{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T00:40:40Z","timestamp":1792370440838,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":159,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782518400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":114,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/T008776\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/T008776\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Samworth Brothers Ltd"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Sci Food"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Food waste reduction and reutilisation is paramount to meeting national Waste Directives and achieving the Sustainable Development agenda. Implementing Circular Economy principles provides opportunities for cost savings, new revenue streams, and sustainable resource management. Applying the Food Loss and Waste (FLW) Accounting and Reporting Standard, this study identifies and measures sources of FLW in the manufacture of prepared sandwiches, and explores reduction and reutilisation from a Circular Economy perspective. The examined process contributes to circularity, with a loss rate of 13%, of which 97% is valorised. Waste hotspots include product assembly and ingredient preparation, while operational reductions, design changes, and stakeholder collaboration for high-value side-stream management would further reduce FLW impact. Examining a complex food item at the product-level for the first time, this study provides an evidence base for FLW reduction through inventory and hotspot analysis, contextualising the current extent of circularity and suggesting areas for further development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41538-026-00948-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T23:16:40Z","timestamp":1782515800000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Circling the sandwich: measuring food waste and its drivers in UK prepared sandwich manufacture"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Alexander","family":"Moores","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitris","family":"Charalampopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerry","family":"Whiteside","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Buxton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ximena","family":"Schmidt Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"948_CR1","unstructured":"Gustavsson, J., Cederberg, C. & Sonesson, U. Global Food Losses and Food Waste: Extent, Causes and Prevention. (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, 2011)."},{"key":"948_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"UNEP. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4060\/cd1254en (FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP, WHO, 2024).","DOI":"10.4060\/cd1254en"},{"key":"948_CR3","unstructured":"UN General Assembly. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017: Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. (UN General Assembly, 2017)."},{"key":"948_CR4","unstructured":"OECD\/FAO. OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2008\u20132017. www.agri-outlook.org. (2008)."},{"key":"948_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-09595-220408","volume":"22","author":"BM Campbell","year":"2017","unstructured":"Campbell, B. M. et al. Agriculture production as a major driver of the Earth system exceeding planetary boundaries. Ecol. Soc. 22, 8 (2017).","journal-title":"Ecol. Soc."},{"key":"948_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22900","volume":"546","author":"D Tilman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tilman, D. et al. Future threats to biodiversity and pathways to their prevention. Nature 546, 73\u201381 (2017).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"948_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaq0216","volume":"306","author":"J Poore","year":"2018","unstructured":"Poore, J. & Nemecek, T. Reducing food\u2019s environmental impacts through producers and consumers. Science 306, 987\u2013992 (2018).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"948_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1038\/s43016-021-00225-9","volume":"2","author":"M Crippa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Crippa, M. et al. Food systems are responsible for a third of global anthropogenic GHG emissions. Nat. Food 2, 198\u2013209 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Food"},{"key":"948_CR9","unstructured":"UNEP. Food Waste Index Report 2021. http:\/\/www.unep.org\/resources\/report\/unep-food-waste-index-report-2021 (2021)."},{"key":"948_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31788-4","volume":"393","author":"W Willett","year":"2019","unstructured":"Willett, W. et al. Food in the Anthropocene: the EAT\u2013Lancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems. Lancet 393, 447\u2013492 (2019).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"948_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20260","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1116437108","volume":"108","author":"D Tilman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tilman, D., Balzer, C., Hill, J. & Befort, B. L. Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 108, 20260\u201320264 (2011).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"948_CR12","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. World Agriculture towards 2030\/2050: The 2012 Revision. (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2012)."},{"key":"948_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665112002947","volume":"72","author":"T Garnett","year":"2013","unstructured":"Garnett, T. Food sustainability: problems, perspectives and solutions. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 72, 29\u201339 (2013).","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"948_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2008.06.016","volume":"90","author":"P Roy","year":"2009","unstructured":"Roy, P. et al. A review of life cycle assessment (LCA) on some food products. J. Food Eng. 90, 1\u201310 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"948_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2020.105119","volume":"164","author":"Y Omolayo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Omolayo, Y., Feingold, B. J., Neff, R. A. & Romeiko, X. X. Life cycle assessment of food loss and waste in the food supply chain. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 164, 105119 (2021).","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"948_CR16","unstructured":"Stuart, T. Waste: Uncovering the Global Food Scandal (Penguin, 2009)."},{"key":"948_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2015.07.111","volume":"112","author":"XCS Rivera","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rivera, X. C. S. & Azapagic, A. Life cycle costs and environmental impacts of production and consumption of ready and home-made meals. J. Clean. Prod. 112, 214\u2013228 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"948_CR18","first-page":"1","volume":"15","author":"N Espinoza-Orias","year":"2018","unstructured":"Espinoza-Orias, N. & Azapagic, A. Understanding the impact on climate change of convenience food: carbon footprint of sandwiches. Sustain. Prod. Consum. 