{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T06:01:24Z","timestamp":1784613684843,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784592000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["456732630"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["456732630"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["456732630"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["456732630"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Parkinsons Dis."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Dopaminergic degeneration in Parkinson\u2019s disease disrupts large-scale brain networks, yet how dopamine loss and its treatment shape the brain\u2019s dynamic reconfiguration over time remains unknown. We combined resting-state fMRI with dopamine transporter scan in 136 drug-naive patients and 20 healthy controls from the PPMI cohort to determine how dopamine transporter availability relates to dynamic network reconfiguration, indexed by how brain regions switch communities over time. Patients showed reduced modular reconfiguration in the default-mode network. Dopamine transporter availability was differentially associated with reconfiguration, showing negative associations in visual and positive associations in limbic networks. Cognitive performance correlated with attention network reconfiguration, whereas motor impairment tracked dopamine loss. Longitudinal analyses in a subset with one year follow-up (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200929) showed that network reconfiguration increased with dopaminergic decline, and medication modulated these dynamics toward the pattern seen in healthy controls. Our findings demonstrate that network reconfiguration captures dopamine-sensitive and cognition-relevant alterations in early Parkinson\u2019s disease.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-026-01466-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T03:26:00Z","timestamp":1784604360000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dopamine-related alterations in functional brain network dynamic reconfiguration in Parkinson\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"AmirHussein","family":"Abdolalizadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha","family":"Burkhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paria","family":"Jahansa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carsten","family":"Gie\u00dfing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karsten","family":"Witt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christiane M.","family":"Thiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"1466_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17013","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.13","volume":"3","author":"W Poewe","year":"2017","unstructured":"Poewe, W. et al. Parkinson disease. Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim. 3, 17013 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"1466_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.12417","volume":"21","author":"HC Baggio","year":"2015","unstructured":"Baggio, H. C., Segura, B. & Junque, C. Resting-state functional brain networks in Parkinson\u2019s disease. CNS Neurosci. Ther. 21, 793\u2013801 (2015).","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"1466_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2014.00045","volume":"8","author":"A Lebedev","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lebedev, A. et al. Large-scale resting state network correlates of cognitive impairment in Parkinson\u2019s disease and related dopaminergic deficits. Front. Syst. Neurosci. 8, 45 (2014).","journal-title":"Front. Syst. Neurosci."},{"key":"1466_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24323","volume":"77","author":"L Christopher","year":"2015","unstructured":"Christopher, L. et al. Salience network and parahippocampal dopamine dysfunction in memory-impaired Parkinson disease. Ann. Neurol. 77, 269\u2013280 (2015).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"1466_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70138-2","volume":"11","author":"U Ekman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ekman, U. et al. Functional brain activity and presynaptic dopamine uptake in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease and mild cognitive impairment: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Neurol. 11, 679\u2013687 (2012).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"1466_CR6","first-page":"532","volume":"29","author":"M Argyelan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Argyelan, M. et al. Dopamine modulates striatal response to reward and punishment in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a pharmacological challenge fMRI study. Neuro. Rep. 29, 532\u2013540 (2018).","journal-title":"Neuro. Rep."},{"key":"1466_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2015.08.005","volume":"73","author":"M Tahmasian","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tahmasian, M. et al. A systematic review on the applications of resting-state fMRI in Parkinson\u2019s disease: does dopamine replacement therapy play a role? Cortex 73, 80\u2013105 (2015).","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"1466_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2005.03.024","volume":"30","author":"R Cools","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cools, R. Dopaminergic modulation of cognitive function-implications for l-DOPA treatment in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 30, 1\u201323 (2006).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"1466_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4475-07.2008","volume":"28","author":"R Cools","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cools, R., Gibbs, S. E., Miyakawa, A., Jagust, W. & D\u2019Esposito, M. Working memory capacity predicts dopamine synthesis capacity in the human striatum. J. Neurosci. 28, 1208\u20131212 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"1466_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.03.028","volume":"69","author":"R Cools","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cools, R. & D\u2019Esposito, M. Inverted-U\u2013shaped dopamine actions on human working memory and cognitive control. Biol. Psychiatry 69, e113\u2013e125 (2011).