{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T03:51:52Z","timestamp":1793850712242,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766966400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":30,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Prim. Care Respir. Med."],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41533-025-00472-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T16:07:30Z","timestamp":1767024450000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Comparative efficacy of pulmonary rehabilitation delivery models on dyspnoea, exercise capacity and health-related quality of life in chronic respiratory disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Jia","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chongyang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deying","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"472_CR1","unstructured":"Chronic respiratory diseases in the WHO European Region. https:\/\/www.who.int\/europe\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO-EURO-2025-12340-52112-79990."},{"key":"472_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202306-1066ST","volume":"208","author":"CL Rochester","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rochester, C. L. et al. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 208, e7\u2013e26 (2023).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"472_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202102-146ST","volume":"18","author":"AE Holland","year":"2021","unstructured":"Holland, A. E. et al. Defining modern pulmonary rehabilitation. an official American thoracic society workshop report. Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc. 18, e12\u2013e29 (2021).","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"472_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201309-1634ST","volume":"188","author":"MA Spruit","year":"2013","unstructured":"Spruit, M. A. et al. An official American Thoracic Society\/European Respiratory Society statement: key concepts and advances in pulmonary rehabilitation. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 188, e13\u2013e64 (2013).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"472_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201803-0426LE","volume":"198","author":"PK Lindenauer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lindenauer, P. K., Dharmarajan, K. & Krumholz, H. M. Reply to Soo Hoo and Esquinas: risk trajectories of readmission and death in the first year after hospitalization for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: don\u2019t shortchange noninvasive ventilation. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 198, 283\u2013284 (2018).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"472_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jrm39953","DOI":"10.2340\/jrm.v56.39953","volume":"56","author":"Y Zeng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zeng, Y., Wu, Q., Chen, Y. & Cai, S. Early comprehensive pulmonary rehabilitation for hospitalized patients with acute ex-acerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized controlled trial. J. Rehabil. Med. 56, jrm39953 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"472_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S239841","volume":"15","author":"A Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang, A. et al. Effectiveness and economic evaluation of hospital-outreach pulmonary rehabilitation for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int. J. Chron. Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 15, 1071\u20131083 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Chron. Obstruct Pulmon Dis."},{"key":"472_CR8","first-page":"1","volume":"77","author":"B Wallaert","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wallaert, B. et al. Long-term effects of pulmonary rehabilitation on daily life physical activity of patients with stage IV sarcoidosis: a randomized controlled trial. Respir. Med. Res. 77, 1\u20137 (2020).","journal-title":"Respir. Med. Res."},{"key":"472_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12966","volume":"22","author":"LLY Tsai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tsai, L. L. Y. et al. Home-based telerehabilitation via real-time videoconferencing improves endurance exercise capacity in patients with COPD: The randomized controlled TeleR Study. Respirology 22, 699\u2013707 (2017).","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"472_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-022-08345-z","volume":"22","author":"V Molinier","year":"2022","unstructured":"Molinier, V., Alexandre, F. & Heraud, N. Effectiveness comparison of inpatient vs. outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation: a systematic review. BMC Health Serv. Res. 22, 1028 (2022).","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv. Res."},{"key":"472_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147997312412778","DOI":"10.1177\/14799731241277808","volume":"21","author":"J Bondarenko","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bondarenko, J. et al. Clinically important changes and adverse events with centre-based or home-based pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic respiratory disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chron. Respir. Dis. 21, 14799731241277808 (2024).","journal-title":"Chron. