{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T17:00:45Z","timestamp":1786122045243,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":80,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Leading Innovative and Entrepreneur Team Introduction Program of Zhejiang","award":["2023R01002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023R01002"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82271629, 82301790"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82271629, 82301790"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Sci Food"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41538-026-00890-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T09:05:03Z","timestamp":1779181503000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Structural characterization of a fructan from Polygonati Rhizoma and its anti-diabetic effects associated with insulin-signalling-related readouts and gut microbiota modulation"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Chang","family":"Xue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zijun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lulu","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yicheng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinrong","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dawei","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"De","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhouguang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengxi","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"890_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.52.1.1","volume":"52","author":"JL Evans","year":"2003","unstructured":"Evans, J. L., Goldfine, I. D., Maddux, B. A. & Grodsky, G. M. Are oxidative stress\u2212 activated signaling pathways mediators of insulin resistance and \u03b2-cell dysfunction? Diabetes 52, 1\u20138 (2003).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"890_CR2","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"RA DeFronzo","year":"2015","unstructured":"DeFronzo, R. A. et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim. 1, 1\u201322 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"890_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01655-5","volume":"400","author":"E Ahmad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ahmad, E., Lim, S., Lamptey, R., Webb, D. R. & Davies, M. J. Type 2 diabetes. Lancet. 400, 1803\u20131820 (2022).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"890_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.107843","volume":"157","author":"P Saeedi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Saeedi, P. et al. Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projections for 2030 and 2045: Results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, 9(th) edition. Diab. Res Clin. Pr. 157, 107843. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.107843 (2019).","journal-title":"Diab. Res Clin. Pr."},{"key":"890_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05482","volume":"444","author":"SE Kahn","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kahn, S. E., Hull, R. L. & Utzschneider, K. M. Mechanisms linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Nature 444, 840\u2013846, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature05482 (2006).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"890_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0173-3","volume":"16","author":"ME Sanders","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sanders, M. E., Merenstein, D. J., Reid, G., Gibson, G. R. & Rastall, R. A. Probiotics and prebiotics in intestinal health and disease: from biology to the clinic. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 16, 605\u2013616, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41575-019-0173-3 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"890_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0156-z","volume":"15","author":"EE Canfora","year":"2019","unstructured":"Canfora, E. E., Meex, R. C. R., Venema, K. & Blaak, E. E. Gut microbial metabolites in obesity, NAFLD and T2DM. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 15, 261\u2013273, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41574-019-0156-z (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"890_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.085","volume":"164","author":"Q Bi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bi, Q. et al. Pharmacological and metagenomics evidence of polysaccharide from Polygonum multiflorum in the alleviation of insulin resistance. Int J. Biol. Macromol. 164, 1070\u20131079, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.085 (2020).","journal-title":"Int J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"890_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110687","volume":"131","author":"R Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li, R. et al. Structural characterization, hypoglycemic effects and antidiabetic mechanism of a novel polysaccharides from Polygonatum kingianum Coll. et Hemsl. Biomed. Pharmacother. 131, 110687. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110687 (2020).","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"890_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2017.01.007","volume":"26","author":"H Yan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yan, H. et al. Intake of total saponins and polysaccharides from Polygonatum kingianum affects the gut microbiota in diabetic rats. Phytomedicine 26, 45\u201354, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phymed.2017.01.007 (2017).","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"890_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hentati, F. et al. Bioactive Polysaccharides from Seaweeds. Molecules 25 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules25143152.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25143152"},{"key":"890_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.109910","volume":"125","author":"W Gu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gu, W. et al. Polysaccharides from Polygonatum kingianum improve glucose and lipid metabolism in rats fed a high fat diet. Biomed. Pharmacother. 