{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:41:10Z","timestamp":1792806070957,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696550400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    A maternal vaccine to protect neonates against Group B\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    invasive infection is an unmet medical need. Such a vaccine should ideally be offered during the third trimester of pregnancy and induce strong immune responses after a single dose to maximize the time for placental transfer of protective antibodies. A key target antigen is the capsular polysaccharide, an anti-phagocytic virulence factor that elicits protective antibodies when conjugated to carrier proteins. The most prevalent polysaccharide serotypes conjugated to tetanus or diphtheria toxoids have been tested in humans as monovalent and multivalent formulations, showing excellent safety profiles and immunogenicity. However, responses were suboptimal in unprimed individuals after a single shot, the ideal schedule for vaccination during the third trimester of pregnancy. In the present study, we obtained and optimized self-assembling virus-like particles conjugated to Group B\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    capsular polysaccharides. The resulting glyco-nanoparticles elicited strong immune responses in mice already after one immunization, providing pre-clinical proof of concept for a single-dose vaccine.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-023-00744-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T00:02:27Z","timestamp":1696550547000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Proof of concept for a single-dose Group B Streptococcus vaccine based on capsular polysaccharide conjugated to Q\u03b2 virus-like particles"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Filippo","family":"Carboni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Cozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Romagnoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Tuscano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristiana","family":"Balocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giada","family":"Buffi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7054-8712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margherita","family":"Bodini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Brettoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiola","family":"Giusti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Marchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Brogioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Brogioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9099-9900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Cinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigia","family":"Cappelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Nocciolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Senesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Facciotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Frigimelica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Fabbrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Stranges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvana","family":"Savino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"Maione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Adamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Wizel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6893-5193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Immaculada","family":"Margarit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8568-2363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Rosaria","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"744_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S152","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix655","volume":"65","author":"NJ Russell","year":"2017","unstructured":"Russell, N. J. et al. Risk of early-onset neonatal group B streptococcal disease with maternal colonization worldwide: systematic review and meta-analyses. Clin. Infect. Dis. 65, S152\u2013S159 (2017).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"744_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S89","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix653","volume":"65","author":"JE Lawn","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lawn, J. E. et al. Group B streptococcal disease worldwide for pregnant women, stillbirths, and children: why, what, and how to undertake estimates? Clin. Infect. Dis. 65, S89\u2013S99 (2017).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"744_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S160","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix656","volume":"65","author":"L Madrid","year":"2017","unstructured":"Madrid, L. et al. Infant group B streptococcal disease incidence and serotypes worldwide: systematic review and meta-analyses. Clin. Infect. Dis. 65, S160\u2013S172 (2017).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"744_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.11.056","volume":"31","author":"SJ Schrag","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schrag, S. J. & Verani, J. R. Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease: Experience in the United States and implications for a potential group B streptococcal vaccine. Vaccine 31, D20\u2013D26 (2013).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"744_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.12.029","volume":"37","author":"M Kobayashi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kobayashi, M. et al. WHO consultation on group B Streptococcus vaccine development: Report from a meeting held on 27\u201328 April 2016. Vaccine 37, 7307\u20137314 (2019).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"744_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2016-311419","volume":"102","author":"Y Nishihara","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nishihara, Y., Dangor, Z., French, N., Madhi, S. & Heyderman, R. Challenges in reducing group B Streptococcus disease in African settings. Arch. Dis. Child. 