{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T04:59:56Z","timestamp":1789621196331,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780617600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":97,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32172198"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32172198"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Sci Food"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41538-026-00923-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T12:33:32Z","timestamp":1780662812000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Anti-obesity mechanisms of adzuki bean saponin: a multi-omics and experimental study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Jinhai","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jincan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingzi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baoning","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nannan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bincheng","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Ling","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baojun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"923_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2024.1576","volume":"178","author":"X Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang, X. et al. Global prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 178, 800\u2013813 (2024).","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"923_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0176-8","volume":"15","author":"M Bluher","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bluher, M. Obesity: global epidemiology and pathogenesis. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 15, 288\u2013298 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"923_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032130","volume":"137","author":"CA Schiavon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schiavon, C. A. et al. Effects of bariatric surgery in obese patients with hypertension: the GATEWAY randomized trial (gastric bypass to treat obese patients with steady hypertension). Circulation 137, 1132\u20131142 (2018).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"923_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(82)90409-3","volume":"31","author":"R Nusse","year":"1982","unstructured":"Nusse, R. & Varmus, H. E. Many tumors induced by the mouse mammary tumor virus contain a provirus integrated in the same region of the host genome. Cell 31, 99\u2013109 (1982).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"923_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00792","volume":"9","author":"N Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen, N. & Wang, J. Wnt\/beta-catenin signaling and obesity. Front. Physiol. 9, 792 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"923_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2020.108743","volume":"698","author":"K Benchoula","year":"2021","unstructured":"Benchoula, K., Parhar, I. S. & Wong, E. H. The crosstalk of hedgehog, PI3K and Wnt pathways in diabetes. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 698, 108743 (2021).","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"923_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2007.09.014","volume":"19","author":"TC Prestwich","year":"2007","unstructured":"Prestwich, T. C. & Macdougald, O. A. Wnt\/beta-catenin signaling in adipogenesis and metabolism. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 19, 612\u2013617 (2007).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cell Biol."},{"key":"923_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-018-0738-0","volume":"17","author":"F Hadrich","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hadrich, F. & Sayadi, S. Apigetrin inhibits adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells by downregulating PPARgamma and CEBP-alpha. Lipids Health Dis. 17, 95 (2018).","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"923_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(02)02860-7","volume":"300","author":"M Watanabe","year":"2003","unstructured":"Watanabe, M. et al. Regulation of PPAR gamma transcriptional activity in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 300, 429\u2013436 (2003).","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"923_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0126142","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0126142","volume":"10","author":"S Ji","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ji, S., Doumit, M. E. & Hill, R. A. Regulation of adipogenesis and key adipogenic gene expression by 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D in 3T3-L1 cells. PLoS ONE 10, e0126142 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"923_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106461","volume":"184","author":"J Luo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Luo, J., Yu, Z., Tovar, J., Nilsson, A. & Xu, B. Critical review on anti-obesity effects of phytochemicals through Wnt\/beta-catenin signaling pathway. Pharm. Res. 184, 106461 (2022).","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"923_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6361","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.4c12023","volume":"73","author":"Q Guo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Guo, Q. et al. A comprehensive review of the chemical constituents and functional properties of Adzuki beans (Vigna angulariz). J. Agric. Food Chem. 73, 6361\u20136384 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"923_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201900626","volume":"63","author":"PS Lee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee, P. S. et al. Adzuki bean water extract attenuates obesity by modulating M2\/M1 macrophage polarization and gut microbiota composition. