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We developed a model of neonatal IVD regeneration with full functional restoration and investigate the cellular dynamics underlying this unique healing response. We employed genetic lineage tracing in mice using <jats:italic>Scleraxis<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Scx<\/jats:italic>) and <jats:italic>Sonic hedgehog<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Shh<\/jats:italic>) to fate-map annulus fibrosus (AF) and nucleus pulposus (NP) cells, respectively. Results indicate functional AF regeneration after severe herniation injury occurs in neonates and not adults. AF regeneration is mediated by <jats:italic>Scx<\/jats:italic>-lineage cells that lose <jats:italic>ScxGFP<\/jats:italic> expression and adopt a stem\/progenitor phenotype (Sca-1, days 3\u201314), proliferate, and then redifferentiate towards type I collagen producing, <jats:italic>ScxGFP<\/jats:italic>+ annulocytes at day 56. Non <jats:italic>Scx<\/jats:italic>-lineage cells were also transiently observed during neonatal repair, including <jats:italic>Shh<\/jats:italic>-lineage cells, macrophages, and myofibroblasts; however, these populations were no longer detected by day 56 when annulocytes redifferentiate. Overall, repair did not occur in adults. These results identify an exciting cellular mechanism of neonatal AF regeneration that is predominantly driven by <jats:italic>Scx<\/jats:italic>-lineage annulocytes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41536-019-0085-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,20]],"date-time":"2019-12-20T11:03:02Z","timestamp":1576839782000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Neonatal annulus fibrosus regeneration occurs via recruitment and proliferation of Scleraxis-lineage cells"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3405-6259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivia M.","family":"Torre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Mroz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony R. 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