{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T23:00:01Z","timestamp":1791932401867,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]],"date-time":"2021-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639440000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]],"date-time":"2021-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639440000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Intramural Research Program, NIAID, NIH"},{"name":"Intramural Research program, NIAID, NIH"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Kyasanur Forest disease virus (KFDV) is a tick-borne flavivirus endemic in India known to cause severe hemorrhagic and encephalitic disease in humans. In recent years, KFDV has spread beyond its original endemic zone raising public health concerns. Currently, there is no treatment available for KFDV but a vaccine with limited efficacy is used in India. Here, we generated two new KFDV vaccine candidates based on the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) platform. We chose the VSV-Ebola virus (VSV-EBOV) vector either with the full-length or a truncated EBOV glycoprotein as the vehicle to express the precursor membrane (prM) and envelope (E) proteins of KFDV (VSV-KFDV). For efficacy testing, we established a mouse disease model by comparing KFDV infections in three immunocompetent mouse strains (BALB\/c, C57Bl\/6, and CD1). Both vaccine vectors provided promising protection against lethal KFDV challenge in the BALB\/c model following prime-only prime-boost and immunizations. Only prime-boost immunization with VSV-KFDV expressing full-length EBOV GP resulted in uniform protection. Hyperimmune serum derived from prime-boost immunized mice protected na\u00efve BALB\/c mice from lethal KFDV challenge indicating the importance of antibodies for protection. The new VSV-KFDV vectors are promising vaccine candidates to combat an emerging, neglected public health problem in a densely populated part of the world.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-021-00416-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]],"date-time":"2021-12-14T11:03:55Z","timestamp":1639479835000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["A live-attenuated viral vector vaccine protects mice against lethal challenge with Kyasanur Forest disease virus"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Bharti","family":"Bhatia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Meade-White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8260-227X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elaine","family":"Haddock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1363-1077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Friederike","family":"Feldmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0186-9587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Marzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9448-8227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heinz","family":"Feldmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"416_CR1","first-page":"248","volume":"1","author":"TH Work","year":"1958","unstructured":"Work, T. H. Russian spring-summer virus in India: Kyasanur Forest disease. Prog. Med. Virol. 1, 248\u2013279 (1958).","journal-title":"Prog. Med. Virol."},{"key":"416_CR2","first-page":"316","volume":"20","author":"PN Bhatt","year":"1966","unstructured":"Bhatt, P. N. et al. Kyasanur forest diseases. IV. Isolation of Kyasanur forest disease virus from infected humans and monkeys of Shimoga district, Mysore state. Indian J. Med. Sci. 20, 316\u2013320 (1966).","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"416_CR3","first-page":"341","volume":"11","author":"TH Work","year":"1957","unstructured":"Work, T. H. & Trapido, H. Summary of preliminary report of investigations of the Virus Research Centre on an epidemic disease affecting forest villagers and wild monkeys of Shimoga District, Mysore. Indian J. Med. Sci. 11, 341\u2013342 (1957).","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"416_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2012.10.005","volume":"96","author":"MR Holbrook","year":"2012","unstructured":"Holbrook, M. R. Kyasanur forest disease. Antivir. Res. 96, 353\u2013362 (2012).","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"416_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2012.07.019","volume":"186","author":"DT Mourya","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mourya, D. T. et al. Diagnosis of Kyasanur forest disease by nested RT-PCR, real-time RT-PCR and IgM capture ELISA. J. Virol. Methods 186, 49\u201354 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"416_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1352","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001352","volume":"5","author":"KA Dodd","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dodd, K. A. et al. Ancient ancestry of KFDV and AHFV revealed by complete genome analyses of viruses isolated from ticks and mammalian hosts. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 5, e1352 (2011).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"416_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1509.080759","volume":"15","author":"R Mehla","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mehla, R. et al. Recent ancestry of Kyasanur Forest disease virus. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 15, 1431\u20131437 (2009).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"416_CR8","first-page":"589","volume":"56","author":"J Boshell","year":"1968","unstructured":"Boshell, J. & Rajagopalan, P. K. Preliminary studies on experimental transmission of Kyasanur Forest disease virus by nymphs of Ixodes petauristae Warburton, 1933, infected as larvae on Suncus murinus and Rattus blanfordi. Indian J. Med. Res. 56, 589\u2013593 (1968).","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"416_CR9","first-page":"133","volume":"47","author":"H Trapido","year":"1959","unstructured":"Trapido, H., Rajagopalan, P. K., Work, T. H. & Varma, M. G. Kyasanur Forest disease. VIII. Isolation of Kyasanur Forest disease virus from naturally infected ticks of the genus Haemaphysalis. Indian J. Med. Res. 47, 133\u2013138 (1959).","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"416_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1126\/science.345.6193.130","volume":"345","author":"R Stone","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stone, R. Monkey fever unbound. Science 345, 130\u2013131 (2014). 