{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T19:02:44Z","timestamp":1794078164917,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":187,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773446400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":48,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R00EY031373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R00EY031373"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/T030968\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/T030968\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Regen Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Collagen-based artificial corneas are a promising regenerative alternative to scarce donor tissue. However, their clinical success is limited by mechanical weakness, enzymatic degradation, and poor bio-integration. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the current state and the future strategies to optimize collagen for making pro-regenerative corneal implants, enhancing the performance, functionality, and clinical viability of the collagen-based artificial cornea as a substitute for donor tissue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41536-026-00471-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T16:33:15Z","timestamp":1773505995000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Seeing through collagen: integrative pro-regenerative corneal implants for clearer future"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Xia","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad M.","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie L.","family":"Watson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirak K.","family":"Patra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"471_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2010.12.037","volume":"37","author":"DW DelMonte","year":"2011","unstructured":"DelMonte, D. W. & Kim, T. Anatomy and physiology of the cornea. J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 37, 588\u2013598 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"471_CR2","unstructured":"Ludwig, P. E., Lopez, M. J. & Sevensma, K. E. Anatomy, head and neck, eye cornea (StatPearls Publishing LLC, 2017)."},{"key":"471_CR3","first-page":"291","volume":"15","author":"KA Williams","year":"2013","unstructured":"Williams, K. A., Irani, Y. D. & Klebe, S. Novel therapeutic approaches for corneal disease. Discov. Med. 15, 291\u2013299 (2013).","journal-title":"Discov. Med."},{"key":"471_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6701968","volume":"19","author":"P Garg","year":"2005","unstructured":"Garg, P., Krishna, P., Stratis, A. & Gopinathan, U. The value of corneal transplantation in reducing blindness. Eye 19, 1106\u20131114 (2005).","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"471_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108256","volume":"200","author":"A Tidu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tidu, A., Schanne-Klein, M.-C. & Borderie, V. M. Development, structure, and bioengineering of the human corneal stroma: a review of collagen-based implants. Exp. Eye Res. 200, 108256 (2020).","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"471_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tidke, S. C. & Tidake, P. A review of corneal blindness: causes and management. Cureus 14, 1\u20137 (2022).","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.30097"},{"key":"471_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24116-6","volume":"12","author":"Z Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li, Z. et al. Preventing corneal blindness caused by keratitis using artificial intelligence. Nat. Commun. 12, 3738 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"471_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2018.01.023","volume":"69","author":"S Matthyssen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Matthyssen, S., Van den Bogerd, B., Dhubhghaill, S. N., Koppen, C. & Zakaria, N. Corneal regeneration: a review of stromal replacements. Acta Biomater. 69, 31\u201341 (2018).","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"471_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3326","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.02-1255","volume":"44","author":"WJ Armitage","year":"2003","unstructured":"Armitage, W. J., Dick, A. D. & Bourne, W. M. Predicting endothelial cell loss and long-term corneal graft survival. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 44, 3326\u20133331 (2003).","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"471_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108462","volume":"204","author":"PA Faye","year":"2021","unstructured":"Faye, P. A. et al. Focus on cell therapy to treat corneal endothelial diseases. Exp. Eye Res. 204, 108462 (2021).","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"471_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0029(19960301)33:4<320::AID-JEMT3>3.0.CO;2-T","volume":"33","author":"RW Beuerman","year":"1996","unstructured":"Beuerman, R. W. & Pedroza, L. Ultrastructure of the human cornea. Microsc. Res. Tech. 33, 320\u2013335 (1996).","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Tech."},{"key":"471_CR12","first-page":"1","volume":"5","author":"GMB NCLC","year":"2013","unstructured":"NCLC, G. M. B. Sixth layer to human cornea discovered by UK researcher. Optometry 5, 1 (2013).","journal-title":"Optometry"},{"key":"471_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2006.03.010","volume":"38","author":"JA West-Mays","year":"2006","unstructured":"West-Mays, J. A. & Dwivedi, D. J. The keratocyte: corneal stromal cell with variable repair phenotypes. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 38, 1625\u20131631 (2006).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"471_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701434","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201701434","volume":"7","author":"RN Palchesko","year":"2018","unstructured":"Palchesko, R. N., Carrasquilla, S. D. & Feinberg, A. W. Natural biomaterials for corneal tissue engineering, repair, and regeneration. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 7, 1701434 (2018).","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"471_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(01)00168-5","volume":"22","author":"TV Chirila","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chirila, T. V. An overview of the development of artificial corneas with porous skirts and the use of PHEMA for such an application. Biomaterials 22, 3311\u20133317 (2001).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"471_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2015.07.001","volume":"49","author":"KM Meek","year":"2015","unstructured":"Meek, K. M. & Knupp, C. Corneal structure and transparency. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 49, 1\u201316 (2015).","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"471_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204173142311977","DOI":"10.1177\/20417314231197793","volume":"14","author":"L Balters","year":"2023","unstructured":"Balters, L. & Reichl, S. 3D bioprinting of corneal models: a review of the current state and future outlook. J. Tissue Eng. 14, 20417314231197793 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng."},{"key":"471_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770780","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.770780","volume":"8","author":"G Holland","year":"2021","unstructured":"Holland, G. et al. Artificial cornea: past, current, and future directions. Front. Med. 8, 770780 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"471_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong, Y. L., Liu, S. & Walkden, A. Current perspectives on corneal transplantation (Part 2). Clin. Ophthalmol. 16, 647\u2013659 (2022).","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S349582"},{"key":"471_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nonpassopon, M., Niparugs, M. & Cortina, M. S. Boston type 1 keratoprosthesis: updated perspectives. Clin. Ophthalmol. 14, 1189\u20131200 (2020).","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S219270"},{"key":"471_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6700333","volume":"17","author":"C Hicks","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hicks, C. et al. Corneal replacement using a synthetic hydrogel cornea, AlphaCor\u2122: device, preliminary outcomes and complications. Eye 17, 385\u2013392 (2003).","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"471_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2015.4776","volume":"134","author":"P Gain","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gain, P. et al. Global survey of corneal transplantation and eye banking. JAMA Ophthalmol. 134, 167\u2013173 (2016).","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"471_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s12551-009-0011-x","volume":"1","author":"KM Meek","year":"2009","unstructured":"Meek, K. M. Corneal collagen-its role in maintaining corneal shape and transparency. Biophys. Rev. 1, 83\u201393 (2009).","journal-title":"Biophys. Rev."