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1466_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.04.034","volume":"78","author":"DM Cole","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cole, D. M. et al. Differential and distributed effects of dopamine neuromodulations on resting-state network connectivity. Neuroimage 78, 59\u201367 (2013).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1466_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.01.048","volume":"172","author":"M Alavash","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alavash, M. et al. Dopaminergic modulation of hemodynamic signal variability and the functional connectome during cognitive performance. NeuroImage 172, 341\u2013356 (2018).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"1466_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.11.021","volume":"190","author":"D Meder","year":"2019","unstructured":"Meder, D., Herz, D. M., Rowe, J. B., Leh\u00e9ricy, S. & Siebner, H. R. The role of dopamine in the brain - lessons learned from Parkinson\u2019s disease. NeuroImage 190, 79\u201393 (2019).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"1466_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2015.07.031","volume":"77","author":"SJ Fallon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fallon, S. J. et al. Differential optimal dopamine levels for set-shifting and working memory in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neuropsychologia 77, 42\u201351 (2015).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"1466_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2094","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn112","volume":"131","author":"JB Rowe","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rowe, J. B. et al. Parkinson\u2019s disease and dopaminergic therapy\u2014differential effects on movement, reward and cognition. Brain 131, 2094\u20132105 (2008).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1466_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.05.079","volume":"80","author":"RM Hutchison","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hutchison, R. M. et al. Dynamic functional connectivity: Promise, issues, and interpretations. Neuroimage 80, 360\u2013378 (2013).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1466_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1162\/netn_a_00116","volume":"4","author":"DJ Lurie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lurie, D. J. et al. Questions and controversies in the study of time-varying functional connectivity in resting fMRI. Netw. Neurosci. 4, 30\u201369 (2020).","journal-title":"Netw. Neurosci."},{"key":"1466_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1184819","volume":"328","author":"PJ Mucha","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mucha, P. J., Richardson, T., Macon, K., Porter, M. A. & Onnela, J.-P. Community Structure in Time-Dependent, Multiscale, and Multiplex Networks. Science 328, 876\u2013878 (2010).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1466_CR19","unstructured":"Jeub, L. G. S., Bazzi, M., Jutla, I. S. & Mucha, P. J. A Generalized Louvain Method for Community Detection Implemented in MATLAB. GitHub, (2011)."},{"key":"1466_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7641","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1018985108","volume":"108","author":"DS Bassett","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bassett, D. S. et al. Dynamic reconfiguration of human brain networks during learning. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Usa. 108, 7641\u20137646 (2011).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Usa."},{"key":"1466_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2020.102169","volume":"25","author":"G Gifford","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gifford, G. et al. Resting state fMRI based multilayer network configuration in patients with schizophrenia. NeuroImage Clin. 25, 102169 (2020).","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"1466_CR22","first-page":"452","volume":"8","author":"X Suo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Suo, X. et al. Multilayer Network Analysis of Dynamic Network Reconfiguration in Adults With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Biol. Psychiatry Cogn. Neurosci. Neuroimaging 8, 452\u2013461 (2023).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry Cogn. Neurosci. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"1466_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canal-Garcia, A. et al. Dynamic multilayer functional connectivity detects preclinical and clinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Cereb. Cortex bhad542 (2024).","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3262425\/v1"},{"key":"1466_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Von Schwanenflug, N. et al. Increased flexibility of brain dynamics in patients with multiple sclerosis. Brain Commun. 5, fcad143 (2023).","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcad143"},{"key":"1466_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-022-00279-x","volume":"8","author":"E Matar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Matar, E. et al. Dynamic network impairments underlie cognitive fluctuations in Lewy body dementia. NPJ Parkinsons Dis. 8, 16 (2022).","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"1466_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz034","volume":"142","author":"JM Shine","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shine, J. M. et al. Dopamine depletion alters macroscopic network dynamics in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain 142, 1024\u20131034 (2019).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1466_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3095","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhx179","volume":"28","author":"A Schaefer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schaefer, A. et al. Local-global parcellation of the human cerebral cortex from intrinsic functional connectivity MRI. Cereb. Cortex 28, 3095\u20133114 (2017).