344","volume":"143","author":"M Bologna","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bologna, M. et al. Evolving concepts on Bradykinesia. Brain 143, 727\u2013750 (2020).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1438_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-024-00830-0","volume":"25","author":"D Williams","year":"2024","unstructured":"Williams, D. Why so slow? Models of Parkinsonian Bradykinesia. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 25, 573\u2013586 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"1438_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1601869","volume":"37","author":"CW Hess","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hess, C. W. & Hallett, M. The phenomenology of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Semin Neurol. 37, 109\u2013117 (2017).","journal-title":"Semin Neurol."},{"key":"1438_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26424","volume":"30","author":"RB Postuma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Postuma, R. B. et al. MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov. Disord. 30, 1591\u20131601 (2015).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"1438_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2432","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy155","volume":"141","author":"M Bologna","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bologna, M. et al. Neurophysiological correlates of Bradykinesia in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain 141, 2432\u20132444 (2018).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1438_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2667","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-023-06752-6","volume":"44","author":"A Gardoni","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gardoni, A. et al. Rehabilitative interventions for impaired handwriting in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease: A scoping review. Neurol. Sci. 44, 2667\u20132677 (2023).","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"1438_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10735","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.10735","volume":"9","author":"LA Ingram","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ingram, L. A. et al. Quantifying upper limb motor impairment in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease: A physiological profiling approach. PeerJ 9, e10735 (2021).","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"1438_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-024-00783-2","volume":"10","author":"E Sarasso","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sarasso, E. et al. Neural correlates of Bradykinesia in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A kinematic and functional MRI study. NPJ Parkinsons Dis. 10, 167 (2024).","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"1438_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2017.08.002","volume":"61","author":"P Ginis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ginis, P. et al. Cueing for people with Parkinson\u2019s disease with freezing of gait: A narrative review of the state-of-the-art and novel perspectives. Ann. Phys. Rehabil. Med. 61, 407\u2013413 (2018).","journal-title":"Ann. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"1438_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105189","volume":"150","author":"C Cosentino","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cosentino, C. et al. One cue does not fit all: A systematic review with meta-analysis of the effectiveness of cueing on freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurosci. Biobehav Rev. 150, 105189 (2023).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"1438_CR12","volume":"2019","author":"D Rose","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rose, D. et al. Music and metronomes differentially impact motor timing in people with and without Parkinson\u2019s disease: Effects of slow, medium, and fast tempi on entrainment and synchronization performances in finger tapping, toe tapping, and stepping on the spot tasks. Parkinsons Dis. 2019, 6530838 (2019).","journal-title":"Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"1438_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herz D. M. et al. Brain motor network changes in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Evidence from meta-analytic modeling. Mov. Disord. 36, 1180\u20131190 (2021).","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28468"},{"key":"1438_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.774656","volume":"15","author":"J Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li, J. et al. Cortical activation during finger tapping task performance in Parkinson\u2019s disease is influenced by priming conditions: An ALE meta-analysis. Front Hum. Neurosci. 15, 774656 (2021).","journal-title":"Front Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"1438_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.04.010","volume":"43","author":"S Vercruysse","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vercruysse, S. et al. Freezing beyond gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A review of current neurobehavioral evidence. Neurosci. Biobehav Rev. 43, 213\u2013227 (2014).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"1438_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.818559","volume":"13","author":"L Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, L. et al. Effects of rhythmic auditory stimulation on gait and motor function in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical randomized controlled studies. Front Neurol. 13, 818559 (2022).","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"1438_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avanzino, L. et al. Time processing and motor control in movement disorders. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 10, 631 (2016).","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00631"},{"key":"1438_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazzoni, P. et al. Differential components of Bradykinesia in Parkinson\u2019s disease revealed by deep brain stimulation. J. Neurophysiol. 132, 870\u2013878 (2024).","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00320.2022"},{"key":"1438_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2021.102857","volume":"32","author":"M Muthuraman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Muthuraman, M. et al. Frequency-specific network activity predicts Bradykinesia severity in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neuroimage Clin. 32, 102857 (2021).","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"1438_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-014-0749-1","volume":"220","author":"CD Wurster","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wurster, C. D. et al. Neural correlates of rate-dependent finger-tapping in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain Struct. Funct. 220, 1637\u20131648 (2015).","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"1438_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y. et al. Learning hand kinematics for Parkinson\u2019s disease assessment using a multimodal sensor glove. Adv. Sci. (Weinh) 10, e2206982 (2023).","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202206982"},{"key":"1438_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Limanowski, J. & Friston, K. Attentional modulation of vision versus proprioception during action. Cereb Cortex 30, 1637\u20131648 (2020).","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhz192"},{"key":"1438_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Limanowski, J., Kirilina, E. & Blankenburg, F. Neuronal correlates of continuous manual tracking under varying visual movement feedback in a virtual reality environment. Neuroimage 146, 81\u201389 (2017).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.11.009"},{"key":"1438_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruppert, M. C. et al. Network degeneration in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Multimodal imaging of nigro-striato-cortical dysfunction. Brain 143, 944\u2013959 (2020).","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa019"},{"key":"1438_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Witt, S. T., Laird, A. R. & Meyerand, M. E. Functional neuroimaging correlates of finger-tapping task variations: An ALE meta-analysis. Neuroimage 42, 343\u2013356.(2008).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.04.025"},{"key":"1438_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turner, R. S. & Desmurget, M. Basal ganglia contributions to motor control: A vigorous tutor. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 20, 704\u2013716 (2010).