},{"key":"471_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3887","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-1348","volume":"49","author":"K Merrett","year":"2008","unstructured":"Merrett, K. et al. Tissue-engineered recombinant human collagen-based corneal substitutes for implantation: performance of type I versus type III collagen. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 49, 3887\u20133894 (2008).","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"471_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2021.100098","volume":"10","author":"SO Sarrigiannidis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sarrigiannidis, S. O. et al. A tough act to follow: collagen hydrogel modifications to improve mechanical and growth factor loading capabilities. Mater. Today Bio 10, 100098 (2021).","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"471_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.31398","volume":"83","author":"F Everaerts","year":"2007","unstructured":"Everaerts, F., Torrianni, M., Hendriks, M. & Feijen, J. Quantification of carboxyl groups in carbodiimide crosslinked collagen sponges. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A. 83, 1176\u20131183 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A."},{"key":"471_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1804943","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201804943","volume":"29","author":"K Lin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lin, K. et al. Advanced collagen-based biomaterials for regenerative biomedicine. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29, 1804943 (2019).","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"471_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a004978","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a004978","volume":"3","author":"S Ricard-Blum","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ricard-Blum, S. The collagen family. Cold Spring Harb. perspect. biol. 3, a004978 (2011).","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. perspect. biol."},{"key":"471_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.77.032207.120833","volume":"78","author":"MD Shoulders","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shoulders, M. D. & Raines, R. T. Collagen structure and stability. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 78, 929\u2013958 (2009).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"471_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, S., Dwivedi, S., Chandra, S., Srivastava, A. & Vijay, P. Collagen: a brief analysis. J. Oral Maxillofac. Pathol. 10, 11\u201317 (2019).","DOI":"10.4103\/njms.NJMS_55_18"},{"key":"471_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.1050.219","volume":"1","author":"J Lister","year":"1881","unstructured":"Lister, J. An address on the catgut ligature. Br. Med. J. 1, 219 (1881).","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"471_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.1049.185","volume":"1","author":"W Macewen","year":"1881","unstructured":"Macewen, W. Clinical lectures on some points connected with the treatment of wounds. Br. Med. J. 1, 185 (1881).","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"471_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.34881","volume":"109","author":"E Rezvani Ghomi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rezvani Ghomi, E., Nourbakhsh, N., Akbari Kenari, M., Zare, M. & Ramakrishna, S. Collagen-based biomaterials for biomedical applications. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater. 109, 1986\u20131999 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"471_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1002\/bip.22486","volume":"101","author":"S Chattopadhyay","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chattopadhyay, S. & Raines, R. T. Collagen-based biomaterials for wound healing. Biopolymers 101, 821\u2013833 (2014).","journal-title":"Biopolymers"},{"key":"471_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2209524119","volume":"119","author":"E Khare","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khare, E. et al. Discovering design principles of collagen molecular stability using a genetic algorithm, deep learning, and experimental validation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 119, e2209524119 (2022).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"471_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1006\/jsbi.1998.3977","volume":"122","author":"JA Ramshaw","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ramshaw, J. A., Shah, N. K. & Brodsky, B. Gly-XY tripeptide frequencies in collagen: a context for host-guest triple-helical peptides. J. Struct. Biol. 122, 86\u201391 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"471_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-017-2490-6","volume":"50","author":"P Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li, P. & Wu, G. Roles of dietary glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline in collagen synthesis and animal growth. Amino acids 50, 29\u201338 (2018).","journal-title":"Amino acids"},{"key":"471_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2003.08.008","volume":"55","author":"D Olsen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Olsen, D. et al. Recombinant collagen and gelatin for drug delivery. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 55, 1547\u20131567 (2003).","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"471_CR39","first-page":"103","volume":"18","author":"C Yang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yang, C. et al. The application of recombinant human collagen in tissue engineering. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 18, 103\u2013119 (2004).","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"471_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.12450","volume":"17","author":"MI Avila Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Avila Rodr\u00edguez, M. I., Rodr\u00edguez Barroso, L. G. & S\u00e1nchez, M. L. Collagen: A review on its sources and potential cosmetic applications. J. Cosmet. Dermatol. 17, 20\u201326 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"471_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2017.11.015","volume":"65","author":"J Bell","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bell, J. et al. The hierarchical response of human corneal collagen to load. Acta Biomater. 65, 216\u2013225 (2018).","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"471_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2003000800009","volume":"36","author":"YM Michelacci","year":"2003","unstructured":"Michelacci, Y. M. Collagens and proteoglycans of the corneal extracellular matrix. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 36, 1037\u20131046 (2003).","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"471_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.3390\/s21051629","volume":"21","author":"A Kazaili","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kazaili, A., Abdul-Amir Al-Hindy, H., Madine, J. & Akhtar, R. Nano-scale stiffness and collagen fibril deterioration: Probing the cornea following enzymatic degradation using peakforce-qnm afm. Sensors 21, 1629 (2021).","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"471_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2015.12.006","volume":"14","author":"JL Funderburgh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Funderburgh, J. L., Funderburgh, M. L. & Du, Y. Stem cells in the limbal stroma. Ocul. Surf. 14, 113\u2013120 (2016).","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"471_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2010.06.021","volume":"91","author":"JR Hassell","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hassell, J. R. & Birk, D. E. The molecular basis of corneal transparency. Exp. Eye Res. 91, 326\u2013335 (2010).","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"471_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.85.4.437","volume":"85","author":"LJ M\u00fcller","year":"2001","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, L. J., Pels, E. & Vrensen, G. F. The specific architecture of the anterior stroma accounts for maintenance of corneal curvature. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 85, 437\u2013443 (2001).","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"471_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1957.sp005758","volume":"136","author":"DM Maurice","year":"1957","unstructured":"Maurice, D. M. The structure and transparency of the cornea. J. Physiol. 136, 263 (1957).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"471_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5657","volume":"52","author":"N Morishige","year":"2011","unstructured":"Morishige, N., Takagi, Y., Chikama, T. -i, Takahara, A. & Nishida, T. Three-dimensional analysis of collagen lamellae in the anterior stroma of the human cornea visualized by second harmonic generation imaging microscopy. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 52, 911\u2013915 (2011).","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"471_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2012.11.022","volume":"1832","author":"LD Muiznieks","year":"2013","unstructured":"Muiznieks, L. D. & Keeley, F. W. Molecular assembly and mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix: a fibrous protein perspective. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1832, 866\u2013875 (2013).","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"471_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2007.01142.x","volume":"86","author":"S Akhtar","year":"2008","unstructured":"Akhtar, S. et al. Ultrastructural analysis of collagen fibrils and proteoglycans in keratoconus. Acta Ophthalmol. 86, 764\u2013772 (2008).","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"471_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-019-0647-0","volume":"18","author":"M Meyer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Meyer, M. Processing of collagen based biomaterials and the resulting materials properties. Biomed. Eng. Online 18, 24 (2019).","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Online"},{"key":"471_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.31078","volume":"87","author":"LC Abraham","year":"2008","unstructured":"Abraham, L. C., Zuena, E., Perez-Ramirez, B. & Kaplan, D. L. Guide to collagen characterization for biomaterial studies. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater. 87, 264\u2013285 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"471_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2016.0185","volume":"23","author":"M Antman-Passig","year":"2017","unstructured":"Antman-Passig, M., Levy, S., Gartenberg, C., Schori, H. & Shefi, O. Mechanically oriented 3D collagen hydrogel for directing neurite growth. Tissue Eng. Part A 23, 403\u2013414 (2017).","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"471_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.109837","volume":"103","author":"H Hong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hong, H. et al. Compressed collagen intermixed with cornea-derived decellularized extracellular matrix providing mechanical and biochemical niches for corneal stroma analogue. Mater. Sci. Eng. C. 103, 109837 (2019).","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C."},{"key":"471_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.34452","volume":"108","author":"H Hong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hong, H., Park, S. M., Kim, D., Park, S. J. & Kim, D. S. Grayscale mask-assisted photochemical crosslinking for a dense collagen construct with stiffness gradient. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater. 108, 1000\u20131009 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"471_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.32861","volume":"95","author":"S Mi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mi, S., Chen, B., Wright, B. & Connon, C. J. Plastic compression of a collagen gel forms a much improved scaffold for ocular surface tissue engineering over conventional collagen gels. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 95, 447\u2013453 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"471_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108127","volume":"197","author":"TB McKay","year":"2020","unstructured":"McKay, T. B., Hutcheon, A. E., Guo, X., Zieske, J. D. & Karamichos, D. Modeling the cornea in 3-dimensions: current and future perspectives. Exp. Eye Res. 197, 108127 (2020).","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"471_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200500042","volume":"15","author":"RA Brown","year":"2005","unstructured":"Brown, R. A., Wiseman, M., Chuo, C. B., Cheema, U. & Nazhat, S. N. Ultrarapid engineering of biomimetic materials and tissues: fabrication of nano-and microstructures by plastic compression. Adv. Funct. Mater. 15, 1762\u20131770 (2005).","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"471_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1804076","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201804076","volume":"28","author":"S Majumdar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Majumdar, S. et al. Cyclodextrin modulated type I collagen self-assembly to engineer biomimetic cornea implants. Adv. Funct. Mater. 28, 1804076 (2018).","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"471_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28865","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA03994H","volume":"7","author":"X Zhao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhao, X. et al. Collagen membranes crosslinked by \u03b2-cyclodextrin polyrotaxane monoaldehyde with good biocompatibilities and repair capabilities for cornea repair. RSC Adv. 7, 28865\u201328875 (2017).","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"471_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18153","DOI":"10.1039\/C8RA02160K","volume":"8","author":"Y Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Song, W., Zhao, X., Han, Q. & Ren, L. An antibacterial collagen membrane crosslinked by the inclusion complex of \u03b2-cyclodextrin dialdehyde and ofloxacin for bacterial keratitis. RSC Adv. 8, 18153\u201318162 (2018).","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"471_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5723","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.3c00926","volume":"35","author":"Y Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, Y. et al. Fabrication of cyclodextrin-based hydrogels for wound healing: progress, limitations, and prospects. Chem. Mater. 35, 5723\u20135743 (2023).","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"471_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, K. et al. Glycerol modulated collagen fibril evolution and lamellar organization for biomimetic corneal substitutes construction. Small 21,1\u201315 (2024).","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202407606"},{"key":"471_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10632","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c02291","volume":"16","author":"M Lei","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lei, M. et al. Electrical signal initiates kinetic assembly of collagen to construct optically transparent and geometry customized artificial cornea substitutes. ACS Nano. 16, 10632\u201310646 (2022).","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"471_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(96)82721-9","volume":"17","author":"A Jayakrishnan","year":"1996","unstructured":"Jayakrishnan, A. & Jameela, S. Glutaraldehyde as a fixative in bioprostheses and drug delivery matrices. Biomaterials 17, 471\u2013484 (1996).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"471_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.04.022","volume":"27","author":"X Duan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Duan, X. & Sheardown, H. Dendrimer crosslinked collagen as a corneal tissue engineering scaffold: mechanical properties and corneal epithelial cell interactions. Biomaterials 27, 4608\u20134617 (2006).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"471_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820240905","volume":"24","author":"LL Huang-Lee","year":"1990","unstructured":"Huang-Lee, L. L., Cheung, D. T. & Nimni, M. E. Biochemical changes and cytotoxicity associated with the degradation of polymeric glutaraldehyde derived crosslinks. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 24, 1185\u20131201 (1990).","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"471_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2007.04.003","volume":"48","author":"M Ayaki","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ayaki, M., Shimada, K., Yaguchi, S., Koide, R. & Iwasawa, A. Corneal and conjunctival toxicity of disinfectants-assessing safety for use with ophthalmic surgical instruments. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 48, 292\u2013295 (2007).","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"471_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-02811-0","volume":"11","author":"JC Boyer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Boyer, J. C., Taylor, L. W. & Nylander-French, L. A. Viability of cultured human skin cells treated with 1, 6-hexamethylene diisocyanate monomer and its oligomer isocyanurate in different culture media. Sci. Rep. 11, 23804 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"471_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1080\/00914037.2019.1596908","volume":"69","author":"Y Zeng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zeng, Y. et al. Development of high refractive and high water content polythiourethane\/AA hydrogels for potential artificial cornea implants. Int. J. Polym. Mater. Polym. Biomater. 69, 580\u2013591 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Polym. Mater. Polym. Biomater."