{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T01:16:43Z","timestamp":1790299003916,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762992000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korean Society for Schizophrenia Research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Schizophr"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-025-00680-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T19:05:07Z","timestamp":1763060707000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Dementia in older adults with schizophrenia: a 12-year analysis of prevalence, incidence, and treatment patterns in South Korea"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2930-3818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jung Su","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1276-3000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sangwan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donghoon","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeong Pil","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7987-1867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyunsu","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan Jung","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8845-5186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong Sik","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joongyub","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7078-2835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Se Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"680_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxn001","volume":"30","author":"J McGrath","year":"2008","unstructured":"McGrath, J., Saha, S., Chant, D. & Welham, J. Schizophrenia: a concise overview of incidence, prevalence, and mortality. Epidemiol. Rev. 30, 67\u201376 (2008).","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Rev."},{"key":"680_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743718773728","volume":"64","author":"IR Winship","year":"2019","unstructured":"Winship, I. R. et al. An overview of animal models related to schizophrenia. Can. J. Psychiatry 64, 5\u201317 (2019).","journal-title":"Can. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"680_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1192\/apt.6.3.161","volume":"6","author":"R O\u2019Carroll","year":"2000","unstructured":"O\u2019Carroll, R. Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. Adv. Psychiatr. Treat. 6, 161\u2013168 (2000).","journal-title":"Adv. Psychiatr. Treat."},{"key":"680_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2019.11.004","volume":"36","author":"CI Cohen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cohen, C. I. et al. Advances in the conceptualization and study of schizophrenia in later life: 2020 update. Clin. Geriatr. Med. 36, 221\u2013236 (2020).","journal-title":"Clin. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"680_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2014.0500256","volume":"5","author":"OO Okusaga","year":"2014","unstructured":"Okusaga, O. O. Accelerated aging in schizophrenia patients: the potential role of oxidative stress. Aging Dis. 5, 256\u2013262 (2014).","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"680_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e31823bc08c","volume":"20","author":"DA Loewenstein","year":"2012","unstructured":"Loewenstein, D. A., Czaja, S. J., Bowie, C. R. & Harvey, P. D. Age-associated differences in cognitive performance in older patients with schizophrenia: a comparison with healthy older adults. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 20, 29\u201340 (2012).","journal-title":"Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"680_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.913470","volume":"13","author":"SS Haas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Haas, S. S. et al. Accelerated global and local brain aging differentiate cognitively impaired from cognitively spared patients with schizophrenia. Front. Psychiatry 13, 913470 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"680_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2021.02.003","volume":"230","author":"J Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, J. et al. White matter brain aging in relationship to schizophrenia and its cognitive deficit. Schizophr. Res. 230, 9\u201316 (2021).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res"},{"key":"680_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.113.140384","volume":"205","author":"N Pujol","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pujol, N. et al. Hippocampal abnormalities and age in chronic schizophrenia: morphometric study across the adult lifespan. Br. J. Psychiatry 205, 369\u2013375 (2014).","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"680_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S172933","volume":"14","author":"L Cai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cai, L. & Huang, J. Schizophrenia and risk of dementia: a meta-analysis study. Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat. 14, 2047\u20132055 (2018).","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"680_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3323","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291722002781","volume":"52","author":"SE Miniawi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Miniawi, S. E., Orgeta, V. & Stafford, J. Non-affective psychotic disorders and risk of dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol. Med. 52, 3323\u20133335 (2022).","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"680_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/appy.12239","volume":"8","author":"H Ku","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ku, H., Lee, E. K., Lee, K. U., Lee, M. Y. & Kwon, J. W. Higher prevalence of dementia in patients with schizophrenia: A nationwide population-based study. Asia Pac. Psychiatry 8, 145\u2013153 (2016).","journal-title":"Asia Pac. Psychiatry"},{"key":"680_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-025-00575-4","volume":"11","author":"JS Park","year":"2025","unstructured":"Park, J. S. et al. Longitudinal trends in schizophrenia among older adults: a 12-year analysis of prevalence and healthcare utilization in South Korea. Schizophrenia 11, 30 (2025).","journal-title":"Schizophrenia"},{"key":"680_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2020.0207","volume":"44","author":"HK Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim, H. K., Song, S. O., Noh, J., Jeong, I.