102, 72\u201377 (2017).","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"744_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3096","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.5.3096-3103.2005","volume":"73","author":"MJ Cieslewicz","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cieslewicz, M. J. et al. Structural and genetic diversity of group B Streptococcus capsular polysaccharides. Infect. Immun. 73, 3096\u20133103 (2005).","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"744_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23437","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.567974","volume":"289","author":"F Berti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Berti, F. et al. Structure of the type IX group B Streptococcus capsular polysaccharide and its evolutionary relationship with types V and VII. J. Biol. Chem. 289, 23437\u201323448 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"744_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3236","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.8.3236-3243.1994","volume":"62","author":"LC Paoletti","year":"1994","unstructured":"Paoletti, L. C. et al. Neonatal mouse protection against infection with multiple group B streptococcal (GBS) serotypes by maternal immunization with a tetravalent GBS polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine. Infect. Immun. 62, 3236\u20133243 (1994).","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"744_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197604012941404","volume":"294","author":"CJ Baker","year":"1976","unstructured":"Baker, C. J. & Kasper, D. L. Correlation of maternal antibody deficiency with susceptibility to neonatal group B streptococcal infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 294, 753\u2013756 (1976).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"744_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.88.5.375","volume":"88","author":"CJ Baker","year":"2003","unstructured":"Baker, C. J. Group B streptococcal conjugate vaccines. Arch. Dis. Child. 88, 375\u2013378 (2003).","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"744_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2018.01.006","volume":"76","author":"M Fabbrini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fabbrini, M. et al. Functional activity of maternal and cord antibodies elicited by an investigational group B Streptococcus trivalent glycoconjugate vaccine in pregnant women. J. Infect. 76, 449\u2013456 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"744_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.1.426-426.2002","volume":"70","author":"LC Paoletti","year":"2002","unstructured":"Paoletti, L. C. et al. Effects of alum adjuvant or a booster dose on immunogenicityduring clinical trials of group B streptococcal type III conjugate vaccines. Infect. Immun. 70, 426\u2013426 (2002).","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"744_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)00152-3","volume":"16","author":"SA Madhi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Madhi, S. A. et al. Safety and immunogenicity of an investigational maternal trivalent group B Streptococcus vaccine in healthy women and their infants: a randomised phase 1b\/2 trial. Lancet Infect. Dis. 16, 923\u2013934 (2016).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"744_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix666","volume":"65","author":"SA Madhi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Madhi, S. A. et al. Antibody kinetics and response to routine vaccinations in infants born to women who received an investigational trivalent group B Streptococcus polysaccharide CRM197-conjugate vaccine during pregnancy. Clin. Infect. Dis. 65, 1897\u20131904 (2017).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"744_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.02.085","volume":"38","author":"J Beran","year":"2020","unstructured":"Beran, J. et al. Safety and immunogenicity of fully liquid and lyophilized formulations of an investigational trivalent group B Streptococcus vaccine in healthy non-pregnant women: results from a randomized comparative phase II trial. Vaccine 38, 3227\u20133234 (2020).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"744_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30478-3","volume":"21","author":"J Absalon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Absalon, J. et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a novel hexavalent group B Streptococcus conjugate vaccine in healthy, non-pregnant adults: a phase 1\/2, randomised, placebo-controlled, observer-blinded, dose-escalation trial. Lancet Infect. Dis. 21, 263\u2013274 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"744_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.02.044","volume":"34","author":"G Leroux-Roels","year":"2016","unstructured":"Leroux-Roels, G. et al. A randomized, observer-blind phase Ib study to identify formulations and vaccine schedules of a trivalent Group B Streptococcus vaccine for use in non-pregnant and pregnant women. Vaccine 34, 1786\u20131791 (2016).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"744_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2570","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz737","volume":"70","author":"G Leroux-Roels","year":"2020","unstructured":"Leroux-Roels, G. et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a second dose of an investigational maternal trivalent group B Streptococcus vaccine in nonpregnant women 4\u20136 years after a first dose: results from a phase 2 trial. Clin. Infect. Dis. 70, 2570\u20132579 (2020).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"744_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1086\/595564","volume":"199","author":"I Margarit","year":"2009","unstructured":"Margarit, I. et al. Preventing bacterial infections with pilus-based vaccines: the group B Streptococcus Paradigm. J. Infect. Dis. 199, 108\u2013115 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"744_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2007.10.003","volume":"2","author":"M St\u00e5lhammar-Carlemalm","year":"2007","unstructured":"St\u00e5lhammar-Carlemalm, M., Waldemarsson, J., Johnsson, E., Areschoug, T. & Lindahl, G. Nonimmunodominant regions are effective as building blocks in a streptococcal fusion protein vaccine. Cell Host Microbe 2, 427\u2013434 (2007).","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"744_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.106261","volume":"26","author":"M Gonzalez-Miro","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Miro, M. et al. Safety and immunogenicity of the group B Streptococcus vaccine AlpN in a placebo-controlled double-blind phase 1 trial. iScience 26, 106261 (2023).","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"744_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2015.11.001","volume":"14","author":"J L\u00f3pez-Sagaseta","year":"2016","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Sagaseta, J., Malito, E., Rappuoli, R. & Bottomley, M. J. Self-assembling protein nanoparticles in the design of vaccines. Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J. 14, 58\u201368 (2016).","journal-title":"Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"744_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1586\/erv.12.70","volume":"11","author":"S-M Kang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kang, S.-M., Kim, M.-C. & Compans, R. W. Virus-like particles as universal influenza vaccines. Expert Rev. Vaccines 11, 995\u20131007 (2012).","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"744_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12202","volume":"499","author":"M Kanekiyo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kanekiyo, M. et al. Self-assembling influenza nanoparticle vaccines elicit broadly neutralizing H1N1 antibodies. Nature 499, 102\u2013106 (2013).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"744_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12041","volume":"7","author":"L He","year":"2016","unstructured":"He, L. et al. Presenting native-like trimeric HIV-1 antigens with self-assembling nanoparticles. Nat. Commun. 7, 12041 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"744_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.01.046","volume":"176","author":"J Marcandalli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Marcandalli, J. et al. Induction of potent neutralizing antibody responses by a designed protein nanoparticle vaccine for respiratory syncytial virus. Cell 176, 1420\u20131431.e17 (2019).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"744_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.10.043","volume":"183","author":"AC Walls","year":"2020","unstructured":"Walls, A. C. et al. Elicitation of potent neutralizing antibody responses by designed protein nanoparticle vaccines for SARS-CoV-2. Cell 183, 1367\u20131382.e17 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"744_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74949-2","volume":"10","author":"B Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang, B. et al. A platform incorporating trimeric antigens into self-assembling nanoparticles reveals SARS-CoV-2-spike nanoparticles to elicit substantially higher neutralizing responses than spike alone. Sci. Rep. 10, 18149 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"744_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20251-8","volume":"12","author":"C Fougeroux","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fougeroux, C. et al. Capsid-like particles decorated with the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain elicit strong virus neutralization activity. Nat. Commun. 12, 324 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"744_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1002\/2211-5463.12267","volume":"7","author":"L Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang, L., Xing, D., Le Van, A., Jerse, A. E. & Wang, S. Structure\u2010based design of ferritin nanoparticle immunogens displaying antigenic loops of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. FEBS Open Bio 7, 1196\u20131207 (2017).","journal-title":"FEBS Open Bio"},{"key":"744_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.03.001","volume":"38","author":"S Aston-Deaville","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aston-Deaville, S. et al. An assessment of the use of Hepatitis B Virus core protein virus-like particles to display heterologous antigens from Neisseria meningitidis. Vaccine 38, 3201\u20133209 (2020).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"744_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0273322","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0273322","volume":"17","author":"L Cappelli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cappelli, L. et al. Self-assembling protein nanoparticles and virus like particles correctly display \u03b2-barrel from meningococcal factor H-binding protein through genetic fusion. PLoS ONE 17, e0273322 (2022).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"744_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6183","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076183","volume":"24","author":"D Veggi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Veggi, D. et al. Effective multivalent oriented presentation of meningococcal NadA antigen trimers by self-assembling ferritin nanoparticles. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 24, 6183 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"744_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI91192","volume":"127","author":"Z Polonskaya","year":"2017","unstructured":"Polonskaya, Z. et al. T cells control the generation of nanomolar-affinity anti-glycan antibodies. J. Clin. Invest. 127, 1491\u20131504 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"744_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-021-3713-4","volume":"15","author":"X Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, X. et al. Orthogonal modular biosynthesis of nanoscale conjugate vaccines for vaccination against infection. Nano Res. 15, 1645\u20131653 (2022).","journal-title":"Nano Res."},{"key":"744_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114858","volume":"86","author":"MR Wessels","year":"1990","unstructured":"Wessels, M. R. et al. Immunogenicity in animals of a polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine against type III group B Streptococcus. J. Clin. Invest. 86, 1428\u20131433 (1990).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"744_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.64.2.677-679.1996","volume":"64","author":"LC Paoletti","year":"1996","unstructured":"Paoletti, L. C., Kennedy, R. C., Chanh, T. C. & Kasper, D. L. Immunogenicity of group B Streptococcus type III polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid vaccine in baboons. Infect. Immun. 