133.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"416_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2934","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002934","volume":"8","author":"B Sawatsky","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sawatsky, B., McAuley, A. J., Holbrook, M. R. & Bente, D. A. Comparative pathogenesis of Alkhumra hemorrhagic fever and Kyasanur forest disease viruses in a mouse model. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 8, e2934 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"416_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e100301","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100301","volume":"9","author":"KA Dodd","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dodd, K. A., Bird, B. H., Jones, M. E., Nichol, S. T. & Spiropoulou, C. F. Kyasanur Forest disease virus infection in mice is associated with higher morbidity and mortality than infection with the closely related Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus. PLoS ONE 9, e100301 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"416_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dhaka, R. et al. Kyasanur forest disease: a rare viral hemorrhagic disease in India. Int J. Community Med. Public Health, 3149\u20133151 (2018).","DOI":"10.18203\/2394-6040.ijcmph20183042"},{"key":"416_CR14","first-page":"214","volume":"14","author":"M Muraleedharan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Muraleedharan, M. Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD): rare disease of zoonotic origin. J. Nepal Health Res. Counc. 14, 214\u2013218 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Nepal Health Res. Counc."},{"key":"416_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00149","volume":"8","author":"SZ Shah","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shah, S. Z. et al. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and control of a tick-borne disease- Kyasanur Forest disease: current status and future directions. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol. 8, 149 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"416_CR16","first-page":"124","volume":"47","author":"MR Adhikari Prabha","year":"1993","unstructured":"Adhikari Prabha, M. R., Prabhu, M. G., Raghuveer, C. V., Bai, M. & Mala, M. A. Clinical study of 100 cases of Kyasanur Forest disease with clinicopathological correlation. Indian J. Med Sci. 47, 124\u2013130 (1993).","journal-title":"Indian J. Med Sci."},{"key":"416_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_688_17","volume":"148","author":"A Munivenkatappa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Munivenkatappa, A., Sahay, R. R., Yadav, P. D., Viswanathan, R. & Mourya, D. T. Clinical & epidemiological significance of Kyasanur forest disease. Indian J. Med. Res. 148, 145\u2013150 (2018).","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"416_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S854","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/11.Supplement_4.S854","volume":"11 Suppl 4","author":"K Pavri","year":"1989","unstructured":"Pavri, K. Clinical, clinicopathologic, and hematologic features of Kyasanur Forest disease. Rev. Infect. Dis. 11 Suppl 4, S854\u2013S859 (1989).","journal-title":"Rev. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"416_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8091406","volume":"8","author":"B Bhatia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bhatia, B., Feldmann, H. & Marzi, A. Kyasanur Forest disease and alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus-two neglected zoonotic pathogens. Microorganisms 8, 1406 (2020).","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"416_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2025","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002025","volume":"7","author":"GS Kasabi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kasabi, G. S. et al. Coverage and effectiveness of Kyasanur forest disease (KFD) vaccine in Karnataka, South India, 2005\u201310. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 7, e2025 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"416_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2101.141227","volume":"21","author":"SK Kiran","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kiran, S. K. et al. Kyasanur Forest disease outbreak and vaccination strategy,Shimoga District, India, 2013\u20132014. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 21, 146\u2013149 (2015).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"416_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16059","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016059","volume":"6","author":"YQ Deng","year":"2011","unstructured":"Deng, Y. Q. et al. A broadly flavivirus cross-neutralizing monoclonal antibody that recognizes a novel epitope within the fusion loop of E protein. Plos ONE 6, e16059 (2011).","journal-title":"Plos ONE"},{"key":"416_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11828","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00643-07","volume":"81","author":"T Oliphant","year":"2007","unstructured":"Oliphant, T. et al. Induction of epitope-specific neutralizing antibodies against west nile virus. J. Virol. 81, 11828\u201311839 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"416_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heinz, F. X. et al. Epitope Mapping of a Flavivirus Glycoprotein. J. Cell Biochem. 