-K. & Lee, B.-W. Data configuration and publication trends for the Korean national health insurance and health insurance review & assessment database. Diab. Metab. J. 44, 671\u2013678 (2020).","journal-title":"Diab. Metab. J."},{"key":"680_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2018.08.004","volume":"40","author":"MS Broder","year":"2018","unstructured":"Broder, M. S. et al. Health care resource use, costs, and diagnosis patterns in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: real-world evidence from US claims databases. Clin. therapeutics 40, 1670\u20131682 (2018).","journal-title":"Clin. therapeutics"},{"key":"680_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-024-00509-6","volume":"10","author":"CL Crowe","year":"2024","unstructured":"Crowe, C. L. et al. Real-world healthcare resource utilization, costs, and predictors of relapse among US patients with incident schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Schizophrenia 10, 86 (2024).","journal-title":"Schizophrenia"},{"key":"680_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-01916-y","volume":"12","author":"C Lu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lu, C. et al. Large-scale real-world data analysis identifies comorbidity patterns in schizophrenia. Transl. Psychiatry 12, 154 (2022).","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"680_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlr.0000182534.19832.83","volume":"43","author":"H Quan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Quan, H. et al. Coding algorithms for defining comorbidities in ICD-9-CM and ICD-10 administrative data. Med. Care 43, 1130\u20131139 (2005).","journal-title":"Med. Care"},{"key":"680_CR19","unstructured":"Kim, K. W. Study on Improving the National Dementia Management System to Prevent Omissions in the Care of Patients with Dementia (National Institute of Dementia, Board of Audit and Inspection of Korea, 2017)."},{"key":"680_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2021.17.2.249","volume":"17","author":"JW Jang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jang, J. W. et al. Prevalence and Incidence of Dementia in South Korea: A Nationwide Analysis of the National Health Insurance Service Senior Cohort. J. Clin. Neurol. 17, 249\u2013256 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"680_CR21","unstructured":"National Institute of Dementia. Dementia Management Project 2012 (Ministry of Health and Welfare, 2012)."},{"key":"680_CR22","unstructured":"National Institute of Dementia. Korea Dementia Observatory 2016 (National Medical Center, 2017)."},{"key":"680_CR23","unstructured":"National Institute of Dementia. Korea Dementia Observatory 2017 (National Medical Center, 2018)."},{"key":"680_CR24","unstructured":"National Institute of Dementia. Korea Dementia Observatory 2018 (National Medical Center, 2019)."},{"key":"680_CR25","unstructured":"National Institute of Dementia. Korea Dementia Observatory 2019 (National Medical Center, 2020)."},{"key":"680_CR26","unstructured":"National Institute of Dementia. Korea Dementia Observatory 2020 (National Medical Center, 2021)."},{"key":"680_CR27","unstructured":"National Institute of Dementia. Korea Dementia Observatory 2021 (National Medical Center, 2022)."},{"key":"680_CR28","unstructured":"National Institute of Dementia. Nationwide Survey on the Dementia Epidemiology of Korea (Ministry of Health and Welfare, 2017)."},{"key":"680_CR29","unstructured":"Korea, S. 2020 Resident Registration Central Population (RRCP) (Statistics Korea, 2025)."},{"key":"680_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19590","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019590","volume":"6","author":"C-K Chang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chang, C.-K. et al. Life expectancy at birth for people with serious mental illness and other major disorders from a secondary mental health care case register in London. PLoS ONE 6, e19590 (2011).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"680_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30078-0","volume":"4","author":"C Hjorth\u00f8j","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hjorth\u00f8j, C., St\u00fcrup, A. E., McGrath, J. J. & Nordentoft, M. Years of potential life lost and life expectancy in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry 4, 295\u2013301 (2017).","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"680_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-017-0193-3","volume":"33","author":"QH Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang, Q. H. et al. Comorbidity Burden of Dementia: A Hospital-Based Retrospective Study from 2003 to 2012 in Seven Cities in China. Neurosci. Bull. 33, 703\u2013710 (2017).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Bull."},{"key":"680_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12237","volume":"17","author":"G Grande","year":"2021","unstructured":"Grande, G. et al. Multimorbidity burden and dementia risk in older adults: the role of inflammation and genetics. Alzheimers Dement. 17, 768\u2013776 (2021).