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 63, e1900626 (2019).","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"923_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202100907","volume":"66","author":"Q Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao, Q. et al. Heat-treated Adzuki bean protein hydrolysates reduce obesity in mice fed a high-fat diet via remodeling gut microbiota and improving metabolic function. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 66, e2100907 (2022).","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"923_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Jiang, X., Xu, Q., Li, W. & Zhang, D. Lipidomic analysis reveals the anti-obesity and hepatoprotective effects of flavonoid mimetic components in adzuki beans on high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Foods 14, 3191 (2025).","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14183191"},{"key":"923_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00687","volume":"8","author":"R Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu, R., Zheng, Y., Cai, Z. & Xu, B. Saponins and flavonoids from Adzuki bean (Vigna angularis L.) ameliorate high-fat diet-induced obesity in ICR mice. Front. Pharm. 8, 687 (2017).","journal-title":"Front. Pharm."},{"key":"923_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3612","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.4032","volume":"12","author":"AY Moussa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Moussa, A. Y., Alanzi, A., Luo, J., Chung, S. K. & Xu, B. Potential anti-obesity effect of saponin metabolites from adzuki beans: a computational approach. Food Sci. Nutr. 12, 3612\u20133627 (2024).","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"923_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, J. et al. Anti-obesity effects of adzuki bean saponins in improving lipid metabolism through reducing oxidative stress and alleviating mitochondrial abnormality by activating the PI3K\/Akt\/GSK3beta\/beta-catenin signaling pathway. Antioxidants 13, 1380 (2024).","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13111380"},{"key":"923_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, J. et al. Soyasaponin Ba alleviates lipid accumulation via mitochondrial remodeling: multiomics insights. J. Agric. Food Chem. 73, 21199\u201321221 (2025).","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5c06945"},{"key":"923_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.118","volume":"4","author":"AL Hopkins","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hopkins, A. L. Network pharmacology: the next paradigm in drug discovery. Nat. Chem. Biol. 4, 682\u2013690 (2008).","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"923_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.315","volume":"4","author":"C Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen, C. et al. Applications of multi-omics analysis in human diseases. MedComm 4, e315 (2023).","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"923_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.8.1867","volume":"134","author":"J Hu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hu, J., Reddy, M. B., Hendrich, S. & Murphy, P. A. Soyasaponin I and sapongenol B have limited absorption by Caco-2 intestinal cells and limited bioavailability in women. J. Nutr. 134, 1867\u20131873 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"923_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2024.105515","volume":"62","author":"J Luo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Luo, J. et al. Unveiling the molecular mechanisms of adzuki bean (Vigna angularis) derived bioactive phytochemicals in combating obesity. Food Biosci. 62, 105515 (2024).","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"923_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-017-0385-7","volume":"8","author":"Q Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li, Q., Gao, Z., Chen, Y. & Guan, M. X. The role of mitochondria in osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Protein Cell 8, 439\u2013445 (2017).","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"923_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H. et al. Distinct gut microbiota and arachidonic acid metabolism in obesity-prone and obesity-resistant mice with a high-fat diet. Nutrients 16, 1579 (2024).","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16111579"},{"key":"923_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.363","volume":"4","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. et al. Arachidonic acid metabolism in health and disease. MedComm 4, e363 (2023).","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"923_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2020.06.009","volume":"15","author":"Q Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang, Q. et al. Arachidonic acid promotes intestinal regeneration by activating WNT Signaling. Stem Cell Rep. 15, 374\u2013388 (2020).","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"923_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2013.10.009","volume":"21","author":"M Beg","year":"2014","unstructured":"Beg, M. et al. A withanolide coagulin-L inhibits adipogenesis modulating Wnt\/beta-catenin pathway and cell cycle in mitotic clonal expansion. Phytomedicine 21, 406\u2013414 (2014).","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"923_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2010.12.004","volume":"88","author":"H Lee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lee, H. et al. Shikonin inhibits adipogenesis by modulation of the WNT\/beta-catenin pathway. Life Sci. 88, 294\u2013301 (2011).","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"923_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-025-07438-x","volume":"16","author":"J Huang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Huang, J. et al. Tubular CD44 plays a key role in aggravating AKI through NF-kappaB p65-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction. Cell Death Dis. 16, 119 (2025).","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"923_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep40881","volume":"7","author":"G Wagner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wagner, G. et al. HO-1 inhibits preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation at the onset of obesity via ROS dependent activation of Akt2. Sci. Rep. 7, 40881 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"923_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2023.188890","volume":"1878","author":"Y Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Wan, Y., Jiang, Y., Zhang, L. & Cheng, W. GPX4: the hub of lipid oxidation, ferroptosis, disease and treatment. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Rev. Cancer 1878, 188890 (2023).","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"923_CR33","first-page":"646","volume":"20","author":"R Su","year":"2020","unstructured":"Su, R. & Zhang, J. Oncogenic role of LYN in human gastric cancer via the Wnt\/beta-catenin and AKT\/mTOR pathways. Exp. Ther. Med. 20, 646\u2013654 (2020).","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"923_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2014.156","volume":"22","author":"M Schmitt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schmitt, M., Metzger, M., Gradl, D., Davidson, G. & Orian-Rousseau, V. CD44 functions in Wnt signaling by regulating LRP6 localization and activation. Cell Death Differ. 22, 677\u2013689 (2015).","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"923_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1289004","volume":"14","author":"K Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, K. et al. Wnt\/beta-catenin signaling activation promotes lipogenesis in the steatotic liver via physical mTOR interaction. Front. Endocrinol. 14, 1289004 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"923_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.02.030","volume":"63","author":"CK Huang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Huang, C. K. et al. Restoration of Wnt\/beta-catenin signaling attenuates alcoholic liver disease progression in a rat model. J. Hepatol. 63, 191\u2013198 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"923_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2014.08.022","volume":"184","author":"J Behari","year":"2014","unstructured":"Behari, J. et al. beta-catenin links hepatic metabolic zonation with lipid metabolism and diet-induced obesity in mice. Am. J. Pathol. 184, 3284\u20133298 (2014).","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"923_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13945","volume":"1442","author":"D Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen, D. et al. Wnt signaling in bone, kidney, intestine, and adipose tissue and interorgan interaction in aging. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1442, 48\u201360 (2019).","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"923_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.627429","volume":"9","author":"TJJ de Winter","year":"2021","unstructured":"de Winter, T. J. J. & Nusse, R. Running against the Wnt: how Wnt\/beta-catenin suppresses adipogenesis. Front Cell Dev. Biol. 9, 627429 (2021).","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"923_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-008-8429-z","volume":"66","author":"S Muruganandan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Muruganandan, S., Roman, A. A. & Sinal, C. J. Adipocyte differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells: cross talk with the osteoblastogenic program. Cell Mol. Life Sci. 66, 236\u2013253 (2009).","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"923_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202301366R","volume":"38","author":"T Ruhl","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ruhl, T. et al. ITIH5 inhibits proliferation, adipogenic differentiation, and secretion of inflammatory cytokines of human adipose stem cells-A new key in treating obesity? FASEB J. 38, e23352 (2024).","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"923_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5657","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S251157","volume":"13","author":"S Jiang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jiang, S., Zhang, Y., Li, Q., Qiu, L. & Bian, B. KIAA1522 promotes the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma via the activation of the Wnt\/beta-catenin signaling pathway. Onco Targets Ther. 13, 5657\u20135668 (2020).","journal-title":"Onco Targets Ther."},{"key":"923_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2014.11.014","volume":"211","author":"J Li","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li, J. et al. Global correlation analysis for microRNA and gene expression profiles in human obesity. Pathol. Res Pr. 211, 361\u2013368 (2015).","journal-title":"Pathol. Res Pr."},{"key":"923_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2017.11.019","volume":"192","author":"AH de Mello","year":"2018","unstructured":"de Mello, A. H., Costa, A. B., Engel, J. D. G. & Rezin, G. T. Mitochondrial dysfunction in obesity. Life Sci. 192, 26\u201332 (2018).","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"923_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.928619","volume":"27","author":"Q Fan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fan, Q. et al. Ginsenoside Rb1 Facilitates Browning by Repressing Wnt\/beta-Catenin Signaling in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes. Med Sci. Monit. 