267\u2013267 (1986).","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(08)60263-8"},{"key":"416_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2010.12.020","volume":"411","author":"KA Dowd","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dowd, K. A. & Pierson, T. C. Antibody-mediated neutralization of flaviviruses: a reductionist view. Virology 411, 306\u2013315 (2011).","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"416_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-019-0140-8","volume":"6","author":"PK Qu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Qu, P. K. et al. A new class of broadly neutralizing antibodies that target the glycan loop of Zika virus envelope protein. Cell Discov. 6, 5 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell Discov."},{"key":"416_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11043","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29401-x","volume":"8","author":"J Emanuel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Emanuel, J. et al. A VSV-based Zika virus vaccine protects mice from lethal challenge. Sci. Rep.-Uk 8, 11043 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep.-Uk"},{"key":"416_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1258","volume":"11","author":"SM Jones","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jones, S. M. et al. Live attenuated recombinant vaccine protects nonhuman primates against Ebola and Marburg viruses. Nat. Med. 11, 786\u2013790 (2005).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"416_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aab3920","volume":"349","author":"A Marzi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Marzi, A. et al. VSV-EBOV rapidly protects macaques against infection with the 2014\/15 Ebola virus outbreak strain. Science 349, 739\u2013742 (2015).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"416_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1177\/8755122520950692","volume":"36","author":"CR Piszczatoski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Piszczatoski, C. R. & Gums, J. G. Ervebo (Ebola Zaire Vaccine, Live\/rVSV Delta G-ZEBOV-GP): the first licensed vaccine for the prevention of ebola virus disease. J. Pharm. Technol. 36, 243\u2013250 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Technol."},{"key":"416_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.03.089","volume":"33","author":"J Prescott","year":"2015","unstructured":"Prescott, J. et al. Single-dose live-attenuated vesicular stomatitis virus-based vaccine protects African green monkeys from Nipah virus disease. Vaccine 33, 2823\u20132829 (2015).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"416_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.09.055","volume":"49","author":"A Marzi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Marzi, A. et al. Single low-dose VSV-EBOV vaccination protects cynomolgus macaques from lethal Ebola challenge. Ebiomedicine 49, 223\u2013231 (2019).","journal-title":"Ebiomedicine"},{"key":"416_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02098-06","volume":"81","author":"W Dowling","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dowling, W. et al. Influences of glycosylation on antigenicity, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy of ebola virus GP DNA vaccines. J. Virol. 81, 1821\u20131837 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"416_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S825","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir295","volume":"204 Suppl 3","author":"O Martinez","year":"2011","unstructured":"Martinez, O., Tantral, L., Mulherkar, N., Chandran, K. & Basler, C. F. Impact of Ebola mucin-like domain on antiglycoprotein antibody responses induced by Ebola virus-like particles. J. Infect. Dis. 204 Suppl 3, S825\u2013S832 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"416_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.06.077","volume":"24","author":"M Sanchez-Lockhart","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sanchez-Lockhart, M. et al. Qualitative profiling of the humoral immune response elicited by rVSV-DeltaG-EBOV-GP using a systems serology assay, domain programmable arrays. Cell Rep. 24, 1050\u20131059 e1055 (2018).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"416_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2883","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2017.1347740","volume":"13","author":"DAJ Mitchell","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mitchell, D. A. J. et al. Epitope mapping of Ebola virus dominant and subdominant glycoprotein epitopes facilitates construction of an epitope-based DNA vaccine able to focus the antibody response in mice. Hum. Vaccin Immunother. 13, 2883\u20132893 (2017).","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin Immunother."},{"key":"416_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9060630","volume":"9","author":"B Bhatia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bhatia, B., Furuyama, W., Hoenen, T., Feldmann, H. & Marzi, A. Ebola virus glycoprotein domains associated with protective efficacy. Vaccines 9, 630 (2021).","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"416_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4477","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.10.4477","volume":"92","author":"ND Lawson","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lawson, N. D., Stillman, E. A., Whitt, M. A. & Rose, J. K. Recombinant vesicular stomatitis viruses from DNA. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 92, 4477\u20134481 (1995).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"416_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1066","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir348","volume":"204 Suppl 3","author":"A Marzi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Marzi, A. et al. Vesicular stomatitis virus-based Ebola vaccines with improved cross-protective efficacy. J. Infect. Dis. 204 Suppl 3, S1066\u2013S1074 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"416_CR40","first-page":"25","volume":"10","author":"HJ Mansharamani","year":"1967","unstructured":"Mansharamani, H. J. & Dandawate, C. N. Experimental vaccine against Kyasanur Forest disease (KFD) virus from tissue culture source. II. Safety testing of the vaccine in cortisone sensitized Swiss albino mice. Indian J. Pathol. Bacteriol. 