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Ag migration into 2% fat milk (2.18\u2009\u00b1\u20090.03\u2009ng\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) was comparable to that observed in skim milk (2.16\u2009\u00b1\u20090.14\u2009ng\/cm\u00b2), while whole milk (4% milkfat) had the lowest migration (1.80\u2009\u00b1\u20090.07\u2009ng\/cm\u00b2). Notably, Ag migration into skim, 2%, and whole milk was 1.72, 1.69, and 1.40 times higher, respectively, than that into 50% aqueous ethanol, a common simulant for whole milk. At least a portion of the migrated Ag in milk existed as nanoparticles, suggesting that milk components influence the final form of migrated Ag. We explored the behavior of Ag\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ions in milks and observed efficient Ag\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    transformation to Ag\n                    <jats:sup>0<\/jats:sup>\n                    NPs and Ag\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O NPs. Electron microscopy images revealed polydisperse, quasi-spherical Ag particles with sizes ranging from 5 to 70\u2009nm. Milk proteins, particularly casein and whey, play a role in the transformation of dissolved Ag\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    to nanoparticles, while lactose influences the nanoparticle composition. These findings highlight that Ag interactions with milk components affect Ag migration dynamics and emphasize the need for a better delineation of appropriate food simulants for migration studies with AgNP-containing polymers.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41538-025-00684-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T20:33:38Z","timestamp":1768336418000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Milk proteins and fat influence Ag migration from model dairy packaging containing silver nanoparticles"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Laxmi","family":"Adhikari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Srushti B.","family":"Pansare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rakesh R.","family":"Mudireddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monisha","family":"Srinivasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy V.","family":"Duncan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"684_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201701503","volume":"7","author":"S Tang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tang, S. & Zheng, J. 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