15, 1\u201315 (2018).","journal-title":"Sustain. Prod. Consum."},{"key":"948_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3065","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2010.0126","volume":"365","author":"J Parfitt","year":"2010","unstructured":"Parfitt, J., Barthel, M. & Macnaughton, S. Food waste within food supply chains: quantification and potential for change to 2050. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 365, 3065\u20133081 (2010).","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"948_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1093\/ajae\/aax034","volume":"99","author":"MF Bellemare","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bellemare, M. F., \u00c7akir, M., Peterson, H. H., Novak, L. & Rudi, J. On the measurement of food waste. Am. J. Agric. Econ. 99, 1148\u20131158 (2017).","journal-title":"Am. J. Agric. Econ."},{"key":"948_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6618","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b00401","volume":"51","author":"L Xue","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xue, L. et al. Missing food, missing data? A critical review of global food losses and food waste data. Environ. Sci. Technol. 51, 6618\u20136633 (2017).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"948_CR22","unstructured":"Flanagan, K., Clowes, A., Lipinski, B., Goodwin, L. & Swannell, R. SDG Target 12.3 on Food Loss and Waste: 2018 Progress Report. 1\u201328. https:\/\/champions123.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-09\/champions-12-3-2018-progress-report.pdf (2018)."},{"key":"948_CR23","first-page":"66","volume":"170","author":"P Van Der Werf","year":"2017","unstructured":"Van Der Werf, P. & Gilliland, J. A. A systematic review of food losses and food waste generation in developed countries. Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Waste Resour. Manag. 170, 66\u201377 (2017).","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Waste Resour. Manag."},{"key":"948_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2020.105332","volume":"168","author":"Z Dou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dou, Z. & Toth, J. D. Global primary data on consumer food waste: Rate and characteristics\u2014a review. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 168, 105332 (2021).","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"948_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li, J. & Qiao, G. Quantification, environmental impact, and behavior management: a bibliometric analysis and review of global food waste research based on CiteSpace. 11293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su141811293 (2022).","DOI":"10.3390\/su141811293"},{"key":"948_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3390\/su9010141","volume":"9","author":"M Borrello","year":"2017","unstructured":"Borrello, M., Caracciolo, F., Lombardi, A., Pascucci, S. & Cembalo, L. Consumers\u2019 perspective on circular economy strategy for reducing food waste. Sustainability 9, 141 (2017).","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"948_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2019.01.025","volume":"144","author":"L Principato","year":"2019","unstructured":"Principato, L., Ruini, L., Guidi, M. & Secondi, L. Adopting the circular economy approach on food loss and waste: the case of Italian pasta production. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 144, 82\u201389 (2019).","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"948_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2154","DOI":"10.3390\/su11072154","volume":"11","author":"L Secondi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Secondi, L., Principato, L., Ruini, L. & Guidi, M. Reusing food waste in food manufacturing companies: the case of the tomato-sauce supply chain. Sustainability 11, 2154 (2019).","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"948_CR29","unstructured":"Wilson, B. & Lemm, E. Sandwich: A Global History (Reaktion Books, 2012)."},{"key":"948_CR30","unstructured":"BSA. Sandwich Statistics | British Sandwich Week. https:\/\/www.britishsandwichweek.com\/sandwich-statistics\/ (2021)."},{"key":"948_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agsy.2017.01.014","volume":"153","author":"P Alexander","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alexander, P. et al. Losses, inefficiencies and waste in the global food system. Agric. Syst. 153, 190\u2013200 (2017).","journal-title":"Agric. Syst."},{"key":"948_CR32","unstructured":"WRAP. Food Surplus and Waste in the UK: Key Facts. https:\/\/wrap.org.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-01\/Food%20Surplus%20and%20Waste%20in%20the%20UK%20Key%20Facts%20December%202022.pdf (2022)."},{"key":"948_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2016.12.027","volume":"61","author":"N Raak","year":"2017","unstructured":"Raak, N., Symmank, C., Zahn, S., Aschemann-Witzel, J. & Rohm, H. Processing- and product-related causes for food waste and implications for the food supply chain. Waste Manag. 61, 461\u2013472 (2017).","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"948_CR34","unstructured":"FAO. Food Wastage Footprint: Full-Cost Accounting; Final Report. https:\/\/openknowledge.fao.org\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/6a266c4f-8493-471c-ab49-30f2e51eec8c\/content (2014)."},{"key":"948_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2016.09.035","volume":"183","author":"TL Oldfield","year":"2016","unstructured":"Oldfield, T. L., White, E. & Holden, N. M. An environmental analysis of options for utilising wasted food and food residue. J. Environ. Manag. 183, 826\u2013835 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"948_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2018.04.038","volume":"77","author":"S Scherhaufer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Scherhaufer, S., Moates, G., Hartikainen, H., Waldron, K. & Obersteiner, G. Environmental impacts of food waste in Europe. Waste Manag. 77, 98\u2013113 (2018).","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"948_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slorach, P. C., Jeswani, H. K., Cu\u00e9llar-Franca, R. & Azapagic, A. Environmental and economic implications of recovering resources from food waste in a circular economy. Sci. Total Environ. 693, 133516 (2019).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.07.322"},{"key":"948_CR38","unstructured":"FAO. Food Wastage Footprint: Impacts on Natural Resources: Summary Report. https:\/\/www.fao.org\/4\/i3347e\/i3347e.pdf (2013)."},{"key":"948_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.08.092","volume":"438","author":"M Kummu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kummu, M. et al. Lost food, wasted resources: global food supply chain losses and their impacts on freshwater, cropland, and fertiliser use. Sci. Total Environ. 