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.08.022"},{"key":"1438_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rochester, L. et al. Evidence for motor learning in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Acquisition, automaticity and retention of cued gait performance after training with external rhythmical cues. Brain Res. 1319, 103\u2013111 (2010).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.01.001"},{"key":"1438_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nombela, C. et al. Into the groove: Can rhythm influence Parkinson\u2019s disease? Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 37, 2564\u20132570 (2013).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.08.003"},{"key":"1438_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nandhagopal, R. et al. Longitudinal progression of sporadic Parkinson\u2019s disease: A multi-tracer positron emission tomography study. Brain 132, 2970\u20132979.(2009).","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp209"},{"key":"1438_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nieuwboer, A. et al. Motor learning in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Limitations and potential for rehabilitation. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 15, S53\u2013S58. (2009).","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-8020(09)70781-3"},{"key":"1438_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Redgrave, P. et al. Goal-directed and habitual control in the basal ganglia: Implications for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 11, 760\u2013772 (2010).","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2915"},{"key":"1438_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, T., Hallett, M. & Chan, P. Motor automaticity in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurobiol. Dis. 82, 226\u2013234 (2015).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2015.06.014"},{"key":"1438_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braunlich, K. et al. Rhythmic auditory cues shape neural network recruitment in Parkinson\u2019s disease during repetitive motor behavior. Eur. J. Neurosci. 49, 849\u2013858 (2019).","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14227"},{"key":"1438_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koshimori, Y. & Thaut, M. H. Rhythmic auditory stimulation as a potential neuromodulator for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 113, 105459 (2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2023.105459"},{"key":"1438_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2024.106003","volume":"120","author":"D de Graaf","year":"2024","unstructured":"de Graaf, D. et al. The sound of Parkinson\u2019s disease: A model of audible bradykinesia. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 120, 106003 (2024).","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"1438_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2024.123144","volume":"463","author":"L Marsili","year":"2024","unstructured":"Marsili, L. et al. Dysrhythmia as a prominent feature of Parkinson\u2019s disease: An app-based tapping test. J. Neurol. Sci. 463, 123144 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"1438_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guell, X. & Schmahmann, J. Cerebellar functional anatomy: A didactic summary based on human fMRI evidence. Cerebellum 19 1\u20135 (2020).","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-019-01083-9"},{"key":"1438_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gardoni, A. et al. Cerebellar alterations in Parkinson\u2019s disease with postural instability and gait disorders. J. Neurol. 270, 1735\u20131744 (2023).","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-11531-y"},{"key":"1438_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hegeman, D. J. et al. The external globus pallidus: Progress and perspectives. Eur. J. Neurosci. 43, 1239\u20131265 (2016).","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13196"},{"key":"1438_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, T. et al. Neural correlates underlying micrographia in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain 139, 144\u2013160 (2016).","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv319"},{"key":"1438_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonzano, L. et al. An engineered glove for investigating the neural correlates of finger movements using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 9, 503 (2015).","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00503"},{"key":"1438_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.08.028","volume":"369","author":"M Bologna","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bologna, M. et al. Bradykinesia in early and advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease. J. Neurol. Sci. 369, 286\u2013291 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"1438_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.55.3.181","volume":"55","author":"AJ Hughes","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hughes, A. J. et al. Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease: A clinico-pathological study of 100 cases. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 55, 181\u2013184 (1992).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1438_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luft, F. et al. Deficits in tapping accuracy and variability in tremor patients. J. Neuroeng. Rehab.16, 54 (2019).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-019-0528-6"},{"key":"1438_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mikl, M. et al. Effects of spatial smoothing on fMRI group inferences. Magn. Reson. Imaging 26, 490\u2013503 (2008).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2007.08.006"},{"key":"1438_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.1058","volume":"15","author":"TE Nichols","year":"2002","unstructured":"Nichols, T. E. & Holmes, A. P. Nonparametric permutation tests for functional neuroimaging: A primer with examples. Hum. Brain Mapp. 15, 1\u201325 (2002).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"1438_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filippi, M. et al. Functional MRI in Idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 141, 439\u2013467 (2018).","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2018.08.005"}],"container-title":["npj Parkinson's Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41531-026-01438-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41531-026-01438-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41531-026-01438-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:01:01Z","timestamp":1791241261000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41531-026-01438-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1438"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41531-026-01438-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2373-8057"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2373-8057","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"An.Ga., Ma.Fo., An.Gr., C.T., and M.A.V. declare no competing financial or non-financial interests. E.S., R.B., S.B., E.C., and D.C. are recipient of a grant from the Italian Ministry of Health. M.F. is Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Neurology, Associate Editor of Human Brain Mapping, Neurological Sciences, and Radiology; received compensation for consulting services from Almirall, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi; speaking activities from Amgen, Bayer, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Chiesi Italia SpA, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Fujirebio, Genzyme, Janssen, Merck, Neopharmed Gentili, Neuraxpharm, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Roche, Sanofi, Takeda; participation in Advisory Boards for Alexion, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, GE Healthcare Ltd, Merck, Neuraxpharm, Novartis, Roche, Sandoz, Sanofi, Takeda; scientific direction of educational events for Biogen, Merck, Roche, Celgene, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lilly, Novartis, Sanofi-Genzyme; he receives research support from Biogen Idec, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, the Italian Ministry of Health, the Italian Ministry of University and Research, and Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla. F.A. is Associate Editor of NeuroImage: Clinical and European Journal of Neurology, has received speaker honoraria from Biogen Idec, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eisai, Eli Lilly and Roche, and receives or has received research supports from the Italian Ministry of Health, the Italian Ministry of University and Research, AriSLA (Fondazione Italiana di Ricerca per la SLA), the European Research Council, the EU Joint Program\u2014Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND) and Foundation Research on Alzheimer Disease (France).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}],"article-number":"243"}}