64, 677\u2013679 (1996).","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"744_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13101621","volume":"13","author":"MQ Rodrigues","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rodrigues, M. Q., Alves, P. M. & Rold\u00e3o, A. Functionalizing ferritin nanoparticles for vaccine development. Pharmaceutics 13, 1621 (2021).","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"744_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18010","volume":"535","author":"Y Hsia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hsia, Y. et al. Design of a hyperstable 60-subunit protein icosahedron. Nature 535, 136\u2013139 (2016).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"744_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.3390\/v14020225","volume":"14","author":"J Chang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chang, J., Gorzelnik, K. V., Thongchol, J. & Zhang, J. Structural assembly of Q\u03b2 virion and its diverse forms of virus-like particles. Viruses 14, 225 (2022).","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"744_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines4010003","volume":"4","author":"B Akache","year":"2016","unstructured":"Akache, B. et al. Anti-IgE Qb-VLP conjugate vaccine self-adjuvants through activation of TLR7. Vaccines 4, 3 (2016).","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"744_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9648","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201005243","volume":"49","author":"JD Fiedler","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fiedler, J. D., Brown, S. D., Lau, J. L. & Finn, M. G. RNA-directed packaging of enzymes within virus-like particles. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 49, 9648\u20139651 (2010).","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"744_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790121","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.790121","volume":"12","author":"H Tariq","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tariq, H., Batool, S., Asif, S., Ali, M. & Abbasi, B. H. Virus-like particles: revolutionary platforms for developing vaccines against emerging infectious diseases. Front. Microbiol. 12, 790121 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol"},{"key":"744_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21399","DOI":"10.1039\/C8RA02084A","volume":"8","author":"P Fang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fang, P., Bowman, J. C., G\u00f3mez Ramos, L. M., Hsiao, C. & Williams, L. D. RNA: packaged and protected by VLPs. RSC Adv. 8, 21399\u201321406 (2018).","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"744_CR46","unstructured":"Carboni, F., Cozzi, R., Margarit, I., Romagnoli, G. & Romano, M. R. Bacterial immunization using qbeta hairpin nanoparticle constructs. WO\/2023\/111826 (2023)."},{"key":"744_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000087","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.202000087","volume":"15","author":"J Pan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pan, J. & Cui, Z. Self\u2010assembled nanoparticles: exciting platforms for vaccination. Biotechnol. J. 15, 2000087 (2020).","journal-title":"Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"744_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.2174\/2211738507666191024162042","volume":"8","author":"M Kheirollahpour","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kheirollahpour, M., Mehrabi, M., Dounighi, N. M., Mohammadi, M. & Masoudi, A. Nanoparticles and vaccine development. Pharm. Nanotechnol. 8, 6\u201321 (2020).","journal-title":"Pharm. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"744_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23061451","volume":"23","author":"F Micoli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Micoli, F., Adamo, R. & Costantino, P. Protein carriers for glycoconjugate vaccines: history, selection criteria, characterization and new trends. Molecules 23, 1451 (2018).","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"744_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2547","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002547","volume":"3","author":"J Cornuz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cornuz, J. et al. A vaccine against nicotine for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS ONE 3, e2547 (2008).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"744_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60381-5","volume":"371","author":"AC Tissot","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tissot, A. C. et al. Effect of immunisation against angiotensin II with CYT006-AngQb on ambulatory blood pressure: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase IIa study. Lancet 371, 821\u2013827 (2008).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"744_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2815","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2011.0103","volume":"366","author":"MF Bachmann","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bachmann, M. F. & Jennings, G. T. Therapeutic vaccines for chronic diseases: successes and technical challenges. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 366, 2815\u20132822 (2011).","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"744_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-017-0006-8","volume":"2","author":"X Huang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huang, X., Wang, X., Zhang, J., Xia, N. & Zhao, Q. Escherichia coli-derived virus-like particles in vaccine development. npj Vaccines 2, 1\u20138 (2017).","journal-title":"npj Vaccines"},{"key":"744_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines7020047","volume":"7","author":"A C. Gomes","year":"2019","unstructured":"C. Gomes, A., Roesti, E. S., El-Turabi, A. & Bachmann, M. F. Type of RNA packed in VLPs impacts IgG class switching\u2014implications for an influenza vaccine design. Vaccines 7, 47 (2019).","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"744_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.08.012","volume":"49","author":"S Hong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hong, S. et al. B cells are the dominant antigen-presenting cells that activate naive CD4+ T cells upon immunization with a virus-derived nanoparticle antigen. Immunity 49, 695\u2013708.e4 (2018).