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"472_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2021-216934","volume":"77","author":"NS Cox","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cox, N. S. et al. Telerehabilitation for chronic respiratory disease: a randomised controlled equivalence trial. Thorax 77, 643\u2013651 (2022).","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"472_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-2385","volume":"162","author":"B Hutton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hutton, B. et al. The PRISMA extension statement for reporting of systematic reviews incorporating network meta-analyses of health care interventions: checklist and explanations. Ann. Intern. Med. 162, 777\u2013784 (2015).","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"472_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230225","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0225-2023","volume":"33","author":"J Manifield","year":"2024","unstructured":"Manifield, J. et al. Changes in physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep following pulmonary rehabilitation: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Eur. Respir. Rev. 33, 230225 (2024).","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"472_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200039","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0039-2020","volume":"29","author":"A Machado","year":"2020","unstructured":"Machado, A. et al. Design of pulmonary rehabilitation programmes during acute exacerbations of COPD: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Eur. Respir. Rev. 29, 200039 (2020).","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"472_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"l4898","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","volume":"366","author":"JAC Sterne","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sterne, J. A. C. et al. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ 366, l4898 (2019).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"472_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003082","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003082","volume":"17","author":"A Nikolakopoulou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nikolakopoulou, A. et al. CINeMA: An approach for assessing confidence in the results of a network meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 17, e1003082 (2020).","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"472_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2019.11.019","volume":"120","author":"T Piggott","year":"2020","unstructured":"Piggott, T. et al. Grading of recommendations assessment, development, and evaluations (GRADE) notes: extremely serious, GRADE\u2019s terminology for rating down by three levels. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 120, 116\u2013120 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"472_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.4310\/SII.2020.v13.n4.a3","volume":"13","author":"C Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang, C., Chen, M. & Wang, X. Statistical methods for quantifying between-study heterogeneity in meta-analysis with focus on rare binary events. Stat. Interface 13, 449\u2013464 (2020).","journal-title":"Stat. Interface"},{"key":"472_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-020-0917-3","volume":"20","author":"C Kiefer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kiefer, C., Sturtz, S. & Bender, R. A simulation study to compare different estimation approaches for network meta-analysis and corresponding methods to evaluate the consistency assumption. BMC Med. Res. Methodol. 20, 36 (2020).","journal-title":"BMC Med. Res. Methodol."},{"key":"472_CR21","first-page":"2745","volume":"13","author":"Y Zhu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhu, Y., Zhu, Y., Zhu, Y., Ren, Q. & Zhou, T. An analysis of the dynamic changes in the self-efficacy and quality of life of elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease following community-based rehabilitation. Am. J. Transl. Res. 13, 2745\u20132751 (2021).","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"472_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13185","DOI":"10.1111\/ijn.13185","volume":"29","author":"HL Liou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liou, H. L. et al. The effectiveness of an unsupervised home-based pulmonary rehabilitation with self-management program in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int. J. Nurs. Pract. 29, e13185 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Nurs. Pract."},{"key":"472_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-022-00540-3","volume":"200","author":"AS Ara\u00fajo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ara\u00fajo, A. S. et al. Effects of pulmonary rehabilitation on systemic inflammation and exercise capacity in bronchiectasis: a randomized controlled trial. Lung 200, 409\u2013417 (2022).","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"472_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.21037\/apm-22-451","volume":"11","author":"Y Ma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ma, Y. et al. Efficacy and safety of pulmonary rehabilitation training on lung function, quality of life, and T cell immune function in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized controlled trial. Ann. Palliat. Med. 11, 1774\u20131785 (2022).","journal-title":"Ann. Palliat. Med."},{"key":"472_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.13132","volume":"25","author":"A-B Zakrisson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zakrisson, A.-B., Hiyoshi, A. & Theander, K. A three-year follow-up of a nurse-led multidisciplinary pulmonary rehabilitation programme in primary health care: a quasi-experimental study. J. Clin. Nurs. 25, 962\u2013971 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Nurs."},{"key":"472_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2020.05.052","volume":"8","author":"S Majd","year":"2020","unstructured":"Majd, S. et al. A feasibility study of a randomized controlled trial of asthma-tailored pulmonary rehabilitation compared with usual care in adults with severe asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract. 8, 3418\u20133427 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"472_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1515\/med-2015-0062","volume":"10","author":"J Liu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liu, J. et al. Influence of COPD Assessment Text (CAT) evaluation and rehabilitation education guidance on the respiratory and motor functions of COPD patients. Open. Med. 10, 394\u2013398 (2015).","journal-title":"Open. Med."