438, 477\u2013489 (2012).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"948_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2020.104912","volume":"160","author":"C Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, C., Chaudhary, A. & Mathys, A. Nutritional and environmental losses embedded in global food waste. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 160, 104912 (2020).","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"948_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2113884119","volume":"119","author":"QD Read","year":"2022","unstructured":"Read, Q. D., Hondula, K. L. & Muth, M. K. Biodiversity effects of food system sustainability actions from farm to fork. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 119, e2113884119 (2022).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"948_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1111\/jiec.13471","volume":"28","author":"J Bogenreuther","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bogenreuther, J., Kastner, T., Schneider, F. & Koellner, T. Biodiversity impact of food waste: quantification for supply chain stages and products in Germany. J. Ind. Ecol. 28, 355\u2013367 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Ind. Ecol."},{"key":"948_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4269","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b05088","volume":"50","author":"C Hi\u00e7","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hi\u00e7, C., Pradhan, P., Rybski, D. & Kropp, J. P. Food surplus and its climate burdens. Environ. Sci. Technol. 50, 4269\u20134277 (2016).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"948_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1038\/s43016-023-00810-0","volume":"4","author":"Y Guo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guo, Y. et al. Global food loss and waste embodies unrecognized harms to air quality and biodiversity hotspots. Nat. Food 4, 686\u2013698 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Food"},{"key":"948_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.135042","volume":"380","author":"S Ardra","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ardra, S. & Barua, M. K. Halving food waste generation by 2030: the challenges and strategies of monitoring UN Sustainable Development Goal target 12.3. J. Clean. Prod. 380, 135042 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"948_CR46","unstructured":"WRAP. UK Food System GHG Emissions. https:\/\/www.wrap.ngo\/resources\/report\/uk-food-system-ghg-emissions (2021)."},{"key":"948_CR47","unstructured":"European Commission. Going Climate-Neutral by 2050: A Strategic Long Term Vision for a Prosperous, Modern, Competitive and Climate Neutral EU Economy. https:\/\/data.europa.eu\/doi\/10.2834\/02074 (2019)."},{"key":"948_CR48","unstructured":"Climate Change Committee. CCC Insights Briefing-1: The UK Climate Change Act. https:\/\/www.theccc.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/CCC-Insights-Briefing-1-The-UK-Climate-Change-Act.pdf (2020)."},{"key":"948_CR49","unstructured":"European Commission. Closing the Loop\u2014An EU Action Plan for the Circular Economy. https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:52015DC0614 (2015)."},{"key":"948_CR50","unstructured":"DEFRA. Circular Economy Package Policy Statement. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/circular-economy-package-policy-statement\/circular-economy-package-policy-statement (2020)."},{"key":"948_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4069","DOI":"10.3390\/su12104069","volume":"12","author":"M Borrello","year":"2020","unstructured":"Borrello, M., Pascucci, S. & Cembalo, L. Three propositions to unify circular economy research: a review. Sustainability 12, 4069 (2020).","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"948_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.12.048","volume":"143","author":"M Geissdoerfer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Geissdoerfer, M., Savaget, P., Bocken, N. M. P. & Hultink, E. J. The circular economy\u2014a new sustainability paradigm?. J. Clean. Prod. 143, 757\u2013768 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"948_CR53","unstructured":"Ellen MacArthur Foundation. Growth within: A Circular Economy Vision for a Competitive Europe. https:\/\/emf.thirdlight.com\/file\/24\/_A-BkCs_h7gRYB_Am9L_JfbYWF\/Growth%20within%3A%20a%20circular%20economy%20vision%20for%20a%20competitive%20Europe.pdf (2015)."},{"key":"948_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2017.09.005","volume":"127","author":"J Kirchherr","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kirchherr, J., Reike, D. & Hekkert, M. Conceptualizing the circular economy: An analysis of 114 definitions. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 127, 221\u2013232 (2017).","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"948_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3390\/systems7030043","volume":"7","author":"F Fassio","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fassio, F. & Tecco, N. Circular economy for food: a systemic interpretation of 40 case histories in the food system in their relationships with SDGs. Systems 7, 43 (2019).","journal-title":"Systems"},{"key":"948_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/jiec.12732","volume":"23","author":"P Schroeder","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schroeder, P., Anggraeni, K. & Weber, U. The relevance of circular economy practices to the Sustainable Development Goals. J. Ind. Ecol. 23, 77\u201395 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Ind. Ecol."},{"key":"948_CR57","unstructured":"Ke, W. et al. Circular Economy as a Climate Strategy: Current Knowledge and Calls-to-Action. https:\/\/pacecircular.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2022-11\/Circular-Economy-as-a-Climate-Strategy-paper-11.22-PACE-WRI-CH-NREL.pdf (2022)."},{"key":"948_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10923","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b01590","volume":"52","author":"S Cobo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cobo, S., Dominguez-Ramos, A. & Irabien, A. Trade-offs between nutrient circularity and environmental impacts in the management of organic waste. Environ. Sci. Technol. 52, 10923\u201310933 (2018).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"948_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2019.01.015","volume":"143","author":"M-L Tseng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tseng, M.-L., Chiu, A. S. F., Chien, C.-F. & Tan, R. R. Pathways and barriers to circularity in food systems. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 143, 236\u2013237 (2019).","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"948_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3390\/su8010069","volume":"8","author":"A Jurgilevich","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jurgilevich, A. et al. Transition towards circular economy in the food system. Sustainability 8, 69 (2016).","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"948_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.121013","volume":"259","author":"M Borrello","year":"2020","unstructured":"Borrello, M., Pascucci, S., Caracciolo, F., Lombardi, A. & Cembalo, L. Consumers are willing to participate in circular business models: a practice theory perspective to food provisioning. J. Clean. Prod. 259, 121013 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"948_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cembalo, L., Borrello, M., De Luca, A. I., Giannoccaro, G. & D\u2019Amico, M. Transitioning agri-food systems into circular economy trajectories. Aestimum 199\u2013218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13128\/AESTIM-8860 (2021).","DOI":"10.13128\/AESTIM-8860"},{"key":"948_CR63","unstructured":"Ellen MacArthur Foundation. The Big Food Redesign: Regenerating Nature with the Circular Economy. https:\/\/emf.thirdlight.com\/file\/24\/ycO8Ejgyc.pr_Qnyc9Zryd4xjP\/The%20big%20food%20redesign%20study.pdf (2021)."},{"key":"948_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2017.00021","volume":"5","author":"MV Vilari\u00f1o","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vilari\u00f1o, M. V., Franco, C. & Quarrington, C. Food loss and waste reduction as an integral part of a circular economy. Front. Environ. Sci. 5, 21 (2017).","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"948_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7401","DOI":"10.3390\/su12187401","volume":"12","author":"B Esposito","year":"2020","unstructured":"Esposito, B., Sessa, M. R., Sica, D. & Malandrino, O. Towards circular economy in the agri-food sector. a systematic literature review. Sustainability 12, 7401 (2020).","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"948_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2014.04.020","volume":"76","author":"E Papargyropoulou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Papargyropoulou, E., Lozano, R., Steinberger, K. & Wright, J. The food waste hierarchy as a framework for the management of food surplus and food waste. J. Clean. Prod. 76, 106\u2013115 (2014). N. & Ujang, Z. bin.","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"948_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136033","volume":"706","author":"DA Teigiserova","year":"2020","unstructured":"Teigiserova, D. A., Hamelin, L. & Thomsen, M. Towards transparent valorization of food surplus, waste and loss: clarifying definitions, food waste hierarchy, and role in the circular economy. Sci. Total Environ. 706, 136033 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"948_CR68","unstructured":"Ellen MacArthur Foundation. Towards the Circular Economy Vol.1: An Economic and Business Rationale for an Accelerated Transition. (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2013)."},{"key":"948_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.125484","volume":"285","author":"IY Huang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huang, I. Y. et al. Food waste management: a review of retailers\u2019 business practices and their implications for sustainable value. J. Clean. Prod. 285, 125484 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"948_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.05.099","volume":"172","author":"H Egelyng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Egelyng, H. et al. Cascading Norwegian co-streams for bioeconomic transition. J. Clean. Prod. 172, 3864\u20133873 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"948_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4213","DOI":"10.3390\/su11154213","volume":"11","author":"F Demichelis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Demichelis, F., Piovano, F. & Fiore, S. Biowaste management in Italy: challenges and perspectives. Sustainability 11, 4213 (2019).","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"948_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2014.07.048","volume":"147","author":"A Bernstad Saraiva Schott","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bernstad Saraiva Schott, A. & Andersson, T. Food waste minimization from a life-cycle perspective. J. Environ. Manag. 147, 219\u2013226 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"948_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2019.03.023","volume":"147","author":"C Beretta","year":"2019","unstructured":"Beretta, C. & Hellweg, S. Potential environmental benefits from food waste prevention in the food service sector. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 147, 169\u2013178 (2019).","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"948_CR74","unstructured":"DEFRA. Food and Drink Waste Hierarchy: Deal with Surplus and Waste. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/food-and-drink-waste-hierarchy-deal-with-surplus-and-waste\/food-and-drink-waste-hierarchy-deal-with-surplus-and-waste (2024)."},{"key":"948_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2460","DOI":"10.3390\/su12062460","volume":"12","author":"DC Ni\u021bescu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ni\u021bescu, D. C. & Murgu, V. The bioeconomy and foreign trade in food products\u2014a sustainable partnership at the European level?. Sustainability 12, 2460 (2020).","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"948_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation7020051","volume":"7","author":"W-T Tsai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tsai, W.-T. & Lin, Y.-Q. Analysis of promotion policies for the valorization of food waste from industrial sources in Taiwan. Fermentation 7, 51 (2021).","journal-title":"Fermentation"},{"key":"948_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1111\/jiec.12373","volume":"20","author":"M Pagotto","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pagotto, M. & Halog, A. Towards a circular economy in Australian agri-food industry: an application of input-output oriented approaches for analyzing resource efficiency and competitiveness potential. J. Ind. Ecol. 20, 1176\u20131186 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Ind. Ecol."},{"key":"948_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2018.04.028","volume":"150","author":"J Kirchherr","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kirchherr, J. et al. Barriers to the circular economy: evidence from the European Union (EU). Ecol. Econ. 150, 264\u2013272 (2018).","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"948_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2017.01.021","volume":"61","author":"M Ju","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ju, M., Osako, M. & Harashina, S. Food loss rate in food supply chain using material flow analysis. Waste Manag. 61, 443\u2013454 (2017).","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"948_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2019.06.011","volume":"149","author":"C Caldeira","year":"2019","unstructured":"Caldeira, C., De Laurentiis, V., Corrado, S., van Holsteijn, F. & Sala, S. Quantification of food waste per product group along the food supply chain in the European Union: a mass flow analysis. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 149, 479\u2013488 (2019).","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"948_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.126902","volume":"299","author":"V Amicarelli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Amicarelli, V., Rana, R., Lombardi, M. & Bux, C. Material flow analysis and sustainability of the Italian meat industry. J. Clean. Prod. 299, 126902 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"948_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20010460","volume":"20","author":"L Jia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jia, L., Zhang, J. & Qiao, G. Scale and environmental impacts of food loss and waste in China\u2014a material flow analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 20, 460 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"948_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1108\/BFJ-03-2020-0241","volume":"123","author":"V Amicarelli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Amicarelli, V., Bux, C. & Lagioia, G. How to measure food loss and waste? A material flow analysis application. Br. Food J. 123, 67\u201385 (2020).","journal-title":"Br. Food J."},{"key":"948_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.04.139","volume":"227","author":"SR Wyngaard","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wyngaard, S. R. & Kissinger, M. Materials flow analysis of a desert food production system: the case of bell peppers. J. Clean. Prod. 227, 512\u2013521 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"948_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.11.269","volume":"211","author":"G Garcia-Garcia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Garcia-Garcia, G., Stone, J. & Rahimifard, S. Opportunities for waste valorisation in the food industry\u2014a case study with four UK food manufacturers. J. Clean. Prod. 211, 1339\u20131356 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"948_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.12.081","volume":"145","author":"C Tostivint","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tostivint, C. et al. Measuring food waste in a dairy supply chain in Pakistan. J. Clean. Prod. 145, 221\u2013231 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"948_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2019.104416","volume":"150","author":"J Wesana","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wesana, J., Gellynck, X., Dora, M. K., Pearce, D. & De Steur, H. Measuring food and nutritional losses through value stream mapping along the dairy value chain in Uganda. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 150, 104416 (2019).","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"948_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10020229","volume":"10","author":"K T\u00f3th","year":"2021","unstructured":"T\u00f3th, K., Borb\u00e9ly, C., Nagy, B., Szab\u00f3-Szentgr\u00f3ti, G. & Szab\u00f3-Szentgr\u00f3ti, E. Measurement of food losses in a Hungarian dairy processing plant. Foods 10, 229 (2021).","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"948_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae3030044","volume":"3","author":"TJ McKenzie","year":"2017","unstructured":"McKenzie, T. J., Singh-Peterson, L. & Underhill, S. J. R. Quantifying postharvest loss and the implication of market-based decisions: a case study of two commercial domestic tomato supply chains in Queensland, Australia. Horticulturae 3, 44 (2017).","journal-title":"Horticulturae"},{"key":"948_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1108\/JEIM-02-2021-0069","volume":"35","author":"M Formentini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Formentini, M., Secondi, L., Ruini, L., Guidi, M. & Principato, L. Enablers and barriers to circular supply chain management: a decision-support tool in soft wheat bread production. J. Enterp. Inf. Manag. 35, 796\u2013816 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Enterp. Inf. Manag."},{"key":"948_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2016.03.017","volume":"103","author":"LJ Mallinson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mallinson, L. J., Russell, J. M. & Barker, M. E. Attitudes and behaviour towards convenience food and food waste in the United Kingdom. Appetite 103, 17\u201328 (2016).","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"948_CR92","unstructured":"BSA. British Sandwich Week 2023. https:\/\/www.britishsandwichweek.com\/whats-the-most-popular-sandwich\/ (2023)."},{"key":"948_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3190","DOI":"10.3390\/su11113190","volume":"11","author":"F Graham","year":"2019","unstructured":"Graham, F., Russell, J., Holdsworth, M., Menon, M. & Barker, M. Exploring the relationship between environmental impact and nutrient content of sandwiches and beverages available in caf\u00e9s in a UK University. Sustainability 11, 3190 (2019).","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"948_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.01.069","volume":"660","author":"XC Schmidt Rivera","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schmidt Rivera, X. C. & Azapagic, A. Life cycle environmental impacts of ready-made meals considering different cuisines and recipes. Sci. Total Environ. 660, 1168\u20131181 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"948_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gfs.2019.01.002","volume":"20","author":"S Corrado","year":"2019","unstructured":"Corrado, S. et al. Food waste accounting methodologies: challenges, opportunities, and further advancements. Glob. Food Secur. 20, 93\u2013100 (2019).","journal-title":"Glob. Food Secur."},{"key":"948_CR96","unstructured":"EatingBetter. Sandwiches Unwrapped 2022. https:\/\/www.eating-better.org\/site\/assets\/files\/3526\/eb_sandwichreport_may22_final.pdf (2022)."},{"key":"948_CR97","unstructured":"WRAP & IGD. The Food Waste Reduction Roadmap Progress Report 2022. https:\/\/www.wrap.ngo\/sites\/default\/files\/2022-12\/WRAP_Food_Waste_Reduction_Roadmap_Progress_Report_2022.pdf (2022)."},{"key":"948_CR98","unstructured":"Bakkavor. Bakkavor Target, Measure, Act Case Study 2020. https:\/\/www.wrap.ngo\/resources\/food-waste-reduction-roadmap-case-studies\/production-manufacture\/convenience-chilled-frozen-food\/bakkavors (2020)."},{"key":"948_CR99","unstructured":"Greencore. Greencore Target, Measure, Act Case Study 2020. https:\/\/www.wrap.ngo\/resources\/food-waste-reduction-roadmap-case-studies\/production-manufacture\/convenience-chilled-frozen-foods\/greencore-group (2020)."},{"key":"948_CR100","unstructured":"Samworth Brothers Ltd. Samworth Brothers Target, Measure, Act Case Study 2020. https:\/\/www.wrap.ngo\/resources\/food-waste-reduction-roadmap-case-studies\/production-manufacture\/convenience-chilled-frozen-foods\/samworth-brothers (2020)."