},{"key":"471_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46088","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA07036H","volume":"5","author":"S Liu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liu, S. et al. Crosslinking of collagen using a controlled molecular weight bio-crosslinker: \u03b2-cyclodextrin polyrotaxane multi-aldehydes. RSC Adv. 5, 46088\u201346094 (2015).","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"471_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2104","DOI":"10.1021\/bm500241y","volume":"15","author":"T Loth","year":"2014","unstructured":"Loth, T. et al. Gelatin-based biomaterial engineering with anhydride-containing oligomeric cross-linkers. Biomacromolecules 15, 2104\u20132118 (2014).","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"471_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.30469","volume":"75","author":"B Chan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chan, B. & So, K. F. Photochemical crosslinking improves the physicochemical properties of collagen scaffolds. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A. 75, 689\u2013701 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"471_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2015.05.030","volume":"55","author":"X Zhao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhao, X. et al. Collagen based film with well epithelial and stromal regeneration as corneal repair materials: improving mechanical property by crosslinking with citric acid. Mater. Sci. Eng. C. 55, 201\u2013208 (2015).","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C."},{"key":"471_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(02)02220-1","volume":"135","author":"G Wollensak","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wollensak, G., Spoerl, E. & Seiler, T. Riboflavin\/ultraviolet-A-induced collagen crosslinking for the treatment of keratoconus. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 135, 620\u2013627 (2003).","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"471_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-620X.48420","volume":"2","author":"MC Arbelaez","year":"2009","unstructured":"Arbelaez, M. C., Sekito, M. B., Vidal, C. & Choudhury, S. R. Collagen cross-linking with riboflavin and ultraviolet-a light in keratoconus: one-year results. Oman J. Ophthalmol. 2, 33\u201338 (2009).","journal-title":"Oman J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"471_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1039\/C3BM60194C","volume":"2","author":"C Kilic","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kilic, C., Girotti, A., Rodriguez-Cabello, J. C. & Hasirci, V. A collagen-based corneal stroma substitute with micro-designed architecture. Biomater. Sci. 2, 318\u2013329 (2014).","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"471_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.075","volume":"161","author":"K Adamiak","year":"2020","unstructured":"Adamiak, K. & Sionkowska, A. Current methods of collagen cross-linking. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 161, 550\u2013560 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"471_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820270111","volume":"27","author":"M Koide","year":"1993","unstructured":"Koide, M. et al. A new type of biomaterial for artificial skin: dehydrothermally cross-linked composites of fibrillar and denatured collagens. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 27, 79\u201387 (1993).","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"471_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10985","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241310985","volume":"24","author":"C A\u00f1azco","year":"2023","unstructured":"A\u00f1azco, C., Riedelsberger, J., Vega-Montoto, L. & Rojas, A. Exploring the interplay between polyphenols and lysyl oxidase enzymes for maintaining extracellular matrix homeostasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 24, 10985 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"471_CR81","first-page":"550","volume":"151","author":"A Katarzyna","year":"2020","unstructured":"Katarzyna, A. & Alina, S. Current methods of collagen cross-linking: review. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 151, 550\u2013560 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"471_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13060832","volume":"13","author":"MM Islam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Islam, M. M. et al. Optimization of collagen chemical crosslinking to restore biocompatibility of tissue-engineered scaffolds. Pharmaceutics 13, 832 (2021).","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"471_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.20110","volume":"68","author":"JM Orban","year":"2004","unstructured":"Orban, J. M. et al. Crosslinking of collagen gels by transglutaminase. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 68, 756\u2013762 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"471_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2007.05.024","volume":"28","author":"J Torbet","year":"2007","unstructured":"Torbet, J. et al. Orthogonal scaffold of magnetically aligned collagen lamellae for corneal stroma reconstruction. Biomaterials 28, 4268\u20134276 (2007).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"471_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Islam, M. M., Griffith, M. & Merrett, K. Fabrication of a human recombinant collagen-based corneal substitute using carbodiimide chemistry. Corneal Regenerative Medicine: Methods and Protocols 157\u2013164 (Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, 2013).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-62703-432-6_10"},{"key":"471_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-016-4898-1","volume":"26","author":"Y Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang, Y. et al. Repairing the ruptured annular fibrosus by using type I collagen combined with citric acid, EDC and NHS: an in vivo study. Eur. Spine J. 26, 884\u2013893 (2017).","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"471_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1600460","DOI":"10.1002\/mame.201600460","volume":"302","author":"\u0160 R\u00fdglov\u00e1","year":"2017","unstructured":"R\u00fdglov\u00e1, \u0160, Braun, M. & Such\u00fd, T. Collagen and its modifications\u2014crucial aspects with concern to its processing and analysis. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 302, 1600460 (2017).","journal-title":"Macromol. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"471_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4636(20010605)55:3<368::AID-JBM1025>3.0.CO;2-5","volume":"55","author":"P Van Wachem","year":"2001","unstructured":"Van Wachem, P. et al. In vivo biocompatibility of carbodiimide-crosslinked collagen matrices: effects of crosslink density, heparin immobilization, and bFGF loading. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 55, 368\u2013378 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"471_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1134\/S1990519X21060079","volume":"15","author":"YA Nashchekina","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nashchekina, Y. A. et al. The effect of carbodiimide on the structural, mechanical and biological properties of collagen films. Cell Tissue Biol. 15, 586\u2013593 (2021).","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Biol."},{"key":"471_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2007.11.011","volume":"29","author":"W Liu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Liu, W. et al. Recombinant human collagen for tissue engineered corneal substitutes. Biomaterials 29, 1147\u20131158 (2008).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"471_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2013.04.014","volume":"9","author":"J-I Ahn","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ahn, J.-I. et al. Crosslinked collagen hydrogels as corneal implants: effects of sterically bulky vs. non-bulky carbodiimides as crosslinkers. Acta Biomater. 9, 7796\u20137805 (2013).","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"471_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.3390\/md22050194","volume":"22","author":"A Sionkowska","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sionkowska, A., Kulka-Kami\u0144ska, K., Brudzy\u0144ska, P., Lewandowska, K. & Piwowarski, \u0141. The influence of various crosslinking conditions of EDC\/NHS on the properties of fish collagen film. Mar. Drugs 22, 194 (2024).","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"471_CR93","unstructured":"Lennarz, W. J. & Lane, M. D. Encyclopedia of Biological Chemistry (Academic Press, 2013)."},{"key":"471_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.32231","volume":"93","author":"R Roy","year":"2010","unstructured":"Roy, R., Boskey, A. & Bonassar, L. J. Processing of type I collagen gels using nonenzymatic glycation. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 93, 843\u2013851 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"471_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.46.1.223","volume":"46","author":"M Brownlee","year":"1995","unstructured":"Brownlee, M. Michael Advanced protein glycosylation in diabetes and aging. Annu. Rev. Med. 46, 223\u2013234 (1995).