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Yet, very few of such differentially expressed genes are detectably perturbed in individual patients. Here, we develop a framework to construct\n                    <jats:italic>personalized<\/jats:italic>\n                    perturbation profiles for individual subjects, identifying the set of genes that are significantly perturbed in each individual. This allows us to characterize the heterogeneity of the molecular manifestations of complex diseases by quantifying the expression-level similarities and differences among patients with the same phenotype. We show that despite the high heterogeneity of the individual perturbation profiles, patients with asthma, Parkinson and Huntington\u2019s disease share a broadpool of sporadically disease-associated genes, and that individuals with statistically significant overlap with this pool have a 80\u2013100% chance of being diagnosed with the disease. The developed framework opens up the possibility to apply gene expression data in the context of precision medicine, with important implications for biomarker identification, drug development, diagnosis and treatment.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41540-017-0009-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,12]],"date-time":"2017-03-12T22:49:05Z","timestamp":1489358945000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Integrating personalized gene expression profiles into predictive disease-associated gene pools"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1583-6404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Menche","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3466-6535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emre","family":"Guney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amitabh","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick J.","family":"Branigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Loza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Baribaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radu","family":"Dobrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert-L\u00e1szl\u00f3","family":"Barab\u00e1si","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"9_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9202","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-09-1378","volume":"69","author":"MK Showe","year":"2009","unstructured":"Showe, M. 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ALB and JM have received funding from Janssen R&D and are co-founder of DZZOM, a startup that uses network concepts to explore human disease.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"10"}}