{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T01:37:08Z","timestamp":1788745028952,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738800000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738800000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"UK Joint Global Health Trials","award":["MR\/V005642\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/V005642\/1"]}]},{"name":"UK Joint Global Health Trials","award":["MR\/V005642\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/V005642\/1"]}]},{"name":"UK Joint Global Health Trials","award":["MR\/V005642\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/V005642\/1"]}]},{"name":"UK Joint Global Health Trials","award":["MR\/V005642\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/V005642\/1"]}]},{"name":"UK Joint Global Health Trials","award":["MR\/V005642\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/V005642\/1"]}]},{"name":"UK Joint Global Health Trials","award":["MR\/V005642\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/V005642\/1"]}]},{"name":"UK Joint Global Health Trials","award":["MR\/V005642\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/V005642\/1"]}]},{"name":"UK Joint Global Health Trials","award":["MR\/V005642\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/V005642\/1"]}]},{"name":"UK Joint Global Health Trials","award":["MR\/V005642\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/V005642\/1"]}]},{"name":"UK Joint Global Health Trials","award":["MR\/V005642\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/V005642\/1"]}]},{"name":"UK Joint Global Health Trials","award":["MR\/V005642\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/V005642\/1"]}]},{"name":"UK Joint Global Health Trials","award":["MR\/V005642\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/V005642\/1"]}]},{"name":"UK Joint Global Health Trials","award":["MR\/V005642\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/V005642\/1"]}]},{"name":"UK Joint Global Health Trials","award":["MR\/V005642\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/V005642\/1"]}]},{"name":"UK Joint Global Health Trials","award":["MR\/V005642\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/V005642\/1"]}]},{"name":"UK Joint Global Health Trials","award":["MR\/V005642\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/V005642\/1"]}]},{"name":"UK Joint Global Health Trials","award":["MR\/V005642\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/V005642\/1"]}]},{"name":"UK Joint Global Health Trials","award":["MR\/V005642\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/V005642\/1"]}]},{"name":"UK Joint Global Health Trials","award":["MR\/V005642\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/V005642\/1"]}]},{"name":"UK Joint Global Health Trials","award":["MR\/V005642\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/V005642\/1"]}]},{"name":"UK Joint Global Health Trials","award":["MR\/V005642\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/V005642\/1"]}]},{"name":"UK Joint Global Health Trials","award":["MR\/V005642\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/V005642\/1"]}]},{"name":"UK Joint Global Health Trials","award":["MR\/V005642\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/V005642\/1"]}]},{"name":"UK Joint Global Health Trials","award":["MR\/V005642\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/V005642\/1"]}]},{"name":"UK Joint Global Health Trials","award":["MR\/V005642\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/V005642\/1"]}]},{"name":"UK Joint Global Health Trials","award":["MR\/V005642\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/V005642\/1"]}]},{"name":"UK Joint Global Health Trials","award":["MR\/V005642\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/V005642\/1"]}]},{"name":"UK Joint Global Health Trials","award":["MR\/V005642\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/V005642\/1"]}]},{"name":"PATH MVI","award":["INV-007217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-007217"]}]},{"name":"PATH MVI","award":["INV-007217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-007217"]}]},{"name":"PATH MVI","award":["INV-007217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-007217"]}]},{"name":"PATH MVI","award":["INV-007217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-007217"]}]},{"name":"PATH MVI","award":["INV-007217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-007217"]}]},{"name":"PATH MVI","award":["INV-007217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-007217"]}]},{"name":"PATH MVI","award":["INV-007217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-007217"]}]},{"name":"PATH MVI","award":["INV-007217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-007217"]}]},{"name":"PATH MVI","award":["INV-007217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-007217"]}]},{"name":"PATH MVI","award":["INV-007217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-007217"]}]},{"name":"PATH MVI","award":["INV-007217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-007217"]}]},{"name":"PATH MVI","award":["INV-007217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-007217"]}]},{"name":"PATH MVI","award":["INV-007217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-007217"]}]},{"name":"PATH MVI","award":["INV-007217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-007217"]}]},{"name":"PATH MVI","award":["INV-007217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-007217"]}]},{"name":"PATH MVI","award":["INV-007217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-007217"]}]},{"name":"PATH MVI","award":["INV-007217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-007217"]}]},{"name":"PATH MVI","award":["INV-007217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-007217"]}]},{"name":"PATH MVI","award":["INV-007217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-007217"]}]},{"name":"PATH MVI","award":["INV-007217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-007217"]}]},{"name":"PATH MVI","award":["INV-007217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-007217"]}]},{"name":"PATH MVI","award":["INV-007217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-007217"]}]},{"name":"PATH MVI","award":["INV-007217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-007217"]}]},{"name":"PATH MVI","award":["INV-007217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-007217"]}]},{"name":"PATH MVI","award":["INV-007217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-007217"]}]},{"name":"PATH MVI","award":["INV-007217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-007217"]}]},{"name":"PATH MVI","award":["INV-007217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-007217"]}]},{"name":"PATH MVI","award":["INV-007217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-007217"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The recently deployed RTS,S\/AS01\n                    <jats:sub>E<\/jats:sub>\n                    malaria vaccine induces a strong antibody response to the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) on the surface of the\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    sporozoite which is associated with protection. The anti-CSP antibody titre falls rapidly after primary vaccination, associated with a decline in efficacy, but the antibody titre and the protective response can be partially