10, 25\u201332 (1967).","journal-title":"Indian J. Pathol. Bacteriol."},{"key":"416_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Olukitibi, T. A., Ao, Z., Mahmoudi, M., Kobinger, G. A. & Yao, X. Dendritic cells\/macrophages-targeting feature of ebola glycoprotein and its potential as immunological facilitator for antiviral vaccine approach. Microorganisms 7, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms7100402 (2019).","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7100402"},{"key":"416_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5458","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.10.5458-5465.2004","volume":"78","author":"M Garbutt","year":"2004","unstructured":"Garbutt, M. et al. Properties of replication-competent vesicular stomatitis virus vectors expressing glycoproteins of filoviruses and arenaviruses. J. Virol. 78, 5458\u20135465 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"416_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01571","volume":"8","author":"CY Lai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lai, C. Y., Strange, D. P., Wong, T. A. S., Lehrer, A. T. & Verma, S. Ebola virus glycoprotein induces an innate immune response In vivo via TLR4. Front Microbiol 8, 1571 (2017).","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"416_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Menicucci, A. R., Jankeel, A., Feldmann, H., Marzi, A. & Messaoudi, I. Antiviral innate responses induced by VSV-EBOV vaccination contribute to rapid protection. mBio 10, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mBio.00597-19 (2019).","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00597-19"},{"key":"416_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.01.086","volume":"37","author":"J Herrera-Rodriguez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Herrera-Rodriguez, J., Signorazzi, A., Holtrop, M., de Vries-Idema, J. & Huckriede, A. Inactivated or damaged? Comparing the effect of inactivation methods on influenza virions to optimize vaccine production. Vaccine 37, 1630\u20131637 (2019).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"416_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0004167","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004167","volume":"9","author":"YC Fan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fan, Y. C., Chiu, H. C., Chen, L. K., Chang, G. J. & Chiou, S. S. Formalin inactivation of Japanese encephalitis virus vaccine alters the antigenicity and immunogenicity of a neutralization epitope in envelope protein domain III. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 9, e0004167 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"416_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.018168-0","volume":"91","author":"Y Furuya","year":"2010","unstructured":"Furuya, Y. et al. Effect of inactivation method on the cross-protective immunity induced by whole \u2018killed\u2019 influenza A viruses and commercial vaccine preparations. J. Gen. Virol. 91, 1450\u20131460 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"416_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11955","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01809-14","volume":"88","author":"T Wilton","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wilton, T., Dunn, G., Eastwood, D., Minor, P. D. & Martin, J. Effect of formaldehyde inactivation on poliovirus. J. Virol. 88, 11955\u201311964 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"416_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1090","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir379","volume":"204","author":"Y Tsuda","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tsuda, Y. et al. Protective efficacy of a bivalent recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus vaccine in the Syrian hamster model of lethal ebola virus infection. J. Infect. Dis. 204, S1090\u2013S1097 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"416_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S435","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv257","volume":"212","author":"G Wong","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wong, G., Qiu, X. G., Ebihara, H., Feldmann, H. & Kobinger, G. P. Characterization of a bivalent vaccine capable of inducing protection against both ebola and cross-clade H5N1 influenza in mice. J. Infect. Dis. 212, S435\u2013S442 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"416_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-019-0155-z","volume":"5","author":"W Furuyama","year":"2020","unstructured":"Furuyama, W. et al. A single dose of a vesicular stomatitis virus-based influenza vaccine confers rapid protection against H5 viruses from different clades. NPJ Vaccines 5, 4 (2020).","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"416_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2100","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2100","volume":"30","author":"AM Hurtado-Monzon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hurtado-Monzon, A. M. et al. The role of anti-flavivirus humoral immune response in protection and pathogenesis. Rev. Med. Virol. 30, e2100 (2020).","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"416_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18952","volume":"536","author":"RA Larocca","year":"2016","unstructured":"Larocca, R. A. et al. Vaccine protection against Zika virus from Brazil. Nature 536, 474\u2013478 (2016).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"416_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3076","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.4.3076-3081.1998","volume":"72","author":"TR Kreil","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kreil, T. R., Maier, E., Fraiss, S. & Eibl, M. M. Neutralizing antibodies protect against lethal flavivirus challenge but allow for the development of active humoral immunity to a nonstructural virus protein. J. Virol. 72, 3076\u20133081 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"416_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1007474","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007474","volume":"15","author":"A Elong Ngono","year":"2019","unstructured":"Elong Ngono, A. et al. CD4+ T cells promote humoral immunity and viral control during Zika virus infection. Plos Pathog. 