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"744_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1126\/science.166.3913.1638","volume":"166","author":"PP Hung","year":"1969","unstructured":"Hung, P. P., Ling, C. M. & Overby, L. R. Self-assembly of Q\u03b2 and MS2 phage particles: possible function of initiation complexes. Science 166, 1638\u20131640 (1969).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"744_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1093620","volume":"303","author":"F Heil","year":"2004","unstructured":"Heil, F. et al. Species-specific recognition of single-stranded RNA via toll-like receptor 7 and 8. Science 303, 1526\u20131529 (2004).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"744_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3977","DOI":"10.1021\/bm200983k","volume":"12","author":"J-K Rhee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rhee, J.-K. et al. Colorful virus-like particles: fluorescent protein packaging by the Q\u03b2 capsid. Biomacromolecules 12, 3977\u20133981 (2011).","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"744_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3519","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw1154","volume":"45","author":"P-Y Fang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fang, P.-Y. et al. Functional RNAs: combined assembly and packaging in VLPs. Nucleic Acids Res. 45, 3519\u20133527 (2017).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"744_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2005.12.006","volume":"14","author":"WT Horn","year":"2006","unstructured":"Horn, W. T. et al. Structural basis of RNA binding discrimination between bacteriophages Q\u03b2 and MS2. Structure 14, 487\u2013495 (2006).","journal-title":"Structure"},{"key":"744_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-021-00163-y","volume":"20","author":"B Pulendran","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pulendran, B., S. Arunachalam, P. & O\u2019Hagan, D. T. Emerging concepts in the science of vaccine adjuvants. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 20, 454\u2013475 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"744_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1766-3","volume":"16","author":"TW Phares","year":"2017","unstructured":"Phares, T. W. et al. Rhesus macaque and mouse models for down-selecting circumsporozoite protein based malaria vaccines differ significantly in immunogenicity and functional outcomes. Malar. J. 16, 115 (2017).","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"744_CR63","unstructured":"Adamo, R., Carboni, F., Cozzi, R., Margarit, I. & Romano, M. R. Bacterial immunization using nanoparticle vaccine. WO\/2021\/250628 (2021)."},{"key":"744_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00273-19","volume":"4","author":"G Buffi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Buffi, G. et al. Novel multiplex immunoassays for quantification of IgG against group B Streptococcus capsular polysaccharides in human sera. mSphere 4, 1\u201315 (2019).","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"744_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2012.01.011","volume":"378","author":"M Fabbrini","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fabbrini, M. et al. A new flow-cytometry-based opsonophagocytosis assay for the rapid measurement of functional antibody levels against group B Streptococcus. J. Immunol. Methods 378, 11\u201319 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"744_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.12.10.1238-1242.2005","volume":"12","author":"KT Bieging","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bieging, K. T. et al. Fluorescent multivalent opsonophagocytic assay for measurement of functional antibodies to Streptococcus pneumoniae. Clin. Vaccin. Immunol. 12, 1238\u20131242 (2005).","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccin. Immunol."},{"key":"744_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2878","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.8.2878-2884.2000","volume":"38","author":"KT Mountzouros","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mountzouros, K. T. & Howell, A. P. Detection of complement-mediated antibody-dependent bactericidal activity in a fluorescence-based serum bactericidal assay for group B Neisseria meningitidis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38, 2878\u20132884 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-024-00808-0","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]],"date-time":"2024-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706140800000}}],"container-title":["npj Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41541-023-00744-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41541-023-00744-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41541-023-00744-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]],"date-time":"2024-01-26T03:04:56Z","timestamp":1706238296000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41541-023-00744-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["744"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41541-023-00744-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2059-0105"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2059-0105","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 June 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 September 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 October 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 January 2024","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41541-024-00808-0","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41541-024-00808-0","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This work was undertaken at the request of and sponsored by GlaxoSmithKline. F.C., R.C., G.R., G.T., C.B., G.B., M.G., C.B., F.G., S.M., G.B., B.B., P.C., L.C., C.N., S.S., C.F., E.F., M.F., D.S., S.S., D.M., R.A., B.W., I.M., and M.R.R. are employees of the GSK group of companies.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"152"}}