},{"key":"948_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.02.017","volume":"87","author":"S Jagtap","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jagtap, S. & Rahimifard, S. The digitisation of food manufacturing to reduce waste\u2014case study of a ready meal factory. Waste Manag. 87, 387\u2013397 (2019).","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"948_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2020.106615","volume":"153","author":"S Davison","year":"2021","unstructured":"Davison, S., Hill, R., Taghizadeh, S. & Lewis, R. The theoretical optimization of the arrangement of sandwich filling components. Tribology Int. 153, 106615 (2021).","journal-title":"Tribology Int."},{"key":"948_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478041","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/478041","volume":"2015","author":"IK Arah","year":"2015","unstructured":"Arah, I. K., Amaglo, H., Kumah, E. K. & Ofori, H. Preharvest and postharvest factors affecting the quality and shelf life of harvested tomatoes: a mini review. Int. J. Agron. 2015, 478041 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. Agron."},{"key":"948_CR104","unstructured":"WRAP. Food Waste in Primary Production: A Preliminary Study on Strawberries and Lettuces. https:\/\/www.wrap.ngo\/resources\/report\/preliminary-study-strawberries-and-lettuces (2017)."},{"key":"948_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2012.06.002","volume":"37","author":"JC Buzby","year":"2012","unstructured":"Buzby, J. C. & Hyman, J. Total and per capita value of food loss in the United States. Food Policy 37, 561\u2013570 (2012).","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"key":"948_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2023.01.033","volume":"309","author":"B Hezarkhani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hezarkhani, B., Demirel, G., Bouchery, Y. & Dora, M. Can \u201cugly veg\u201d supply chains reduce food loss?. Eur. J. Oper. Res. 309, 117\u2013132 (2023).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"948_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2019.01.009","volume":"83","author":"C Reynolds","year":"2019","unstructured":"Reynolds, C. et al. Review: Consumption-stage food waste reduction interventions\u2014What works and how to design better interventions. Food Policy 83, 7\u201327 (2019).","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"key":"948_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2783","DOI":"10.3390\/su10082783","volume":"10","author":"J-C Tu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tu, J.-C., Lee, Y.-L. & Wei, M.-Y. Analysis and research on the key success factors of marketing ugly fruits and vegetables. Sustainability 10, 2783 (2018).","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"948_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2014.03.012","volume":"152","author":"C Mena","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mena, C., Terry, L. A., Williams, A. & Ellram, L. Causes of waste across multi-tier supply networks: cases in the UK food sector. Int. J. Prod. Econ. 152, 144\u2013158 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Econ."},{"key":"948_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.3390\/su7021429","volume":"7","author":"C G\u00f6bel","year":"2015","unstructured":"G\u00f6bel, C., Langen, N., Blumenthal, A., Teitscheid, P. & Ritter, G. Cutting food waste through cooperation along the food supply chain. Sustainability 7, 1429\u20131445 (2015).","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"948_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2020.12.018","volume":"108","author":"G Garcia-Garcia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Garcia-Garcia, G., Azanedo, L. & Rahimifard, S. Embedding sustainability analysis in new food product development. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 108, 236\u2013244 (2021).","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"948_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2014.03.014","volume":"46","author":"P Garrone","year":"2014","unstructured":"Garrone, P., Melacini, M. & Perego, A. Opening the black box of food waste reduction. Food Policy 46, 129\u2013139 (2014).","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"key":"948_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2023.107001","volume":"194","author":"J Kirchherr","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kirchherr, J., Yang, N.-H. N., Schulze-Sp\u00fcntrup, F., Heerink, M. J. & Hartley, K. Conceptualizing the Circular Economy (Revisited): an analysis of 221 definitions. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 194, 107001 (2023).","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"948_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3390\/su9010037","volume":"9","author":"M Canali","year":"2017","unstructured":"Canali, M. et al. Food waste drivers in Europe, from identification to possible interventions. Sustainability 9, 37 (2017).","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"948_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.07.145","volume":"137","author":"P Garrone","year":"2016","unstructured":"Garrone, P., Melacini, M., Perego, A. & Sert, S. Reducing food waste in food manufacturing companies. J. Clean. Prod. 137, 1076\u20131085 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"948_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2024.143879","volume":"477","author":"JB Hetherington","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hetherington, J. B., Loch, A. J., Juliano, P. & Umberger, W. J. Barriers to circular economy adoption are diverse and some are business-model specific: evidence from the Australian cheese manufacturing sector. J. Clean. Prod. 477, 143879 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"948_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8410","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27238410","volume":"27","author":"I Ben Rejeb","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ben Rejeb, I., Charfi, I., Baraketi, S., Hached, H. & Gargouri, M. Bread surplus: a cumulative waste or a staple material for high-value products? Molecules 27, 8410 (2022).","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"948_CR118","unstructured":"Toast Ale Ltd. Toast Brewing Impact Report 2023. https:\/\/www.toastbrewing.com\/uploads\/files\/1718202237ImpactReport2023.pdf (2024)."},{"key":"948_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcs.2018.12.005","volume":"85","author":"MN Samray","year":"2019","unstructured":"Samray, M. N., Masatcioglu, T. M. & Koksel, H. Bread crumbs extrudates: a new approach for reducing bread waste. J. Cereal Sci. 85, 130\u2013136 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Cereal Sci."