{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T13:32:23Z","timestamp":1793712743491,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,20]],"date-time":"2024-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721433600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,20]],"date-time":"2024-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Quantum Mater."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chromium tri-iodide (CrI<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>) is a prototypical ferromagnetic van der Waals insulator with its genuinely two-dimensional (2D) long-range magnetic order below 45\u2009K demonstrated recently. The underlying magnetic anisotropy has not been completely understood while both the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya (DM) interaction and the Kitaev<jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$-\\Gamma$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:mo>\u2212<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mi>\u0393<\/mml:mi>\n                  <\/mml:mrow>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> type interaction have been considered as the relevant magnetic Hamiltonian. In addition, the relation between the crystal structure and the magnetic order needs to be further elucidated concerning their possible coupling in few-layer samples and in the topmost surface layers of bulk samples. Here, we investigate these issues via temperature- and magnetic field-dependent terahertz spectroscopy on bulk CrI<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> single crystals, focusing on the dynamics of ferromagnetic resonances (FMRs) and optical phonons in the terahertz (THz) region from 4 to 120\u2009cm<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> (from 0.5 to 15\u2009meV). We narrow down the possible ranges of the interaction parameters such as the off-diagonal symmetric terms and the single-ion anisotropy. The accurate values of these parameters significantly constrain the magnitude of possible Kitaev<jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$-\\Gamma$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:mo>\u2212<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mi>\u0393<\/mml:mi>\n                  <\/mml:mrow>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> exchange interaction and the topological magnon gap. Moreover, the structure-magnetism relationship was critically analyzed based on the temperature- and field-dependences of two <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$${{\\rm{E}}}_{{\\rm{u}}}$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:msub>\n                    <mml:mrow>\n                      <mml:mi>E<\/mml:mi>\n                    <\/mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:mrow>\n                      <mml:mi>u<\/mml:mi>\n                    <\/mml:mrow>\n                  <\/mml:msub>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> in-plane optical phonon modes, which shows that the commonly believed structural phase diagram of CrI<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>, derived from surface-preferential data, has to be seriously modified.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41535-024-00666-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,20]],"date-time":"2024-07-20T05:02:25Z","timestamp":1721451745000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Spin and lattice dynamics of the two-dimensional van der Waals ferromagnet CrI3"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5085-4472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonghyeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saikat","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junghyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2369-9913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minseong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suhan","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jangwon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0847-6746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taek Sun","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9870-3913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyung Ik","family":"Sim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3930-4226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Je-Geun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7840-3630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae Hoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"666_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7433","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.6b03052","volume":"16","author":"J-U Lee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee, J.-U. et al. 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