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At this concentration, Montanide causes at the site of immunization a local granuloma that can last for several weeks. To determine the safety and protective efficacy of a\n                    <jats:italic>Chlamydia muridarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    MOMP vaccine, formulated with CpG-1826 and four different concentrations of Montanide (70%, 50%, 30% and 10%), BALB\/c (H-2\n                    <jats:sup>d<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) female mice were immunized twice intramuscularly. Local reactogenicity was significant for vaccines formulated with 70% or 50% Montanide but not for those inoculated with 30% or 10% Montanide. Robust humoral and cell mediated memory immune responses were elicited by the 70%, 50% and 30% Montanide formulations. Mice were challenged intranasally with 10\n                    <jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009\n                    <jats:italic>C. muridarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    inclusion forming units (IFU). Based on changes in body weight, lungs\u2019s weight and number of IFU recovered, mice vaccinated with the 70%, 50% and 30% Montanide formulations were significantly protected, but not mice receiving 10% Montanide. To conclude, we recommend the 30% Montanide concentration to be tested in humans and animal models to determine its safety and efficacy, in comparison to the 70% Montanide concentration currently used. The 30% Montanide formulation could significantly facilitate licensing of this adjuvant for human use.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-024-00880-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]],"date-time":"2024-06-10T15:01:33Z","timestamp":1718031693000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Safety and efficacy of C. muridarum vaccines adjuvanted with CpG-1826 and four concentrations of Montanide-ISA-720-VG"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Anatoli","family":"Slepenkin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5170-5121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sukumar","family":"Pal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Rasley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew A.","family":"Coleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6183-7053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis M.","family":"de la Maza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"880_CR1","unstructured":"CDC. 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