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"680_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1177","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.161351","volume":"189","author":"E Gatov","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gatov, E., Rosella, L., Chiu, M. & Kurdyak, P. A. Trends in standardized mortality among individuals with schizophrenia, 1993\u20132012: a population-based, repeated cross-sectional study. Cmaj 189, E1177\u2013E1187 (2017).","journal-title":"Cmaj"},{"key":"680_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20994","volume":"21","author":"CU Correll","year":"2022","unstructured":"Correll, C. U. et al. Mortality in people with schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of relative risk and aggravating or attenuating factors. World Psychiatry 21, 248\u2013271 (2022).","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"680_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.1964","volume":"74","author":"CA Derby","year":"2017","unstructured":"Derby, C. A., Katz, M. J., Lipton, R. B. & Hall, C. B. Trends in Dementia Incidence in a Birth Cohort Analysis of the Einstein Aging Study. JAMA Neurol. 74, 1345\u20131351 (2017).","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"680_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1177\/08982643211029716","volume":"34","author":"MP Farina","year":"2022","unstructured":"Farina, M. P., Zhang, Y. S., Kim, J. K., Hayward, M. D. & Crimmins, E. M. Trends in Dementia Prevalence, Incidence, and Mortality in the United States (2000-2016). J. Aging Health 34, 100\u2013108 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Aging Health"},{"key":"680_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e020280","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-020280","volume":"8","author":"SU Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee, S. U. et al. Changes in antipsychotic drug usage and factors affecting the use of typical drugs based on nationwide health insurance data in South Korea. BMJ Open 8, e020280 (2018).","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"680_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2024.0189","volume":"22","author":"E Kim","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kim, E. et al. A New Agenda for Optimizing Roles and Infrastructure in a Mental Health Service Model for South Korea. Psychiatry Investig. 22, 26\u201339 (2025).","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig."},{"key":"680_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13033-019-0266-y","volume":"13","author":"YC Heo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Heo, Y. C., Kahng, S. K. & Kim, S. Mental health system at the community level in Korea: development, recent reforms and challenges. Int J. Ment. Health Syst. 13, 9 (2019).","journal-title":"Int J. Ment. Health Syst."},{"key":"680_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2014.29.7.903","volume":"29","author":"YJ Kim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim, Y. J. et al. Prevalence and trends of dementia in Korea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Korean Med. Sci. 29, 903\u2013912 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"680_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-8-84","volume":"8","author":"DPJ Osborn","year":"2008","unstructured":"Osborn, D. P. J. et al. Relative risk of diabetes, dyslipidaemia, hypertension and the metabolic syndrome in people with severe mental illnesses: systematic review and metaanalysis. BMC Psychiatry 8, 84 (2008).","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"680_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.4306\/pi.2017.14.1.44","volume":"14","author":"JS Lee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lee, J. S. et al. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia in Korea: a multicenter nationwide cross-sectional study. Psychiatry Investig. 14, 44\u201350 (2017).","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig."},{"key":"680_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11030819","volume":"11","author":"HS Kwon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kwon, H. S. et al. Annual incidence of dementia from 2003 to 2018 in Metropolitan Seoul, Korea: a population-based study. J. Clin. Med. 11, 819 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"680_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2007.07050724","volume":"165","author":"RW Buchanan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Buchanan, R. W. et al. Galantamine for the treatment of cognitive impairments in people with schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 165, 82\u201389 (2008).","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"680_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1097\/YIC.0b013e3280117feb","volume":"22","author":"S-W Lee","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lee, S.-W., Lee, J.-G., Lee, B.-J. & Kim, Y. H. A 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of galantamine adjunctive treatment to conventional antipsychotics for the cognitive impairments in chronic schizophrenia. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 22, 63\u201368 (2007).","journal-title":"Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"680_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2008.08.001","volume":"32","author":"S Akhondzadeh","year":"2008","unstructured":"Akhondzadeh, S. et al. A 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of donepezil adjunctive treatment to risperidone in chronic and stable schizophrenia. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 32, 1810\u20131815 (2008).","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"680_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/01.WNF.0000240940.67241.F6","volume":"30","author":"B Fagerlund","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fagerlund, B., S\u00f8holm, B., Fink-Jensen, A., Lublin, H. & Glenth\u00f8j, B. Y. Effects of donepezil adjunctive treatment to ziprasidone on cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 30, 3\u201312 (2007).","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"680_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.09.028","volume":"247","author":"R Mazinani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mazinani, R., Nejati, S. & Khodaei, M. Effects of memantine added to risperidone on the symptoms of schizophrenia: A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Psychiatry Res. 247, 291\u2013295 (2017).","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"680_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.4306\/pi.2012.9.2.166","volume":"9","author":"JG Lee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lee, J. G. et al. Adjunctive memantine therapy for cognitive impairment in chronic schizophrenia: a placebo-controlled pilot study. Psychiatry Investig. 