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To investigate how mitochondrial dynamics influence cellular behavior in pancreatic beta-cells, we developed a rule-based, multi-level simulation model of insulin secretion. The pancreatic beta-cell model encompasses metabolic pathways (glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation), compartmental processes (mitochondrial fusion and fission), and cellular processes (insulin secretion), allowing for the investigation of their interplay. The rule-based simulation model captures the high plasticity of these organelles and integrates and builds upon insights from various experimental studies and previous simulation models. Its rule-based specification facilitates the exploration of new hypotheses, the integration of new knowledge and data, and the successive extension of the model. The results of our simulation experiments underscore the importance of peripheral, sorted mitochondrial fission in maintaining mitochondrial health. Downregulation of the fission-associated anchor proteins Fis1 and MFF impacts mitochondrial structure and function differently, highlighting their distinct roles in maintaining mitochondrial health and cellular biogenesis, respectively. With respect to insulin secretion, Drp1 suppression shows that beta-cells become unresponsive to glucose, whereas Fis1 downregulation only attenuates the cellular response. The simulation model and simulation results corroborate experimental findings and contribute to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms involved in mitochondrial dynamics of pancreatic beta-cells and their relation to metabolic dysregulation in type 2 diabetes mellitus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41540-026-00732-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T19:47:00Z","timestamp":1778010420000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A rule-based simulation model illuminates the role of asymmetric mitochondrial fission on beta-cell health"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Philipp","family":"Henning","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Schultz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Baltrusch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adelinde M.","family":"Uhrmacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"732_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01839-8","volume":"9","author":"Y Zong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zong, Y. et al. 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