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"471_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2005.00464.x","volume":"15","author":"N Avery","year":"2005","unstructured":"Avery, N. & Bailey, A. Enzymic and non-enzymic cross-linking mechanisms in relation to turnover of collagen: relevance to aging and exercise. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 15, 231\u2013240 (2005).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"471_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mser.2021.100641","volume":"146","author":"Q Xu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xu, Q. et al. Collagen-and hyaluronic acid-based hydrogels and their biomedical applications. Mater. Sci. Eng. R Rep. 146, 100641 (2021).","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. R Rep."},{"key":"471_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bmm2.12026","volume":"1","author":"X Hu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hu, X. et al. Prosthetic heart valves for transcatheter aortic valve replacement. BMEMat 1, e12026 (2023).","journal-title":"BMEMat"},{"key":"471_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb4030162","volume":"4","author":"LB Koh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Koh, L. B. et al. Epoxy cross-linked collagen and collagen-laminin peptide hydrogels as corneal substitutes. J. Funct. Biomater. 4, 162\u2013177 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Funct. Biomater."},{"key":"471_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3186","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.34990","volume":"102","author":"KL Chan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chan, K. L. et al. Crosslinking of collagen scaffolds promotes blood and lymphatic vascular stability. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 102, 3186\u20133195 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"471_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47059-x","volume":"9","author":"K V\u00fdborn\u00fd","year":"2019","unstructured":"V\u00fdborn\u00fd, K. et al. Genipin and EDC crosslinking of extracellular matrix hydrogel derived from human umbilical cord for neural tissue repair. Sci. Rep. 9, 10674 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"471_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2022.111240","volume":"157","author":"MIL Neves","year":"2022","unstructured":"Neves, M. I. L. et al. Study of the reaction between genipin and amino acids, dairy proteins, and milk to form a blue colorant ingredient. Food Res. Int. 157, 111240 (2022).","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"471_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5920","DOI":"10.1039\/C9SC01754B","volume":"10","author":"N Singha","year":"2019","unstructured":"Singha, N. et al. Unusual confinement properties of a water insoluble small peptide hydrogel. Chem. Sci. 10, 5920\u20135928 (2019).","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"471_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.03.180","volume":"114","author":"MH Cumming","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cumming, M. H., Leonard, A. R., LeCorre-Bordes, D. S. & Hofman, K. Intra-fibrillar citric acid crosslinking of marine collagen electrospun nanofibres. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 114, 874\u2013881 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"471_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2011.07.028","volume":"8","author":"TD Sargeant","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sargeant, T. D., Desai, A. P., Banerjee, S., Agawu, A. & Stopek, J. B. An in situ forming collagen-PEG hydrogel for tissue regeneration. Acta Biomater. 8, 124\u2013132 (2012).","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"471_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.02.044","volume":"31","author":"J Zhu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhu, J. Bioactive modification of poly (ethylene glycol) hydrogels for tissue engineering. Biomaterials 31, 4639\u20134656 (2010).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"471_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-03270-3","volume":"11","author":"YH Chun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chun, Y. H. et al. In vivo biocompatibility evaluation of in situ-forming polyethylene glycol-collagen hydrogels in corneal defects. Sci. Rep. 11, 23913 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"471_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72978-5","volume":"10","author":"GM Fernandes-Cunha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fernandes-Cunha, G. M. et al. In situ-forming collagen hydrogel crosslinked via multi-functional PEG as a matrix therapy for corneal defects. Sci. Rep. 10, 16671 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"471_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4495","DOI":"10.1021\/acsapm.2c00472","volume":"4","author":"H-C Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, H.-C. et al. Synthetic crosslinker based on amino-yne click to enhance the suture tension of collagen-based corneal repair materials. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. 4, 4495\u20134507 (2022).","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"471_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201103574","volume":"24","author":"EA Phelps","year":"2012","unstructured":"Phelps, E. A. et al. Maleimide cross-linked bioactive PEG hydrogel exhibits improved reaction kinetics and cross-linking for cell encapsulation and in-situ delivery. Adv. Mater. 24, 64 (2012).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"471_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3861","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.9b00464","volume":"2","author":"X Lei","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lei, X. et al. Mechanical and optical properties of reinforced collagen membranes for corneal regeneration through polyrotaxane cross-linking. ACS Appl. Bio Mater. 2, 3861\u20133869 (2019).","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"471_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2014.0086","volume":"20","author":"EE Antoine","year":"2014","unstructured":"Antoine, E. E., Vlachos, P. P. & Rylander, M. N. Review of collagen I hydrogels for bioengineered tissue microenvironments: characterization of mechanics, structure, and transport. Tissue Eng. Part B Rev. 20, 683\u2013696 (2014).","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part B Rev."},{"key":"471_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2014.01.065","volume":"243","author":"ES Dragan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dragan, E. S. Design and applications of interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels. A review. Chem. Eng. J. 243, 572\u2013590 (2014).","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"471_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1021\/mz300078y","volume":"1","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhang, Q. et al. High refractive index inorganic-organic interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) hydrogel nanocomposite toward artificial cornea implants. ACS Macro Lett. 1, 876\u2013881 (2012).","journal-title":"ACS Macro Lett."},{"key":"471_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2020.08.007","volume":"39","author":"AP Dhand","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dhand, A. P., Galarraga, J. H. & Burdick, J. A. Enhancing biopolymer hydrogel functionality through interpenetrating networks. Trends Biotechnol. 39, 519\u2013538 (2021).","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"471_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2100972","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202100972","volume":"10","author":"N Formisano","year":"2021","unstructured":"Formisano, N. et al. Mechanical properties of bioengineered corneal stroma. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 10, 2100972 (2021).","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"471_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.2c01052","volume":"24","author":"Y Luo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Luo, Y., Li, G., Chen, L. & Hong, F. F. Preparation and evaluation of bacterial nanocellulose\/hyaluronic acid composite artificial cornea for application of corneal transplantation. Biomacromolecules 24, 201\u2013212 (2022).","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"471_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5208","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.0c01307","volume":"32","author":"F Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, F., Le, P., Lai, K., Fernandes-Cunha, G. M. & Myung, D. Simultaneous interpenetrating polymer network of collagen and hyaluronic acid as an in situ-forming corneal defect filler. Chem. Mater. 