9, 166\u2013173 (2012).","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig."},{"key":"680_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8775","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.08m04935gry","volume":"70","author":"D de Lucena","year":"2009","unstructured":"de Lucena, D. et al. Improvement of negative and positive symptoms in treatment-refractory schizophrenia: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial with memantine as add-on therapy to clozapine. J. Clin. psychiatry 70, 8775 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Clin. psychiatry"},{"key":"680_CR52","first-page":"122","volume":"17","author":"M Tavakoli-Ardakani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tavakoli-Ardakani, M., Abbaspour, H., Farhadi Nasab, A., Mazaheri Meibodi, A. & Kheradmand, A. Study of the Effect of Memantine on Negative Sign in Patients with Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorders. Iran. J. Pharm. Res. 17, 122\u2013129 (2018).","journal-title":"Iran. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"680_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291716000398","volume":"46","author":"SR Veerman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Veerman, S. R., Schulte, P. F., Smith, J. D. & de Haan, L. Memantine augmentation in clozapine-refractory schizophrenia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. Psychol. Med. 46, 1909\u20131921 (2016).","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"680_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2021.0042","volume":"78","author":"TS Stroup","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stroup, T. S. et al. Age-specific prevalence and incidence of dementia diagnoses among older US adults with schizophrenia. JAMA Psychiatry 78, 632\u2013641 (2021).","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"680_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.1546","volume":"72","author":"AR Ribe","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ribe, A. R. et al. Long-term risk of dementia in persons with schizophrenia: a Danish population-based cohort study. JAMA Psychiatry 72, 1095\u20131101 (2015).","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"680_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2018.05.005","volume":"53","author":"C-E Lin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lin, C.-E., Chung, C.-H., Chen, L.-F. & Chi, M.-J. Increased risk of dementia in patients with Schizophrenia: a population-based cohort study in Taiwan. Eur. Psychiatry 53, 7\u201316 (2018).","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"680_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291719001417","volume":"50","author":"TE Van Rheenen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Van Rheenen, T. E. et al. Cognitive reserve attenuates age-related cognitive decline in the context of putatively accelerated brain ageing in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Psychol. Med. 50, 1475\u20131489 (2020).","journal-title":"Psychol. Med"},{"key":"680_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrade, C. Physical exercise and health, 6: sedentary time, independent of health-related physical activity, as a risk factor for dementia in older adults. J. Clin. Psychiatry 85 (2024).","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.24f15270"},{"key":"680_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalinowska, S. et al. The association between lifestyle choices and schizophrenia symptoms. J. Clin. Med. 10 (2021).","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10010165"},{"key":"680_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.3018","volume":"72","author":"DT Maust","year":"2015","unstructured":"Maust, D. T. et al. Antipsychotics, other psychotropics, and the risk of death in patients with dementia: number needed to harm. JAMA Psychiatry 72, 438\u2013445 (2015).","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"680_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mondal, M. et al. Olanzapine, Risperidone and Clozapine prescribing is associated with increased risk for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease reflecting antipsychotic-specific effects on microglial phagocytosis. medRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2023.11.10.23298358 (2023).","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.11.10.23298358"},{"key":"680_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e301017","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjment-2024-301017","volume":"27","author":"W Jack Christopher","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jack Christopher, W. et al. Biomarkers of neurodegeneration in schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Ment. Health 27, e301017 (2024).","journal-title":"BMJ Ment. Health"}],"container-title":["Schizophrenia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41537-025-00680-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41537-025-00680-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41537-025-00680-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T20:02:58Z","timestamp":1763064178000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41537-025-00680-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["680"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41537-025-00680-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2754-6993"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2754-6993","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"134"}}