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This study developed a self-coating biofilm technology to encapsulate the probiotic\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus amyloliquefaciens<\/jats:italic>\n                    C-1 and yield cC-1. Biofilm-modified cC-1 exhibited a more negative zeta potential (-22.53\u2009mV) compared to uncoated C-1 (-19.60\u2009mV), representing a decrease of 2.93\u2009mV decreased zeta potential, and it exhibited orders of magnitude higher survival than uncoated cells under simulated gastric acid (80.51%\n                    <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>\n                    . 0.33%) and bile salt (84.32%\n                    <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>\n                    . 1.64%). In DSS-induced colitis mice, oral administration of 10\u2079 CFU cC-1 for 14 days significantly alleviated symptoms, reduced colon shortening and restored mucosal integrity. Mechanistically, cC-1 effectively downregulated pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    , IL-1\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    , IL-6 and IFN-\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) in colon tissues; reshaped the diversity of gut microbiota by enriching beneficial\n                    <jats:italic>Bacteroides<\/jats:italic>\n                    ; restored linoleic acid and glycerophospholipid metabolism, and suppressed expression of NF-\n                    <jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>\n                    B signaling and cell adhesion molecule. Transcriptomic analysis confirmed that cC-1 reinstated host-microbe metabolic interactions with suppressed inflammatory pathways. This biofilm self-coating strategy substantially enhances probiotic gastrointestinal tolerance and exerts therapeutic effects through a multi-targeted mechanism (anti-inflammation, barrier repair, microbiota modulation, and metabolic reprogramming), offering a scalable and promising formulation for nutritional intervention in IBD.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41538-026-00889-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T11:36:07Z","timestamp":1779190567000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enhanced gastrointestinal stability and therapeutic efficacy of biofilm self-coated Bacillus amyloliquefaciens C-1 probiotic in ulcerative colitis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Jiayu","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Congyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunyang","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiale","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanghong","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huijuan","family":"Xi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoya","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haifeng","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bei","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"889_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1002\/cac2.12200","volume":"41","author":"MH Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee, M. 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