},{"key":"948_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2014.05.081","volume":"134","author":"W Pietrzak","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pietrzak, W. & Kawa-Rygielska, J. Ethanol fermentation of waste bread using granular starch hydrolyzing enzyme: effect of raw material pretreatment. Fuel 134, 250\u2013256 (2014).","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"948_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation7030173","volume":"7","author":"P Brancoli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brancoli, P., Gmoser, R., Taherzadeh, M. J. & Bolton, K. The use of life cycle assessment in the support of the development of fungal food products from surplus bread. Fermentation 7, 173 (2021).","journal-title":"Fermentation"},{"key":"948_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/s41538-024-00338-y","volume":"8","author":"JF Sandoval","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sandoval, J. F., Gallagher, J., Rodriguez-Garcia, J., Whiteside, K. & Bryant, D. N. Improved nutritional value of surplus bread and perennial ryegrass via solid-state fermentation with Rhizopus oligosporus. npj Sci. Food 8, 95 (2024).","journal-title":"npj Sci. Food"},{"key":"948_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.3390\/app8112083","volume":"8","author":"M Muradin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Muradin, M., Joachimiak-Lechman, K. & Foltynowicz, Z. Evaluation of eco-efficiency of two alternative agricultural biogas plants. Appl. Sci. 8, 2083 (2018).","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"948_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.02.071","volume":"74","author":"HS Hafid","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hafid, H. S., Rahman, N. A. A., Shah, U. K. M., Baharuddin, A. S. & Ariff, A. B. Feasibility of using kitchen waste as future substrate for bioethanol production: a review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 74, 671\u2013686 (2017).","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"948_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10081701","volume":"10","author":"S Jagtap","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jagtap, S., Garcia-Garcia, G., Duong, L., Swainson, M. & Martindale, W. Codesign of food system and circular economy approaches for the development of livestock feeds from insect larvae. Foods 10, 1701 (2021).","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"948_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3814","DOI":"10.1002\/bse.3339","volume":"32","author":"M Geissdoerfer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Geissdoerfer, M., Santa-Maria, T., Kirchherr, J. & Pelzeter, C. Drivers and barriers for circular business model innovation. Bus. Strategy Environ. 32, 3814\u20133832 (2023).","journal-title":"Bus. Strategy Environ."},{"key":"948_CR127","first-page":"308","volume":"33","author":"NMP Bocken","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bocken, N. M. P., de Pauw, I., Bakker, C. & van der Grinten, B. Product design and business model strategies for a circular economy. J. Ind. Prod. Eng. 33, 308\u2013320 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Ind. Prod. Eng."},{"key":"948_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.3390\/su12020595","volume":"12","author":"G Rizzo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rizzo, G., Borrello, M., Dara Guccione, G., Schifani, G. & Cembalo, L. Organic food consumption: the relevance of the health attribute. Sustainability 12, 595 (2020).","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"948_CR129","unstructured":"Mintel. Lunchtime Foods in Retail\u2014UK\u20142025. https:\/\/clients.mintel.com\/content\/report\/lunchtime-foods-in-retail-uk-2025?fromSearch=%3Ffreetext%3Dlunchtime%26resultPosition%3D1 (2025)."},{"key":"948_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moores, A., Charalampopoulos, D., Williams, A. & Schmidt Rivera, X. Incorporating circularity, sustainability, and systems thinking into an assessment framework for transformative food system innovation. Front. Sustain. Food Syst. 8, 1502468 (2025).","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2024.1502468"},{"key":"948_CR131","unstructured":"Too Good To Go. The Food Waste Gap Report: Exploring Business and Consumer Understanding of Food Waste and the Gap Between Knowledge and Action Needed to Reduce It. https:\/\/media.licdn.com\/dms\/document\/media\/v2\/D4E1FAQGDbU2jlCpCKw\/feedshare-document-pdf-analyzed\/feedshare-document-pdf-analyzed\/0\/1730367292928?e=1769644800&v=beta&t=akok17vtVQsY-QHqGkXE7zyBVNRSu2pEmbiknQSgcqo (2024)."},{"key":"948_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1177\/0734242X20983427","volume":"39","author":"S Patel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Patel, S., Dora, M., Hahladakis, J. N. & Iacovidou, E. Opportunities, challenges and trade-offs with decreasing avoidable food waste in the UK. Waste Manag Res. 39, 473\u2013488 (2021).","journal-title":"Waste Manag Res."},{"key":"948_CR133","unstructured":"WRAP. UK Progress against Courtauld 2025 Targets and UN Sustainable Development Goal 12.3. https:\/\/www.wrap.ngo\/resources\/report\/uk-progress-against-courtauld-2025-targets-and-un-sustainable-development-goal-123 (2020)."},{"key":"948_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2015.11.039","volume":"48","author":"B Richter","year":"2016","unstructured":"Richter, B. & Bokelmann, W. Approaches of the German food industry for addressing the issue of food losses. Waste Manag. 48, 423\u2013429 (2016).","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"948_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2015.11.016","volume":"106","author":"KL Thyberg","year":"2016","unstructured":"Thyberg, K. L. & Tonjes, D. J. Drivers of food waste and their implications for sustainable policy development. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 106, 110\u2013123 (2016).","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"948_CR136","unstructured":"BRC Mondra Coalition. BRC Mondra Coalition LCA Methodology. https:\/\/brcmondracoalition.com\/standards (2025)."},{"key":"948_CR137","unstructured":"WRAP. UK Food and Drink Pact: Food Waste Reduction Roadmap. WRAP\u2014The Waste and Resources Action Programme https:\/\/www.wrap.ngo\/take-action\/uk-food-drink-pact\/food-waste-reduction-roadmap (2024)."},{"key":"948_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.04.399","volume":"229","author":"S Ahmad","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ahmad, S. & Wong, K. Y. Development of weighted triple-bottom line sustainability indicators for the Malaysian food manufacturing industry using the Delphi method. J. Clean. Prod. 229, 1167\u20131182 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"948_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4842","DOI":"10.1039\/D1SE00575H","volume":"5","author":"V Narisetty","year":"2021","unstructured":"Narisetty, V. et al. Recycling bread waste into chemical building blocks using a circular biorefining approach. Sustain. Energy Fuels 5, 4842\u20134849 (2021).","journal-title":"Sustain. Energy Fuels"},{"key":"948_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1007\/s11367-016-1246-y","volume":"22","author":"MAJ Huijbregts","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huijbregts, M. A. J. et al. ReCiPe2016: a harmonised life cycle impact assessment method at midpoint and endpoint level. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 22, 138\u2013147 (2017).","journal-title":"Int. J. Life Cycle Assess."},{"key":"948_CR141","unstructured":"British Standards Institution. BS EN ISO 14044:2006+A2:2020 Environmental Management. Life Cycle Assessment. Requirements and Guidelines. (British Standards Institution, 2021)."},{"key":"948_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1007\/s11367-024-02326-6","volume":"29","author":"M Rybaczewska-B\u0142a\u017cejowska","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rybaczewska-B\u0142a\u017cejowska, M. & Jezierski, D. Comparison of ReCiPe 2016, ILCD 2011, CML-IA baseline and IMPACT 2002+ LCIA methods: a case study based on the electricity consumption mix in Europe. Int J. Life Cycle Assess. 29, 1799\u20131817 (2024).","journal-title":"Int J. Life Cycle Assess."},{"key":"948_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.11.148","volume":"621","author":"J Laso","year":"2018","unstructured":"Laso, J. et al. Introducing the Green Protein Footprint method as an understandable measure of the environmental cost of anchovy consumption. Sci. Total Environ. 621, 40\u201353 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"948_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McLaren, S. et al. Integration of Environment and Nutrition in Life Cycle Assessment of Food Items: Opportunities and Challenges. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4060\/cb8054en (FAO, 2021)","DOI":"10.4060\/cb8054en"},{"key":"948_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4815","DOI":"10.3390\/su11184815","volume":"11","author":"M Grant","year":"2019","unstructured":"Grant, M., Gilgen, A. K. & Buchmann, N. The Rich Picture Method: a simple tool for reflective teaching and learning about sustainable food systems. Sustainability 11, 4815 (2019).","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"948_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2012.08.001","volume":"68","author":"M Eriksson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Eriksson, M., Strid, I. & Hansson, P.-A. Food losses in six Swedish retail stores: wastage of fruit and vegetables in relation to quantities delivered. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 68, 14\u201320 (2012).","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"948_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2017.06.010","volume":"125","author":"C Cicatiello","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cicatiello, C., Franco, S., Pancino, B., Blasi, E. & Falasconi, L. The dark side of retail food waste: evidences from in-store data. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 125, 273\u2013281 (2017).","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"948_CR148","unstructured":"Hanson, C. et al. Food Loss and Waste Accounting and Reporting Standard. https:\/\/flwprotocol.org\/flw-standard\/ (2016)."},{"key":"948_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Davis, S., King, M. G., Casson, J. W., Gray, J. O. & Caldwell, D. G. Automated handling, assembly and packaging of highly variable compliant food products\u2014making a sandwich. In Proc. 2007 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation 1213\u20131218 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ROBOT.2007.363150 (2007).","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBOT.2007.363150"},{"key":"948_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Haytowitz, D. et al. USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Legacy Release. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15482\/USDA.ADC\/1529216 (Nutrient Data Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, ARS, USDA, 2023).","DOI":"10.15482\/USDA.ADC\/1529216"},{"key":"948_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2013.06.034","volume":"7","author":"U Dombrowski","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dombrowski, U. & Mielke, T. Lean leadership\u2014fundamental principles and their application. Procedia CIRP 7, 569\u2013574 (2013).","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"948_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1080\/09537287.2018.1501808","volume":"30","author":"A Cherrafi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cherrafi, A. et al. Green and lean: a Gemba\u2013Kaizen model for sustainability enhancement. Prod. Plan. Control 30, 385\u2013399 (2019).","journal-title":"Prod. Plan. Control"},{"key":"948_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"IPCC. Food security. in Climate Change and Land: IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/9781009157988 (Cambridge University Press, 2019).","DOI":"10.1017\/9781009157988"},{"key":"948_CR154","unstructured":"ClimateHub. CarbonCloud Climate Footprint Database https:\/\/apps.carboncloud.com\/climatehub\/ (ClimateHub, 2025)."},{"key":"948_CR155","unstructured":"CMA. Price Inflation and Competition in Food and Grocery Manufacturing and Supply. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/price-inflation-and-competition-in-food-and-grocery-manufacturing-and-supply (2023)."},{"key":"948_CR156","unstructured":"Brake Bros Ltd. Brakes Foodservice | UK\u2019s Leading Food Wholesalers and Suppliers. https:\/\/www.brake.co.uk\/ (2024)."},{"key":"948_CR157","unstructured":"DEFRA. Wholesale Fruit and Vegetable Prices. (DEFRA, 2024)."},{"key":"948_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2020.104921","volume":"161","author":"S Scherhaufer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Scherhaufer, S. et al. Environmental assessment of the valorisation and recycling of selected food production side flows. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 161, 104921 (2020).","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"948_CR159","unstructured":"Caziopeia. Chicken Salad Sandwich Stock Photo. (Caziopeia, 2011)."}],"container-title":["npj Science of Food"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41538-026-00948-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41538-026-00948-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41538-026-00948-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T00:02:16Z","timestamp":1792368136000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41538-026-00948-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]]},"references-count":159,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["948"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41538-026-00948-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2396-8370"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2396-8370","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A.M. received funding from Samworth Brothers Ltd., industrial case study partner, during the research project, while K.W. and P.B. were employed at the same. The academic integrity of the research was not impacted.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}],"article-number":"316"}}