32, 5208\u20135216 (2020).","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"471_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.144","volume":"191","author":"X Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang, X. et al. Photo-crosslinked GelMA\/collagen membrane loaded with lysozyme as an antibacterial corneal implant. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 191, 1006\u20131016 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"471_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2008.11.022","volume":"30","author":"W Liu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Liu, W. et al. Collagen-phosphorylcholine interpenetrating network hydrogels as corneal substitutes. Biomaterials 30, 1551\u20131559 (2009).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"471_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2015.07.009","volume":"25","author":"S Hayes","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hayes, S. et al. The structural and optical properties of type III human collagen biosynthetic corneal substitutes. Acta Biomater. 25, 121\u2013130 (2015).","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"471_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-13146-9","volume":"12","author":"MM Islam","year":"2022","unstructured":"Islam, M. M. et al. Crosslinker-free collagen gelation for corneal regeneration. Sci. Rep. 12, 9108 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"471_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46ra61","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3001022","volume":"2","author":"P Fagerholm","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fagerholm, P. et al. A biosynthetic alternative to human donor tissue for inducing corneal regeneration: 24-month follow-up of a phase 1 clinical study. Sci. Transl. Med. 2, 46ra61 (2010).","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"471_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.9b03297","volume":"5","author":"X Sun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sun, X., Yang, X., Song, W. & Ren, L. Construction and evaluation of collagen-based corneal grafts using polycaprolactone to improve tension stress. ACS Omega 5, 674\u2013682 (2020).","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"471_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20939","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c00716","volume":"17","author":"I Dellatolas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dellatolas, I. et al. Local mechanism governs global reinforcement of nanofiller-hydrogel composites. ACS nano 17, 20939\u201320948 (2023).","journal-title":"ACS nano"},{"key":"471_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2014.08.032","volume":"105","author":"K-Y Lee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lee, K.-Y., Aitom\u00e4ki, Y., Berglund, L. A., Oksman, K. & Bismarck, A. On the use of nanocellulose as reinforcement in polymer matrix composites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 105, 15\u201327 (2014).","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"471_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-020-06386-6","volume":"31","author":"L Qin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Qin, L., Gao, H., Xiong, S., Jia, Y. & Ren, L. Preparation of collagen\/cellulose nanocrystals composite films and their potential applications in corneal repair. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 31, 1\u201311 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"471_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108936","volume":"217","author":"W Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu, W. et al. PCL scaffold combined with rat tail collagen type I to reduce keratocyte differentiation and prevent corneal stroma fibrosis after injury. Exp. Eye Res. 217, 108936 (2022).","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"471_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2020.07.004","volume":"113","author":"Z Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, Z. et al. Biomimetic corneal stroma using electro-compacted collagen. Acta Biomater. 113, 360\u2013371 (2020).","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"471_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8813447","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8813447","volume":"2020","author":"JS Nurkovi\u0107","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nurkovi\u0107, J. S., Vojinovi\u0107, R. & Doli\u0107anin, Z. Corneal stem cells as a source of regenerative cell-based therapy. Stem Cells Int 2020, 8813447 (2020).","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int"},{"key":"471_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1524-475x.2001.00483.x","volume":"9","author":"JT Daniels","year":"2001","unstructured":"Daniels, J. T., Dart, J. K., Tuft, S. J. & Khaw, P. T. Corneal stem cells in review. Wound Repair Regen. 9, 483\u2013494 (2001).","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"471_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13020163","volume":"13","author":"T Volatier","year":"2024","unstructured":"Volatier, T., Cursiefen, C. & Notara, M. Current advances in corneal stromal stem cell biology and therapeutic applications. Cells 13, 163 (2024).","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"471_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0169504","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169504","volume":"12","author":"CE Ghezzi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ghezzi, C. E., Marelli, B., Omenetto, F. G., Funderburgh, J. L. & Kaplan, D. L. 3D functional corneal stromal tissue equivalent based on corneal stromal stem cells and multi-layered silk film architecture. PLoS ONE 12, e0169504 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"471_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.27075","volume":"116","author":"N Jiwlawat","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jiwlawat, N. et al. Micropatterned substrates with physiological stiffness promote cell maturation and Pompe disease phenotype in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived skeletal myocytes. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 116, 2377\u20132392 (2019).","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"471_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62640-5","volume":"10","author":"P Bhattacharjee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bhattacharjee, P., Cavanagh, B. L. & Ahearne, M. Influence of micropatterned substrates on keratocyte phenotype. Sci. Rep. 10, 6679 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"471_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29463","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA04009A","volume":"9","author":"S Xiong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xiong, S. et al. Microgrooved collagen-based corneal scaffold for promoting collective cell migration and antifibrosis. RSC Adv. 9, 29463\u201329473 (2019).","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"471_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.10.055","volume":"33","author":"J Wu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wu, J., Du, Y., Watkins, S. C., Funderburgh, J. L. & Wagner, W. R. The engineering of organized human corneal tissue through the spatial guidance of corneal stromal stem cells. Biomaterials 33, 1343\u20131352 (2012).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"471_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3641","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201200655","volume":"22","author":"SL Wilson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wilson, S. L. et al. Chemical and topographical effects on cell differentiation and matrix elasticity in a corneal stromal layer model. Adv. Funct. Mater. 22, 3641\u20133649 (2012).","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"471_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.131012","volume":"428","author":"B Kong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kong, B. et al. Recombinant human collagen hydrogels with hierarchically ordered microstructures for corneal stroma regeneration. Chem. Eng. J. 428, 131012 (2022).","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"471_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cabrera-Aguas, M., Khoo, P. & Watson, S. Presumed microbial keratitis cases resulting in evisceration and enucleation in Sydney, Australia. Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm. 31, 1\u20137 (2021).","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2021.1998546"},{"key":"471_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2013.08.033","volume":"10","author":"Y Liu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Ren, L., Long, K., Wang, L. & Wang, Y. Preparation and characterization of a novel tobramycin-containing antibacterial collagen film for corneal tissue engineering. Acta Biomater. 10, 289\u2013299 (2014).","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"471_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.14113","volume":"50","author":"M Cabrera-Aguas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cabrera-Aguas, M., Khoo, P. & Watson, S. Infectious keratitis: a review. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 50, 543\u2013562 (2022).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"471_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.5b00396","volume":"1","author":"AK Riau","year":"2015","unstructured":"Riau, A. K. et al. Collagen-based artificial corneal scaffold with anti-infective capability for prevention of perioperative bacterial infections. ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. 1, 1324\u20131334 (2015).","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"471_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1061","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.15154","volume":"100","author":"F Magnier","year":"2022","unstructured":"Magnier, F. et al. Preventive treatment of allograft rejection after endothelial keratoplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Ophthalmol. 100, e1061\u2013e1073 (2022).","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"471_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.3390\/gels9080643","volume":"9","author":"D Rana","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rana, D. et al. Collagen-based hydrogels for the eye: a comprehensive review. Gels 9, 643 (2023).","journal-title":"Gels"},{"key":"471_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb5030111","volume":"5","author":"D Karamichos","year":"2014","unstructured":"Karamichos, D. & Hjortdal, J. Keratoconus: tissue engineering and biomaterials. J. Funct. Biomater. 5, 111\u2013134 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Funct. Biomater."},{"key":"471_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1894","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2009.17","volume":"23","author":"D Coster","year":"2009","unstructured":"Coster, D., Jessup, C. & Williams, K. Mechanisms of corneal allograft rejection and regional immunosuppression. Eye 23, 1894\u20131897 (2009).","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"471_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.5693\/djo.02.2013.12.001","volume":"20","author":"GK Vora","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vora, G. K. & Ciolino, J. B. Corneal allograft reaction associated with nonocular inflammation. Digit. j. ophthalmol. 20, 29 (2014).","journal-title":"Digit. j. ophthalmol."},{"key":"471_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2023.10.020","volume":"172","author":"M Xeroudaki","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xeroudaki, M. et al. A double-crosslinked nanocellulose-reinforced dexamethasone-loaded collagen hydrogel for corneal application and sustained anti-inflammatory activity. Acta Biomater. 172, 234\u2013248 (2023).","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"471_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1903760","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201903760","volume":"29","author":"HK Patra","year":"2019","unstructured":"Patra, H. K. et al. Rational nanotoolbox with theranostic potential for medicated pro-regenerative corneal implants. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29, 1903760 (2019).","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"471_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2010.06.058","volume":"36","author":"D Calladine","year":"2010","unstructured":"Calladine, D., Ward, M. & Packard, R. Adherent ocular bandage for clear corneal incisions used in cataract surgery. J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 36, 1839\u20131848 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"471_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34407","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c03963","volume":"15","author":"J Rosenquist","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rosenquist, J. et al. An injectable, shape-retaining collagen hydrogel cross-linked using thiol-maleimide click chemistry for sealing corneal perforations. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 15, 34407\u201334418 (2023).","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"471_CR153","first-page":"1800560","volume":"7","author":"HJ Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee, H. J., Fernandes-Cunha, G. M., Na, K.-S., Hull, S. M. & Myung, D. Bio-orthogonally crosslinked, in situ forming corneal stromal tissue substitute. Adv. Funct. Mater. 7, 1800560 (2018).","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"471_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.30332","volume":"76","author":"H Miyashita","year":"2006","unstructured":"Miyashita, H. et al. Collagen-immobilized poly (vinyl alcohol) as an artificial cornea scaffold that supports a stratified corneal epithelium. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater. 76, 56\u201363 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"471_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1007\/s12541-022-00755-7","volume":"24","author":"J-W Jang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jang, J.-W. et al. Scaffold characteristics, fabrication methods, and biomaterials for the bone tissue engineering. Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf. 24, 511\u2013529 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf."},{"key":"471_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14887-9","volume":"11","author":"B Kong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kong, B. et al. Fiber reinforced GelMA hydrogel to induce the regeneration of corneal stroma. Nat. Commun. 11, 1435 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"471_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2004.11.002","volume":"49","author":"N Zhang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zhang, N., Yan, H. & Wen, X. Tissue-engineering approaches for axonal guidance. Brain Res. Rev. 49, 48\u201364 (2005).","journal-title":"Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"471_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(97)00144-0","volume":"18","author":"A Curtis","year":"1997","unstructured":"Curtis, A. & Wilkinson, C. Topographical control of cells. Biomaterials 18, 1573\u20131583 (1997).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"471_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4226","DOI":"10.1039\/C3TB21845G","volume":"2","author":"J Ye","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ye, J. et al. Chitosan-modified, collagen-based biomimetic nanofibrous membranes as selective cell adhering wound dressings in the treatment of chemically burned corneas. J. Mater. Chem. B. 2, 4226\u20134236 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B."},{"key":"471_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1080\/00914037.2015.1030658","volume":"64","author":"A Baradaran-Rafii","year":"2015","unstructured":"Baradaran-Rafii, A., Biazar, E. & Heidari-Keshel, S. Cellular response of limbal stem cells on PHBV\/gelatin nanofibrous scaffold for ocular epithelial regeneration. Int. J. Polym. Mater. Polym. Biomater. 64, 879\u2013887 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. Polym. Mater. Polym. Biomater."},{"key":"471_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2008.02.009","volume":"29","author":"DI Zeugolis","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zeugolis, D. I. et al. Electro-spinning of pure collagen nano-fibres\u2013just an expensive way to make gelatin? Biomaterials 29, 2293\u20132305 (2008).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"471_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5726","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201502142","volume":"25","author":"G Zhao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhao, G., Zhang, X., Lu, T. J. & Xu, F. Recent advances in electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds for cardiac tissue engineering. Adv. Funct. Mater. 25, 5726\u20135738 (2015).","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"471_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsb.2004.08.009","volume":"149","author":"C Boote","year":"2005","unstructured":"Boote, C., Dennis, S., Huang, Y., Quantock, A. J. & Meek, K. M. Lamellar orientation in human cornea in relation to mechanical properties. J. Struct. Biol. 149, 1\u20136 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"471_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2009.0724","volume":"17","author":"D Phu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Phu, D., Wray, L. S., Warren, R. V., Haskell, R. C. & Orwin, E. J. Effect of substrate composition and alignment on corneal cell phenotype. Tissue Eng. Part A. 17, 799\u2013807 (2011).","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"471_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.3390\/nano8020124","volume":"8","author":"Z Wu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wu, Z., Kong, B., Liu, R., Sun, W. & Mi, S. Engineering of corneal tissue through an aligned PVA\/collagen composite nanofibrous electrospun scaffold. Nanomaterials 8, 124 (2018).","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"471_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2018.05.010","volume":"173","author":"A Isaacson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Isaacson, A., Swioklo, S. & Connon, C. J. 3D bioprinting of a corneal stroma equivalent. Exp. Eye Res. 173, 188\u2013193 (2018).","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"471_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-017-9738-0","volume":"13","author":"AP Haring","year":"2017","unstructured":"Haring, A. P., Sontheimer, H. & Johnson, B. N. Microphysiological human brain and neural systems-on-a-chip: potential alternatives to small animal models and emerging platforms for drug discovery and personalized medicine. Stem Cell Rev. Rep. 13, 381\u2013406 (2017).","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev. Rep."