},{"key":"472_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0000000000000726","volume":"43","author":"L-L Shui","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shui, L.-L. et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with high peripheral blood eosinophil counts have better predicted improvement in 6MWD after rehabilitation: A PRELIMINARY STUDY. J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil. Prev. 43, 122\u2013128 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil. Prev."},{"key":"472_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.3390\/life14040469","volume":"14","author":"C Kim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kim, C., Choi, H.-E., Rhee, C. K., Song, J. H. & Lee, J. H. Efficacy of digital therapeutics for pulmonary rehabilitation: a multi-center, randomized controlled trial. Life 14, 469 (2024).","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"472_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"00021","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00021-2021","volume":"7","author":"A Jos\u00e9","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jos\u00e9, A. et al. Home-based pulmonary rehabilitation in people with bronchiectasis: a randomised controlled trial. ERJ Open. Res. 7, 00021\u201302021 (2021).","journal-title":"ERJ Open. Res."},{"key":"472_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2016-208514","volume":"72","author":"AE Holland","year":"2017","unstructured":"Holland, A. E. et al. Home-based rehabilitation for COPD using minimal resources: a randomised, controlled equivalence trial. Thorax 72, 57\u201365 (2017).","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"472_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1159\/000367899","volume":"88","author":"B Vainshelboim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vainshelboim, B. et al. Exercise training-based pulmonary rehabilitation program is clinically beneficial for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respiration 88, 378\u2013388 (2014).","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"472_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10016","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph181910016","volume":"18","author":"J Cerd\u00e1n-de-Las-Heras","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cerd\u00e1n-de-Las-Heras, J. et al. Tele-rehabilitation program in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis-a single-center randomized trial. Int. J. Env. Res. Public. Health 18, 10016 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Env. Res. Public. Health"},{"key":"472_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1080\/15412555.2020.1856059","volume":"18","author":"M-R G\u00fcell-Rous","year":"2021","unstructured":"G\u00fcell-Rous, M.-R. et al. Timing of pulmonary rehabilitation in readmitted patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized clinical trial. COPD 18, 26\u201334 (2021).","journal-title":"COPD"},{"key":"472_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.03180","volume":"59","author":"IA Gaunaurd","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gaunaurd, I. A. et al. Physical activity and quality of life improvements of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis completing a pulmonary rehabilitation program. Respir. Care 59, 1872\u20131879 (2014).","journal-title":"Respir. Care"},{"key":"472_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0000000000000061","volume":"34","author":"JM de Sousa Pinto","year":"2014","unstructured":"de Sousa Pinto, J. M., Mart\u00edn-Nogueras, A. M., Calvo-Arenillas, J. I. & Ramos-Gonz\u00e1lez, J. Clinical benefits of home-based pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil. Prev. 34, 355\u2013359 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil. Prev."},{"key":"472_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2019-214246","volume":"75","author":"H Hansen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hansen, H. et al. Supervised pulmonary tele-rehabilitation versus pulmonary rehabilitation in severe COPD: a randomised multicentre trial. Thorax 75, 413\u2013421 (2020).","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"472_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbres.2020.03.034","volume":"57","author":"JB Galdiz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Galdiz, J. B. et al. Telerehabilitation programme as a maintenance strategy for COPD patients: a 12-Month randomized clinical trial. Arch. Bronconeumol. 57, 195\u2013204 (2021).","journal-title":"Arch. Bronconeumol."},{"key":"472_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S109820","volume":"11","author":"HL Cameron-Tucker","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cameron-Tucker, H. L. et al. A randomized controlled trial of telephone-mentoring with home-based walking preceding rehabilitation in COPD. Int. J. Chron. Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 11, 1991\u20132000 (2016).","journal-title":"Int. J. Chron. Obstruct Pulmon Dis."},{"key":"472_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-022-02152-2","volume":"22","author":"HC Ricketts","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ricketts, H. C. et al. A pragmatic randomised controlled trial of tailored pulmonary rehabilitation in participants with difficult-to-control asthma and elevated body mass index. BMC Pulm. Med. 22, 363 (2022).","journal-title":"BMC Pulm. Med."