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Here, we report the immunogenicity of heterologous prime-boost with an inactivated vaccine followed by an adenoviral vector vaccine in patients with SARDs using anti-RBD antibodies, neutralizing capacity against Omicron BA.2 [plaque-reduction neutralization test (PRNT)], T cell phenotypes, and effector cytokine production at 4 weeks after vaccination. SARD patients had lower median (IQR) anti-RBD-IgG levels and neutralizing function against the Omicron BA.2 variant than the healthy group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.004, respectively). T cell analysis revealed higher levels of IFN-\u03b3- and TNF-\u03b1-secreting CD4\u2009+\u2009T cells (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0322, respectively) in SARD patients than in the healthy group. Effector cytokine production by CD8\u2009+\u2009T cells was consistent with Th responses. These results suggest that this vaccine regimen revealed mildly impaired humoral response while preserving cellular immunogenicity and may be an alternative for individuals for whom mRNA vaccines are contraindicated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-022-00568-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]],"date-time":"2022-11-15T17:03:19Z","timestamp":1668531799000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Impaired neutralizing antibodies and preserved cellular immunogenicity against SARS-CoV-2 in systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1797-3963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Porntip","family":"Intapiboon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Parichat","family":"Uae-areewongsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jomkwan","family":"Ongarj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ratchanon","family":"Sophonmanee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Purilap","family":"Seepathomnarong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bunya","family":"Seeyankem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Smonrapat","family":"Surasombatpattana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0776-595X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nawamin","family":"Pinpathomrat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"568_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-220272","volume":"80","author":"UM Geisen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Geisen, U. M. et al. Immunogenicity and safety of anti-SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines in patients with chronic inflammatory conditions and immunosuppressive therapy in a monocentric cohort. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 80, 1306\u20131311 (2021).","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"568_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01469-5","volume":"27","author":"AC Medeiros-Ribeiro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Medeiros-Ribeiro, A. C. et al. Immunogenicity and safety of the CoronaVac inactivated vaccine in patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases: a phase 4 trial. Nat. Med. 27, 1744\u20131751 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"568_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-220647","volume":"80","author":"V Furer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Furer, V. et al. Immunogenicity and safety of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in adult patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases and in the general population: a multicentre study. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 80, 1330\u20131338 (2021).","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"568_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-220626","volume":"80","author":"M Prendecki","year":"2021","unstructured":"Prendecki, M. et al. Humoral and T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients receiving immunosuppression. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 80, 1322\u20131329 (2021).","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"568_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-021-01046-2","volume":"23","author":"W Tang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tang, W. et al. The Use of COVID-19 Vaccines in Patients with SLE. Curr. Rheumatol. Rep. 23, 79 (2021).","journal-title":"Curr. Rheumatol. 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Heterologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19\/BNT162b2 Prime-Boost Vaccination Induces Strong Humoral Responses among Health Care Workers. Vaccines (Basel) 9, 857 (2021).","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"568_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00357-X","volume":"9","author":"D Hillus","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hillus, D. et al. Safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity of homologous and heterologous prime-boost immunisation with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BNT162b2: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Respir. Med. 9, 1255\u20131265 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med"},{"key":"568_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1586\/erv.09.14","volume":"8","author":"K Radosevic","year":"2009","unstructured":"Radosevic, K., Rodriguez, A., Lemckert, A. & Goudsmit, J. Heterologous prime-boost vaccinations for poverty-related diseases: advantages and future prospects. Expert Rev. 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ACR Open Rheumatol. 3, 622\u2013628 (2021).","journal-title":"ACR Open Rheumatol."}],"container-title":["npj Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41541-022-00568-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41541-022-00568-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41541-022-00568-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]],"date-time":"2022-11-16T03:08:28Z","timestamp":1668568108000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41541-022-00568-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["568"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41541-022-00568-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2059-0105"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2059-0105","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 June 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 October 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 November 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The study was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice guidelines. Approval was obtained from the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University (REC.64\u2013 421\u201314\u20131, Date of Approval 7 October 2021). All participants provided written informed consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}}],"article-number":"149"}}