},{"key":"471_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1042\/EBC20200153","volume":"65","author":"J Hagenbuchner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hagenbuchner, J., Nothdurfter, D. & Ausserlechner, M. J. 3D bioprinting: novel approaches for engineering complex human tissue equivalents and drug testing. Essays Biochem 65, 417\u2013427 (2021).","journal-title":"Essays Biochem"},{"key":"471_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"024701","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4030414","volume":"6","author":"IT Ozbolat","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ozbolat, I. T. Scaffold-based or scaffold-free bioprinting: competing or complementing approaches? J. Nanotechnol. Eng. Med. 6, 024701 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Nanotechnol. Eng. Med."},{"key":"471_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.12.002","volume":"184","author":"AC Daly","year":"2021","unstructured":"Daly, A. C., Prendergast, M. E., Hughes, A. J. & Burdick, J. A. Bioprinting for the biologist. Cell 184, 18\u201332 (2021).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"471_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.07.025","volume":"118","author":"M Ang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ang, M. & Mehta, J. S. Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty as an alternative to penetrating keratoplasty. Ophthalmology 118, 2306\u20132307 (2011).","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"471_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.08.001","volume":"17","author":"Y Gao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gao, Y., Li, C., Bu, P., Zhang, L. & Bouchard, C. S. Infectious interface keratitis (IIK) following lamellar keratoplasty: a literature review. Ocul. Surf. 17, 635\u2013643 (2019).","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"471_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(02)01671-9","volume":"134","author":"HE Grossniklaus","year":"2002","unstructured":"Grossniklaus, H. E. Deep lamellar keratoplasty: surgical techniques for anterior lamellar keratoplasty with and without baring of Descemet\u2019s membrane. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 134, 480 (2002).","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"471_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1007\/s11426-016-0248-6","volume":"59","author":"X Zhao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhao, X., Song, W., Liu, S. & Ren, L. Corneal regeneration by utilizing collagen-based materials. Sci. China Chem. 59, 1548\u20131553 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. China Chem."},{"key":"471_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.11.079","volume":"35","author":"P Fagerholm","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fagerholm, P. et al. Stable corneal regeneration four years after implantation of a cell-free recombinant human collagen scaffold. Biomaterials 35, 2420\u20132427 (2014).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"471_CR176","first-page":"12248","volume":"7","author":"S Xu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xu, S., Zhou, S., Mao, B., Chen, J. & Zhang, Z. Cornea-stroma-mimicking films derived from cellulose nanocrystal templating fibrous collagen as therapeutic contact lenses. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 7, 12248\u201312260 (2019).","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"471_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(00)00219-0","volume":"34","author":"Y Zeng","year":"2001","unstructured":"Zeng, Y., Yang, J., Huang, K., Lee, Z. & Lee, X. A comparison of biomechanical properties between human and porcine cornea. J. Biomech. 34, 533\u2013537 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"471_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9101(1997)20:1<64::AID-LSM10>3.0.CO;2-9","volume":"20","author":"T Menovsky","year":"1997","unstructured":"Menovsky, T., Beek, J. F. & van Gemert, M. J. Effect of the CO2 milliwatt laser on tensile strength of microsutures. Lasers Surg. Med. 20, 64\u201368 (1997).","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med."},{"key":"471_CR179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patel, S., Marshall, J. & Fitzke, F. W. Refractive index of the human corneal epithelium and stroma. J. Refract Surg. 11, 100\u2013141 (1995).","DOI":"10.3928\/1081-597X-19950301-09"},{"key":"471_CR180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.125","volume":"126","author":"H Goodarzi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Goodarzi, H., Jadidi, K., Pourmotabed, S., Sharifi, E. & Aghamollaei, H. Preparation and in vitro characterization of cross-linked collagen\u2013gelatin hydrogel using EDC\/NHS for corneal tissue engineering applications. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 126, 620\u2013632 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"471_CR181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2008.06.017","volume":"29","author":"M Rafat","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rafat, M. et al. PEG-stabilized carbodiimide crosslinked collagen\u2013chitosan hydrogels for corneal tissue engineering. Biomaterials 29, 3960\u20133972 (2008).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"471_CR182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2205878","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202205878","volume":"10","author":"Y Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu, Y. et al. Biomimetic convex implant for corneal regeneration through 3D printing. Adv. Sci. 10, 2205878 (2023).","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"471_CR183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2310544","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202310544","volume":"34","author":"B Kong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kong, B. et al. Cornea-Inspired ultrasound-responsive adhesive hydrogel patches for keratitis treatment. Adv. Funct. Mater. 34, 2310544 (2024).","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"471_CR184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.36702","volume":"107","author":"DF Duarte Campos","year":"2019","unstructured":"Duarte Campos, D. F. et al. Corneal bioprinting utilizing collagen-based bioinks and primary human keratocytes. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 107, 1945\u20131953 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"471_CR185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.12293","volume":"8","author":"O Buznyk","year":"2015","unstructured":"Buznyk, O. et al. Bioengineered corneas grafted as alternatives to human donor corneas in three high-risk patients. Clin. Transl. Sci. 8, 558\u2013562 (2015).","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"471_CR186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Islam, M. M. et al. Biomaterials-enabled cornea regeneration in patients at high risk for rejection of donor tissue transplantation. NPJ Regen. Med. 3, 1\u201310 (2018).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41536-017-0038-8"},{"key":"471_CR187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-022-01408-w","volume":"41","author":"M Rafat","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rafat, M. et al. Bioengineered corneal tissue for minimally invasive vision restoration in advanced keratoconus in two clinical cohorts. Nat. Biotechnol. 41, 70\u201381 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."}],"container-title":["npj Regenerative Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41536-026-00471-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41536-026-00471-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41536-026-00471-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T11:02:59Z","timestamp":1777633379000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41536-026-00471-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]]},"references-count":187,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["471"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41536-026-00471-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2057-3995"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2057-3995","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"21"}}