27, e928619 (2021).","journal-title":"Med Sci. Monit."},{"key":"923_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2015.06.014","volume":"17","author":"J Liu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liu, J. et al. A novel Gynostemma pentaphyllum saponin and its adipogenesis inhibitory effect through modulating Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin pathway and cell cycle in mitotic clonal expansion. J. Funct. Foods 17, 552\u2013562 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"923_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.156248","volume":"135","author":"JY Zheng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zheng, J. Y. et al. Huang-Lian-Jie-Du decoction alleviates cognitive impairment in high-fat diet-induced obese mice via Trem2\/Dap12\/Syk pathway. Phytomedicine 135, 156248 (2024).","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"923_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-86502005000100002","volume":"20","author":"JE de Aguilar-Nascimento","year":"2005","unstructured":"de Aguilar-Nascimento, J. E. Fundamental steps in experimental design for animal studies. Acta Cir. Bras. 20, 2\u20138 (2005).","journal-title":"Acta Cir. Bras."},{"key":"923_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar.43.4.202","volume":"43","author":"PD Johnson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Johnson, P. D. & Besselsen, D. G. Practical aspects of experimental design in animal research. ILAR J. 43, 202\u2013206 (2002).","journal-title":"ILAR J."},{"key":"923_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01149-x","volume":"7","author":"X Wen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wen, X. et al. Signaling pathways in obesity: mechanisms and therapeutic interventions. Signal Transduct. Target Ther. 7, 298 (2022).","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target Ther."},{"key":"923_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155551","volume":"128","author":"HW Lee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lee, H. W., Karki, R. & Han, J. H. Inhibition of the RPS6KA1\/FoxO1 signaling axis by hydroxycitric acid attenuates HFD-induced obesity through MCE suppression. Phytomedicine 128, 155551 (2024).","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"923_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3882","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.70830","volume":"12","author":"S Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, S. et al. Selenium nanoparticles alleviate ischemia reperfusion injury-induced acute kidney injury by modulating GPx-1\/NLRP3\/Caspase-1 pathway. Theranostics 12, 3882\u20133895 (2022).","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"923_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crtox.2023.100139","volume":"5","author":"Y Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Luo, J. & Xu, B. Network pharmacology and bioinformatics to identify the molecular mechanisms of Gleditsiae Spina against colorectal cancer. Curr. Res. Toxicol. 5, 100139 (2023).","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"923_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1159\/000484626","volume":"44","author":"X Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu, X., Wang, J., Gao, L., Liu, H. & Liu, C. iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis of neonatal kidney from offspring of protein restricted rats reveals abnormalities in intraflagellar transport proteins. Cell Physiol. Biochem 44, 185\u2013199 (2017).","journal-title":"Cell Physiol. Biochem"},{"key":"923_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D433","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gki005","volume":"33","author":"C von Mering","year":"2005","unstructured":"von Mering, C. et al. STRING: known and predicted protein-protein associations, integrated and transferred across organisms. Nucleic Acids Res. 33, D433\u2013D437 (2005).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"923_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep37434","volume":"6","author":"DK Lee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee, D. K. et al. Metabolic response induced by parasitic plant-fungus interactions hinder amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism in the host. Sci. Rep. 6, 37434 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"923_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2008.211","volume":"4","author":"W Huang da","year":"2009","unstructured":"Huang da, W., Sherman, B. T. & Lempicki, R. A. Systematic and integrative analysis of large gene lists using DAVID bioinformatics resources. Nat. Protoc. 4, 44\u201357 (2009).","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"923_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D457","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv1070","volume":"44","author":"M Kanehisa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kanehisa, M., Sato, Y., Kawashima, M., Furumichi, M. & Tanabe, M. KEGG as a reference resource for gene and protein annotation. Nucleic Acids Res. 44, D457\u2013D462 (2016).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"923_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/msb.20178124","volume":"14","author":"R Argelaguet","year":"2018","unstructured":"Argelaguet, R. et al. Multi-omics factor analysis-a framework for unsupervised integration of multi-omics data sets. Mol. Syst. Biol. 14, e8124 (2018).","journal-title":"Mol. Syst. Biol."