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"1466_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-00711-6","volume":"23","author":"Y Tian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tian, Y., Margulies, D. S., Breakspear, M. & Zalesky, A. Topographic organization of the human subcortex unveiled with functional connectivity gradients. Nat. Neurosci. 23, 1421\u20131432 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"1466_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18933","volume":"536","author":"MF Glasser","year":"2016","unstructured":"Glasser, M. F. et al. A multi-modal parcellation of human cerebral cortex. Nature 536, 171\u2013178 (2016).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1466_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2305","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23868","volume":"26","author":"A Kudlicka","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kudlicka, A., Clare, L. & Hindle, J. V. Executive functions in Parkinson\u2019s disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Mov. Disord. 26, 2305\u20132315 (2011).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"1466_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2020.102468","volume":"28","author":"LI Boon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Boon, L. I. et al. Functional connectivity between resting-state networks reflects decline in executive function in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a longitudinal fMRI study. NeuroImage Clin. 28, 102468 (2020).","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"1466_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2023.04.023","volume":"111","author":"V Menon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Menon, V. 20 years of the default mode network: a review and synthesis. Neuron 111, 2469\u20132487 (2023).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1466_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2014.05.023","volume":"62","author":"E Aarts","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aarts, E. et al. Greater striatal responses to medication in Parkinson\u05f3s disease are associated with better task-switching but worse reward performance. Neuropsychologia 62, 390\u2013397 (2014).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"1466_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2018.12.016","volume":"62","author":"AF Wolters","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wolters, A. F. et al. Resting-state fMRI in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients with cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 62, 16\u201327 (2019).","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"1466_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e26776","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26776","volume":"45","author":"AL Asendorf","year":"2024","unstructured":"Asendorf, A. L. et al. Dynamic properties in functional connectivity changes and striatal dopamine deficiency in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Hum. Brain Mapp. 45, e26776 (2024).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"1466_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2955","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx233","volume":"140","author":"J Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim, J. et al. Abnormal intrinsic brain functional network dynamics in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain 140, 2955\u20132967 (2017).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1466_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2860","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz192","volume":"142","author":"E Fiorenzato","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fiorenzato, E. et al. Dynamic functional connectivity changes associated with dementia in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain 142, 2860\u20132872 (2019).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1466_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2017.12.013","volume":"17","author":"M D\u00edez-Cirarda","year":"2018","unstructured":"D\u00edez-Cirarda, M. et al. Dynamic functional connectivity in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients with mild cognitive impairment and normal cognition. NeuroImage Clin. 17, 847\u2013855 (2018).","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"1466_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2019.04.002","volume":"23","author":"JM Shine","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shine, J. M. Neuromodulatory influences on integration and segregation in the brain. Trends Cogn. Sci. 23, 572\u2013583 (2019).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"1466_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2013.12.005","volume":"62","author":"ET Rolls","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rolls, E. T. Limbic systems for emotion and for memory, but no single limbic system. Cortex 62, 119\u2013157 (2015).","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"1466_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10078","volume":"51","author":"VS Mattay","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mattay, V. S. et al. Dopaminergic modulation of cortical function in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Ann. Neurol. 51, 156\u2013164 (2002).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"1466_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-022-02571-9","volume":"130","author":"SH Jeong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jeong, S. H. et al. Patterns of striatal dopamine depletion and motor deficits in de novo Parkinson\u2019s disease. J. Neural Transm. (Vienna) 130, 19\u201328 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm. (Vienna)"},{"key":"1466_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.13508","volume":"16","author":"Z Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang, Z., Xie, Y., Dou, K., Yang, L. & Xie, A. Associations of striatal dopamine transporter binding with motor and non-motor symptoms in early Parkinson\u2019s disease. Clin. Transl. Sci. 16, 1021\u20131038 (2023).","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"1466_CR44","first-page":"10","volume":"11","author":"LHT Fornari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fornari, L. H. T., da Silva J\u00fanior, N., Muratt Carpenedo, C., Hilbig, A. & Rieder, C. R. de M. Striatal dopamine correlates to memory and attention in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Am. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 11, 10\u201319 (2021).","journal-title":"Am. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"1466_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.13320","volume":"142","author":"J St\u00f6gbauer","year":"2020","unstructured":"St\u00f6gbauer, J. et al. Striatal dopamine transporters and cognitive function in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Acta Neurol. Scand. 142, 385\u2013391 (2020).","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"1466_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.01.027","volume":"62","author":"C-H Shih","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shih, C.-H., Moore, K., Browner, N., Sklerov, M. & Dayan, E. Physical activity mediates the association between striatal dopamine transporter availability and cognition in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 62, 68\u201372 (2019).","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"1466_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn755","volume":"3","author":"M Corbetta","year":"2002","unstructured":"Corbetta, M. & Shulman, G. L. Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 3, 201\u2013215 (2002).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"1466_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2018.03.011","volume":"112","author":"O Bezdicek","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bezdicek, O. et al. Mild cognitive impairment disrupts attention network connectivity in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A combined multimodal MRI and meta-analytical study. Neuropsychologia 112, 105\u2013115 (2018).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"1466_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22007","volume":"23","author":"J Pagonabarraga","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pagonabarraga, J. et al. Parkinson\u2019s disease-cognitive rating scale: a new cognitive scale specific for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov. Disord. 23, 998\u20131005 (2008).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"1466_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1177\/1533317512460562","volume":"27","author":"M Petrova","year":"2012","unstructured":"Petrova, M., Raycheva, M. & Traykov, L. Cognitive Profile of the Earliest Stage of Dementia in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Am. J. Alzheimers Dis. Other Demen. 27, 614\u2013619 (2012).","journal-title":"Am. J. Alzheimers Dis. Other Demen."},{"key":"1466_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106078","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2022.106078","volume":"150","author":"Y Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, Y. et al. Atlas-guided parcellation: Individualized functionally-homogenous parcellation in cerebral cortex. Comput. Biol. Med. 150, 106078 (2022).","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"1466_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4673","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01706-4","volume":"27","author":"W Yin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yin, W. et al. Altered neural flexibility in children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. Mol. Psychiatry 27, 4673\u20134679 (2022).","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1466_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaf302","volume":"149","author":"ME Johansson","year":"2026","unstructured":"Johansson, M. E., Toni, I., Bloem, B. R. & Helmich, R. C. Parkinson\u2019s disease progression is shaped by longitudinal changes in cerebral compensation. Brain 149, 194\u2013208 (2026).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1466_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad325","volume":"147","author":"ME Johansson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Johansson, M. E., Toni, I., Kessels, R. P. C., Bloem, B. R. & Helmich, R. C. Clinical severity in Parkinson\u2019s disease is determined by decline in cortical compensation. Brain 147, 871\u2013886 (2024).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1466_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723948","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.723948","volume":"13","author":"W Sheng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sheng, W. et al. Altered cortical cholinergic network in Parkinson\u2019s disease at different stage: A resting-state fMRI study. Front. Aging Neurosci. 13, 723948 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"1466_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00377-X","volume":"21","author":"NI Bohnen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bohnen, N. I. et al. Cholinergic system changes in Parkinson\u2019s disease: emerging therapeutic approaches. Lancet Neurol. 21, 381\u2013392 (2022).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"1466_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2015.11.005","volume":"10","author":"AC Simioni","year":"2016","unstructured":"Simioni, A. C., Dagher, A. & Fellows, L. K. Compensatory striatal-cerebellar connectivity in mild-moderate Parkinson\u2019s disease. NeuroImage Clin. 10, 54\u201362 (2016).","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"1466_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2024.103705","volume":"44","author":"BL Chen Thomsen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen Thomsen, B. L. et al. Functional motor network abnormalities associated with levodopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A systematic review. NeuroImage Clin. 44, 103705 (2024).","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"1466_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.03.070","volume":"78","author":"M Niethammer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Niethammer, M. et al. Parkinson\u2019s disease cognitive network correlates with caudate dopamine. Neuroimage 78, 204\u2013209 (2013).