},{"key":"472_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v14i4.14","volume":"14","author":"D de Grass","year":"2014","unstructured":"de Grass, D., Manie, S. & Amosun, S. L. Effectiveness of a home-based pulmonary rehabilitation programme in pulmonary function and health related quality of life for patients with pulmonary tuberculosis: a pilot study. Afr. Health Sci. 14, 866\u2013872 (2014).","journal-title":"Afr. Health Sci."},{"key":"472_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-022-02092-x","volume":"22","author":"M Sooriyakanthan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sooriyakanthan, M. et al. A feasibility trial of pulmonary rehabilitation for patients with COPD in a low resource setting: Jaffna, Sri Lanka. BMC Pulm. Med. 22, 302 (2022).","journal-title":"BMC Pulm. Med."},{"key":"472_CR43","first-page":"357","volume":"37","author":"K Xiao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xiao, K. et al. [Comprehensive rehabilitation of individualized exercise program for coal workers pneumoconiosis in Huaibei Coal Mine Group]. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing. Za Zhi 37, 357\u2013361 (2019).","journal-title":"Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing. Za Zhi"},{"key":"472_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0000000000000285","volume":"38","author":"M Spielmanns","year":"2018","unstructured":"Spielmanns, M. et al. Effect of pulmonary rehabilitation on inspiratory capacity during 6-min walk test in patients with COPD: A PROSPECTIVE CONTROLLED STUDY. J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil. Prev. 38, 264\u2013268 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil. Prev."},{"key":"472_CR45","first-page":"23","volume":"118","author":"K Schultz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schultz, K. et al. In-patient pulmonary rehabilitation to improve asthma control: a randomized controlled study (EPRA, Effectiveness of Pulmonary Rehabilitation for Patients with Asthma). Dtsch. \u00c4rzteblatt Int. 118, 23 (2021).","journal-title":"Dtsch. \u00c4rzteblatt Int."},{"key":"472_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9051567","volume":"9","author":"I Jarosch","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jarosch, I. et al. Short-term effects of comprehensive pulmonary rehabilitation and its maintenance in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a randomized controlled trial. J. Clin. Med. 9, 1567 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"472_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e014580","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-014580","volume":"7","author":"S Bourne","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bourne, S. et al. Online versus face-to-face pulmonary rehabilitation for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 7, e014580 (2017).","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"472_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.892769","volume":"21","author":"M He","year":"2015","unstructured":"He, M., Yu, S., Wang, L., Lv, H. & Qiu, Z. Efficiency and safety of pulmonary rehabilitation in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Med. Sci. Monit. 21, 806\u2013812 (2015).","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"472_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S408325","volume":"18","author":"T Xiong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xiong, T. et al. Exercise rehabilitation and chronic respiratory diseases: effects, mechanisms, and therapeutic benefits. Int. J. Chron. Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 18, 1251\u20131266 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Chron. Obstruct Pulmon Dis."},{"key":"472_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S214836","volume":"14","author":"GX He","year":"2019","unstructured":"He, G. X. et al. Benefits of different intensities of pulmonary rehabilitation for patients with moderate-to-severe COPD according to the GOLD stage: a prospective, multicenter, single-blinded, randomized, controlled trial. Int. J. Chron. Obstruct. Pulmon. Dis. 14, 2291\u20132304 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. J. Chron. Obstruct. Pulmon. Dis."},{"key":"472_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"s2","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax-2023-220439","volume":"78","author":"W Man","year":"2023","unstructured":"Man, W. et al. British Thoracic Society Clinical Statement on pulmonary rehabilitation. Thorax. 78, s2\u2013s15 (2023).","journal-title":"Thorax."},{"key":"472_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2007.086371","volume":"63","author":"E Crisafulli","year":"2008","unstructured":"Crisafulli, E., Costi, S. et al. Role of comorbidities in a cohort of patients with COPD undergoing pulmonary rehabilitation. Thorax. 63, 487\u2013492 (2008).","journal-title":"Thorax."},{"key":"472_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-6958-5-6-401","volume":"5","author":"JC Mendes de Oliveira","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mendes de Oliveira, J. C. et al. Outpatient vs. home-based pulmonary rehabilitation in COPD: a randomized controlled trial. Multidiscip. Respir. Med. 5, 401\u2013408 (2010).","journal-title":"Multidiscip. Respir. Med."}],"container-title":["npj Primary Care Respiratory Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41533-025-00472-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41533-025-00472-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41533-025-00472-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T15:04:10Z","timestamp":1769612650000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41533-025-00472-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["472"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41533-025-00472-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2055-1010"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-1010","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"8"}}