},{"key":"923_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00518-25","volume":"10","author":"Z Lu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lu, Z. et al. The potential mechanisms of reciprocal regulation of gut microbiota-liver immune signaling in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis revealed in multi-omics analysis. mSystems 10, e0051825 (2025).","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"923_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-017-0675-y","volume":"16","author":"Q Xu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xu, Q. et al. MicroRNA-1296 inhibits metastasis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting SRPK1-mediated PI3K\/AKT pathway. Mol. Cancer 16, 103 (2017).","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"923_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-43834-z","volume":"13","author":"Z Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu, Z. et al. Identifying potential biomarkers of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis through machine learning analysis. Sci. Rep. 13, 16559 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"923_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Luo, J. & Xu, B. Network pharmacology and bioinformatics study of geniposide regulating oxidative stress in colorectal cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 24, 15222 (2023).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242015222"},{"key":"923_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, Z., Liu, X. & Peltz, G. GSEApy: a comprehensive package for performing gene set enrichment analysis in Python. Bioinformatics 39, btac757 (2023).","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btac757"},{"key":"923_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W357","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz382","volume":"47","author":"A Daina","year":"2019","unstructured":"Daina, A., Michielin, O. & Zoete, V. SwissTargetPrediction: updated data and new features for efficient prediction of protein targets of small molecules. Nucleic Acids Res. 47, W357\u2013W364 (2019).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"923_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1284","volume":"25","author":"MJ Keiser","year":"2007","unstructured":"Keiser, M. J. et al. Relating protein pharmacology by ligand chemistry. Nat. Biotechnol. 25, 197\u2013206 (2007).","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"923_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W726","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac297","volume":"50","author":"K Gallo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gallo, K., Goede, A., Preissner, R. & Gohlke, B. O. SuperPred 3.0: drug classification and target prediction-a machine learning approach. Nucleic Acids Res. 50, W726\u2013W731 (2022).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"923_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W609","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkq300","volume":"38","author":"X Liu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liu, X. et al. PharmMapper server: a web server for potential drug target identification using pharmacophore mapping approach. Nucleic Acids Res. 38, W609\u2013W614 (2010).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"923_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1 30 31","DOI":"10.1002\/cpbi.5","volume":"54","author":"G Stelzer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stelzer, G. et al. The GeneCards suite: from gene data mining to disease genome sequence analyses. Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 54, 1 30 31\u201331 30 33 (2016).","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Bioinform."},{"key":"923_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-15-293","volume":"15","author":"P Bardou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bardou, P., Mariette, J., Escudie, F., Djemiel, C. & Klopp, C. jvenn: an interactive Venn diagram viewer. BMC Bioinform. 15, 293 (2014).","journal-title":"BMC Bioinform."},{"key":"923_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D638","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac1000","volume":"51","author":"D Szklarczyk","year":"2023","unstructured":"Szklarczyk, D. et al. The STRING database in 2023: protein-protein association networks and functional enrichment analyses for any sequenced genome of interest. Nucleic Acids Res. 51, D638\u2013D646 (2023).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"923_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09234-6","volume":"10","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhou, Y. et al. Metascape provides a biologist-oriented resource for the analysis of systems-level datasets. Nat. Commun. 10, 1523 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"923_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0294236","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0294236","volume":"18","author":"D Tang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tang, D. et al. SRplot: a free online platform for data visualization and graphing. PLoS ONE 18, e0294236 (2023).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"}],"container-title":["npj Science of Food"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41538-026-00923-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41538-026-00923-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41538-026-00923-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:02:56Z","timestamp":1788998576000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41538-026-00923-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["923"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41538-026-00923-3","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-8585610\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2396-8370"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2396-8370","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}],"article-number":"278"}}