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1466_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2025.108008","volume":"139","author":"M Hamo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hamo, M. et al. Relationship between VMAT2-PET and DAT-SPECT caudate binding and Parkinson\u2019s disease cognitive decline. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 139, 108008 (2025).","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"1466_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-56660-w","volume":"16","author":"B Lee","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lee, B. et al. Dopaminergic modulation and dosage effects on brain state dynamics and working memory component processes in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Nat. Commun. 16, 2433 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1466_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.04.042","volume":"705","author":"J Zhong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhong, J. et al. Levodopa imparts a normalizing effect on default-mode network connectivity in non-demented Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurosci. Lett. 705, 159\u2013166 (2019).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"1466_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2010.07.001","volume":"20","author":"P Delaveau","year":"2010","unstructured":"Delaveau, P. et al. Dopaminergic modulation of the default mode network in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 20, 784\u2013792 (2010).","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"1466_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.644","volume":"5","author":"K Marek","year":"2018","unstructured":"Marek, K. et al. The Parkinson\u2019s progression markers initiative (PPMI) \u2013 establishing a PD biomarker cohort. Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol. 5, 1460\u20131477 (2018).","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"1466_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22340","volume":"23","author":"CG Goetz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Goetz, C. G. et al. Movement Disorder Society-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS): Scale presentation and clinimetric testing results. Mov. Disord. 23, 2129\u20132170 (2008).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"1466_CR66","unstructured":"Halchenko, Y. et al. Nipy\/Heudiconv: V0.13.1. Zenodo, (2023)."},{"key":"1466_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-018-0235-4","volume":"16","author":"O Esteban","year":"2019","unstructured":"Esteban, O. et al. fMRIPrep: a robust preprocessing pipeline for functional MRI. Nat. Methods 16, 111\u2013116 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"1466_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2011.00013","volume":"5","author":"K Gorgolewski","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gorgolewski, K. et al. Nipype: a flexible, lightweight and extensible neuroimaging data processing framework in python. Front. Neuroinform. 5, 13 (2011).","journal-title":"Front. Neuroinform."},{"key":"1466_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1162\/imag_a_00257","volume":"2","author":"K Mehta","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mehta, K. et al. XCP-D: A robust pipeline for the post-processing of fMRI data. Imaging Neurosci. 2, 1\u201326 (2024).","journal-title":"Imaging Neurosci."},{"key":"1466_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.01.021","volume":"62","author":"B Fischl","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fischl, B. FreeSurfer. Neuroimage 62, 774\u2013781 (2012).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1466_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2007.06.004","volume":"12","author":"BB Avants","year":"2008","unstructured":"Avants, B. B., Epstein, C. L., Grossman, M. & Gee, J. C. Symmetric diffeomorphic image registration with cross-correlation: Evaluating automated labeling of elderly and neurodegenerative brain. Med. Image Anal. 12, 26\u201341 (2008).","journal-title":"Med. Image Anal."},{"key":"1466_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.04.042","volume":"37","author":"Y Behzadi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Behzadi, Y., Restom, K., Liau, J. & Liu, T. T. A component based noise correction method (CompCor) for BOLD and perfusion based fMRI. NeuroImage 37, 90\u2013101 (2007).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"1466_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.12.073","volume":"171","author":"L Parkes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Parkes, L., Fulcher, B., Y\u00fccel, M. & Fornito, A. An evaluation of the efficacy, reliability, and sensitivity of motion correction strategies for resting-state functional MRI. Neuroimage 171, 415\u2013436 (2018).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1466_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1162\/netn_a_00071","volume":"3","author":"DM Lydon-Staley","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lydon-Staley, D. M., Ciric, R., Satterthwaite, T. D. & Bassett, D. S. Evaluation of confound regression strategies for the mitigation of micromovement artifact in studies of dynamic resting-state functional connectivity and multilayer network modularity. Netw. Neurosci. 3, 427\u2013454 (2019).","journal-title":"Netw. Neurosci."},{"key":"1466_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Burkhardt, M. & Gie\u00dfing, C. The Comet toolbox: Improving robustness in network neuroscience through multiverse analysis. Imaging Neurosci. (Camb) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/imag.a.1122 (2026).","DOI":"10.1162\/imag.a.1122"},{"key":"1466_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003171","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003171","volume":"9","author":"DS Bassett","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bassett, D. S. et al. Task-based core-periphery organization of human brain dynamics. PLoS Comput. Biol. 9, e1003171 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"1466_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.06.081","volume":"180","author":"AE Sizemore","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sizemore, A. E. & Bassett, D. S. Dynamic graph metrics: tutorial, toolbox, and tale. NeuroImage 180, 417\u2013427 (2018).