15, e1007474 (2019).","journal-title":"Plos Pathog."},{"key":"416_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72205-1","volume":"10","author":"S Devadiga","year":"2020","unstructured":"Devadiga, S., McElroy, A. K., Prabhu, S. G. & Arunkumar, G. Dynamics of human B and T cell adaptive immune responses to Kyasanur Forest disease virus infection. Sci. Rep. 10, 15306 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"416_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00334","volume":"11","author":"APS Rathore","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rathore, A. P. S. & St John, A. L. Cross-reactive immunity among flaviviruses. Front. Immunol. 11, 334 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"416_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaar4297","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aar4297","volume":"4","author":"WAA Saron","year":"2018","unstructured":"Saron, W. A. A. et al. Flavivirus serocomplex cross-reactive immunity is protective by activating heterologous memory CD4 T cells. Sci. Adv. 4, eaar4297 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"416_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2260","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02260","volume":"10","author":"L Dos Santos Franco","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dos Santos Franco, L., Gushi, L. T., Luiz, W. B. & Amorim, J. H. Seeking flavivirus cross-protective immunity. Front Immunol. 10, 2260 (2019).","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"416_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2819","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.29984","volume":"10","author":"A Domnich","year":"2014","unstructured":"Domnich, A. et al. Immunogenicity against Far Eastern and Siberian subtypes of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus elicited by the currently available vaccines based on the European subtype: systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum. Vaccin Immunother. 10, 2819\u20132833 (2014).","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin Immunother."},{"key":"416_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-017-0009-5","volume":"2","author":"AJ McAuley","year":"2017","unstructured":"McAuley, A. J. et al. Cross-neutralisation of viruses of the tick-borne encephalitis complex following tick-borne encephalitis vaccination and\/or infection. NPJ Vaccines 2, 5 (2017).","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"416_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-67599-x","volume":"10","author":"DR Patil","year":"2020","unstructured":"Patil, D. R. et al. Study of Kyasanur forest disease viremia, antibody kinetics, and virus infection in target organs of Macaca radiata. Sci. Rep. 10, 12561 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"416_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.1-61.v1","volume":"1","author":"KV Shah","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shah, K. V., Dandawate, C. N. & Bhatt, P. N. Kyasanur forest disease virus: viremia and challenge studies in monkeys with evidence of cross-protection by Langat virus infection. F1000Res 1, 61 (2012).","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"416_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S384","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv126","volume":"212 Suppl 2","author":"CE Mire","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mire, C. E. et al. A single-vector, single-injection trivalent filovirus vaccine: proof of concept study in outbred guinea pigs. J. Infect. Dis. 212 Suppl 2, S384\u2013S388 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"416_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reed, L. J. & Muench, H. in American journal of epidemiology Vol. 27 493\u2013497 (1938).","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a118408"},{"key":"416_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1209591110","volume":"110","author":"A Marzi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Marzi, A. et al. Antibodies are necessary for rVSV\/ZEBOV-GP-mediated protection against lethal Ebola virus challenge in nonhuman primates. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 1893\u20131898 (2013).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"416_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0937","volume":"100","author":"F Feldmann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Feldmann, F., Shupert, W. L., Haddock, E., Twardoski, B. & Feldmann, H. Gamma irradiation as an effective method for inactivation of emerging viral pathogens. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 100, 1275\u20131277 (2019).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."}],"container-title":["npj Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41541-021-00416-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41541-021-00416-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41541-021-00416-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,14]],"date-time":"2024-09-14T11:14:35Z","timestamp":1726312475000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41541-021-00416-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["416"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41541-021-00416-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2059-0105"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2059-0105","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 June 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 November 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 December 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"H.F. claims intellectual property regarding vesicular stomatitis virus-based vaccines. BB, AM, and HF have filed an Employee Discovery and Invention Report (EIR) with NIAID, NIH. All other authors declare no conflict of both financial and non-financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"152"}}