125, 109910. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.109910 (2020).","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"890_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2493S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.11.2493S","volume":"137","author":"MB Roberfroid","year":"2007","unstructured":"Roberfroid, M. B. Inulin-type fructans: functional food ingredients. J. Nutr. 137, 2493S\u20132502S, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jn\/137.11.2493S (2007).","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"890_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5041417","volume":"5","author":"J Slavin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Slavin, J. Fiber and prebiotics: mechanisms and health benefits. Nutrients 5, 1417\u20131435, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu5041417 (2013).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"890_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.27173","volume":"14","author":"X Huang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Huang, X., Liu, G., Guo, J. & Su, Z. The PI3K\/AKT pathway in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Int. J. Biol. Sci. 14, 1483 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"890_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2016.07.024","volume":"192","author":"B Dai","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dai, B. et al. The effect of Liuwei Dihuang decoction on PI3K\/Akt signaling pathway in liver of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats with insulin resistance. J. Ethnopharmacol. 192, 382\u2013389 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"890_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00063.2017","volume":"98","author":"P MC","year":"2018","unstructured":"MC, P. & GI, S. Mechanisms of Insulin Action and Insulin Resistance. Physiological Rev. 98, 2133\u20132223, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physrev.00063.2017 (2018).","journal-title":"Physiological Rev."},{"key":"890_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.116314","volume":"241","author":"DF Fonseca","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fonseca, D. F. et al. Pullulan microneedle patches for the efficient transdermal administration of insulin envisioning diabetes treatment. Carbohydr. Polym. 241, 116314 (2020).","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"890_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.08.075","volume":"201","author":"H Gao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gao, H. et al. Polysaccharide from fermented Momordica charantia L. with Lactobacillus plantarum NCU116 ameliorates type 2 diabetes in rats. Carbohydr. Polym. 201, 624\u2013633 (2018).","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"890_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2010.04.017","volume":"82","author":"X Chen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chen, X. et al. Suppression of diabetes in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice by oral administration of water-soluble and alkali-soluble polysaccharide conjugates prepared from green tea. Carbohydr. Polym. 82, 28\u201333 (2010).","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"890_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2023.121659","volume":"327","author":"W Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu, W. et al. Structural characterization of an inulin neoseries-type fructan from Ophiopogonis Radix and the therapeutic effect on liver fibrosis in vivo. Carbohydr. Polym. 327, 121659. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.carbpol.2023.121659 (2024).","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"890_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2022.119718","volume":"292","author":"Y Jiang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jiang, Y. et al. Structure elucidation and antitumor activity of a water soluble polysaccharide from Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus. Carbohydr. Polym. 292, 119718. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.carbpol.2022.119718 (2022).","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"890_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2018.10.003","volume":"63","author":"S Sharma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sharma, S. & Tripathi, P. Gut microbiome and type 2 diabetes: where we are and where to go? J. Nutritional Biochem. 63, 101\u2013108 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Nutritional Biochem."},{"key":"890_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5110276","volume":"2021","author":"L Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang, L. et al. Gut Microbiota and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Association, Mechanism, and Translational Applications. Mediators Inflamm. 2021, 5110276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/5110276 (2021).","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm."},{"key":"890_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.1709.09027","volume":"27","author":"BR Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim, B. R. et al. Deciphering Diversity Indices for a Better Understanding of Microbial Communities. J. Microbiol Biotechnol. 27, 2089\u20132093, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4014\/jmb.1709.09027 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Microbiol Biotechnol."},{"key":"890_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3083","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S350109","volume":"15","author":"M Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, M. et al. Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation: A Potential Target for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases. J. Inflamm. Res 15, 3083\u20133094, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/JIR.S350109 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res"},{"key":"890_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202400206","volume":"11","author":"J Liang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liang, J. et al. Gingerenone A Attenuates Ulcerative Colitis via Targeting IL-17RA to Inhibit Inflammation and Restore Intestinal Barrier Function. Adv. Sci. 11, e2400206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/advs.202400206 (2024).","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"890_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18847","volume":"535","author":"CA Thaiss","year":"2016","unstructured":"Thaiss, C. A., Zmora, N., Levy, M. & Elinav, E. The microbiome and innate immunity. Nature 535, 65\u201374, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature18847 (2016).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"890_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2025.124838","volume":"376","author":"Z S","year":"2026","unstructured":"S, Z. et al. A mixed levan fructan from Rohdea japonica mitigates ulcerative colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium via regulating intestinal microbiota mediated pyroptosis. Carbohydr. Polym. 376, 124838. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.carbpol.2025.124838 (2026).","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"890_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1869502","volume":"13","author":"C J.K","year":"2021","unstructured":"J.K, C., O, M., DA, R. & K, Z. Carbohydrates great and small, from dietary fiber to sialic acids: How glycans influence the gut microbiome and affect human health. Gut Microbes 13, 1\u201318, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19490976.2020.1869502 (2021).","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"890_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6077","DOI":"10.1021\/cr8005558","volume":"109","author":"I T","year":"2009","unstructured":"T, I. & Y, O. Structure control of polysaccharide derivatives for efficient separation of enantiomers by chromatography. Chem. Rev. 109, 6077\u20136101, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/cr8005558 (2009).","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"890_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2020.106392","volume":"113","author":"C Teng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Teng, C. et al. Structural characterization and antioxidant activity of alkali-extracted polysaccharides from quinoa. Food Hydrocoll. 113, 106392 (2021).","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"890_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yan, S. et al. Improved sample preparation method on the morphology observation of hydrophilic polysaccharides for atomic force microscopy (AFM). Food Hydrocolloids 144 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2023.109048.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2023.109048"},{"key":"890_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2022.120452","volume":"303","author":"Y Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu, Y. et al. Structure characterization of pectin from the pollen of Typha angustifolia L. and the inhibition activity of lipid accumulation in oleic acid induced L02 cells. Carbohydr. Polym. 303, 120452 (2023).","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"890_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.13619","volume":"82","author":"W Tang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tang, W. et al. Structural characterization and antifatigue effect in vivo of maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp) polysaccharide. J. Food Sci. 82, 757\u2013764 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"890_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.2800040504","volume":"4","author":"P Needs","year":"1993","unstructured":"Needs, P. & Selvendran, R. An improved methylation procedure for the analysis of complex polysaccharides including resistant starch and a critique of the factors which lead to undermethylation. Phytochemical Anal. 4, 210\u2013216 (1993).","journal-title":"Phytochemical Anal."},{"key":"890_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rodrigues, C., Sousa, C., Lopes, J. A., Novais, A. & Peixe, L. A Front Line on Klebsiella pneumoniae Capsular Polysaccharide Knowledge: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy as an Accurate and Fast Typing Tool. mSystems 5 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mSystems.00386-19.","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00386-19"},{"key":"890_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochx.2021.100168","volume":"12","author":"H T","year":"2021","unstructured":"T, H., JY, Y., SP, N. & MY, X. Applications of infrared spectroscopy in polysaccharide structural analysis: Progress, challenge and perspective. Food Chem.: X 12, 100168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fochx.2021.100168 (2021).","journal-title":"Food Chem.: X"},{"key":"890_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.2c00580","volume":"123","author":"C Fontana","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fontana, C. & Widmalm, G. Primary Structure of Glycans by NMR Spectroscopy. Chem. Rev. 123, 1040\u20131102, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.chemrev.2c00580 (2023).","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"890_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rohde, J. K. et al. A Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry-Based Method for the Quantification of Short Chain Fatty Acids. Metabolites 12 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/metabo12020170.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12020170"}],"container-title":["npj Science of Food"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41538-026-00890-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41538-026-00890-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41538-026-00890-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T07:50:52Z","timestamp":1786089052000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41538-026-00890-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["890"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41538-026-00890-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2396-8370"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2396-8370","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}],"article-number":"239"}}