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"1466_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"032908","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.94.032908","volume":"94","author":"L Papadopoulos","year":"2016","unstructured":"Papadopoulos, L., Puckett, J. G., Daniels, K. E. & Bassett, D. S. Evolution of network architecture in a granular material under compression. Phys. Rev. E. 94, 032908 (2016).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E."},{"key":"1466_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4744","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23699","volume":"38","author":"QK Telesford","year":"2017","unstructured":"Telesford, Q. K. et al. Cohesive network reconfiguration accompanies extended training. Hum. Brain Mapp. 38, 4744\u20134759 (2017).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"1466_CR80","unstructured":"Posit Team. RStudio: Integrated Development Environment for R. (2023)."},{"key":"1466_CR81","unstructured":"R. Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. (2025)."},{"key":"1466_CR82","unstructured":"Maechler, M. et al. Robustbase: Basic Robust Statistics. (2024)."},{"key":"1466_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1984.10477105","volume":"79","author":"PJ Rousseeuw","year":"1984","unstructured":"Rousseeuw, P. J. Least median of squares regression. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 79, 871\u2013880 (1984).","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"1466_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.02.048","volume":"111","author":"V Fritsch","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fritsch, V. et al. Robust regression for large-scale neuroimaging studies. Neuroimage 111, 431\u2013441 (2015).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1466_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.01.011","volume":"26","author":"TD Wager","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wager, T. D., Keller, M. C., Lacey, S. C. & Jonides, J. Increased sensitivity in neuroimaging analyses using robust regression. Neuroimage 26, 99\u2013113 (2005).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1466_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","volume":"57","author":"Y Benjamini","year":"1995","unstructured":"Benjamini, Y. & Hochberg, Y. Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B Stat. Methodol. 57, 289\u2013300 (1995).","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B Stat. Methodol."},{"key":"1466_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v100.i06","volume":"100","author":"EC Merkle","year":"2021","unstructured":"Merkle, E. C., Fitzsimmons, E., Uanhoro, J. & Goodrich, B. Efficient Bayesian structural equation modeling in Stan. J. Stat. Softw. 100, 1\u201322 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"1466_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v085.i04","volume":"85","author":"EC Merkle","year":"2018","unstructured":"Merkle, E. C. & Rosseel, Y. blavaan: Bayesian structural equation models via parameter expansion. J. Stat. Softw. 85, 1\u201330 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"1466_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McArdle, J. J. & Hamagami, F. Latent difference score structural models for linear dynamic analyses with incomplete longitudinal data. In New methods for the analysis of change. (eds. Collins, L. M. & Sayer, A. G.) 139\u2013175 (American Psychological Association, Washington, 2001).","DOI":"10.1037\/10409-005"},{"key":"1466_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2017.11.007","volume":"33","author":"RA Kievit","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kievit, R. A. et al. Developmental cognitive neuroscience using latent change score models: a tutorial and applications. Dev. Cogn. Neurosci. 33, 99\u2013117 (2018).","journal-title":"Dev. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"1466_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2018.1562929","volume":"27","author":"ET Klopack","year":"2020","unstructured":"Klopack, E. T. & Wickrama, K. Modeling latent change score analysis and extensions in Mplus: a practical guide for researchers. Struct. Equ. Modeling 27, 97\u2013110 (2020).","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Modeling"},{"key":"1466_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2019.03.007","volume":"80","author":"A Kretzschmar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kretzschmar, A. & Gignac, G. E. At what sample size do latent variable correlations stabilize? J. Res. Pers. 80, 17\u201322 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Res. Pers."},{"key":"1466_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164417709314","volume":"78","author":"H Hoofs","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hoofs, H., van de Schoot, R., Jansen, N. W. H. & Kant, I. Evaluating model fit in Bayesian confirmatory factor analysis with large samples: Simulation study introducing the BRMSEA. Educ. Psychol. Meas. 78, 537\u2013568 (2018).","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Meas."},{"key":"1466_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1214\/ss\/1177011136","volume":"7","author":"A Gelman","year":"1992","unstructured":"Gelman, A. & Rubin, D. B. Inference from iterative simulation using multiple sequences. Stat. Sci. 7, 457\u2013472 (1992).","journal-title":"Stat. Sci."}],"container-title":["npj Parkinson's Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41531-026-01466-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41531-026-01466-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41531-026-01466-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T05:02:49Z","timestamp":1784610169000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41531-026-01466-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1466"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41531-026-01466-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2373-8057"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2373-8057","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}],"article-number":"175"}}