restored by a booster dose of vaccine, but this response is also transitory. In many malaria- endemic areas of Africa, children are at risk of malaria, including severe malaria, until they are five years of age or older and to sustain protection from malaria for this period by vaccination with RTS,S\/AS01\n                    <jats:sub>E<\/jats:sub>\n                    , repeated booster doses of vaccine may be required. However, there is little information about the immune response to repeated booster doses of RTS,S\/AS01\n                    <jats:sub>E<\/jats:sub>\n                    . In many malaria-endemic areas of Africa, the burden of malaria is largely restricted to the rainy season and, therefore, a recent trial conducted in Burkina Faso and Mali explored the impact of repeated annual booster doses of RTS,S\/AS01\n                    <jats:sub>E<\/jats:sub>\n                    given immediately prior to the malaria transmission season until children reached the age of five years. Anti-CSP antibody titres were measured in sera obtained from a randomly selected subset of children enrolled in this trial collected before and one month after three priming and four annual booster doses of vaccine using the GSK ELISA developed at the University of Ghent and, in a subset of these samples, by a multiplex assay developed at the University of Oxford. Three priming doses of RTS,S\/AS01\n                    <jats:sub>E<\/jats:sub>\n                    induced a strong anti-CSP antibody response (GMT 368.9\u2009IU\/mL). Subsequent annual, seasonal booster doses induced a strong, but lower, antibody response; the GMT after the fourth booster was 128.5 IU\/mL. Children whose antibody response was in the upper and middle terciles post vaccination had a lower incidence of malaria during the following year than children in the lowest tercile. Results obtained with GSK ELISA and the Oxford Multiplex assay were strongly correlated (Pearson\u2019s correlation coefficient, r\u2009=\u20090.94; 95% CI, 0.93\u20130.95). Although anti-CSP antibody titres declined after repeated booster doses of RTS,S\/AS01\n                    <jats:sub>E<\/jats:sub>\n                    a high, although declining, level of efficacy was sustained suggesting that there may have been changes in the characteristics of the anti-CSP antibody following repeated booster doses.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Clinical Trials Registration<\/jats:bold>\n                    . NCT03143218.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-025-01078-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T09:00:57Z","timestamp":1738832457000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The anti-circumsporozoite antibody response to repeated, seasonal booster doses of the malaria vaccine RTS,S\/AS01E"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"M. Sanni","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Stockdale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Issaka","family":"Sagara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Issaka","family":"Zongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rakiswend\u00e9 Serge","family":"Yerbanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Almahamoudou","family":"Mahamar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Niki\u00e8ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amadou","family":"Tapily","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Sompougdou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Modibo","family":"Diarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duncan","family":"Bellamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Provstgaard-Morys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Zoungrana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Djibrilla","family":"Issiaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alassane","family":"Haro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koualy","family":"Sanogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdoul Aziz","family":"Sienou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahamadou","family":"Kaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seydou","family":"Traore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oumar M.","family":"Dicko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youssouf","family":"Kone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hama","family":"Yalcouye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ismaila","family":"Thera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kalifa","family":"Diarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Snell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Opokua","family":"Ofori-Anyinam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Ockenhouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie","family":"Ewer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Halidou","family":"Tinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdoulaye","family":"Djimde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Bosco","family":"Ouedraogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alassane","family":"Dicko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Chandramohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Greenwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"1078_CR1","unstructured":"WHO. WHO recommends ground breaking malaria vaccine for children at risk; Historic RTS, S\/AS01 recommendation can reinvigorate the fight against malaria. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/06-10-2021-who-recommends-groundbreaking-malaria-vaccine-for-children-at-risk (2021)."},{"key":"1078_CR2","unstructured":"WHO. WHO recommends R21\/Matrix-M vaccine for malaria prevention in updated advice on immunization. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/02-10-2023-who-recommends-r21-matrix-m-vaccine-for-malaria-prevention-in-updated-advice-on-immunization (2023)."},{"key":"1078_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-014-0117-2","volume":"12","author":"MT White","year":"2014","unstructured":"White, M. T. et al. A combined analysis of immunogenicity, antibody kinetics and vaccine efficacy from phase 2 trials of the RTS, S malaria vaccine. BMC Med 12, 1\u201311 (2014).","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"1078_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00239-X","volume":"15","author":"MT White","year":"2015","unstructured":"White, M. T. et al. Immunogenicity of the RTS, S\/AS01 malaria vaccine and implications for duration of vaccine efficacy: secondary analysis of data from a phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Infect. Dis. 15, 1450\u20131458 (2015).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"1078_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2026330","volume":"385","author":"D Chandramohan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chandramohan, D. et al. Seasonal malaria vaccination with or without seasonal malaria chemoprevention. N. Engl. J. Med. 385, 1005\u20131017 (2021).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1078_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00368-7","volume":"24","author":"A Dicko","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dicko, A. et al. Seasonal vaccination with RTS, S\/AS01E vaccine with or without seasonal malaria chemoprevention in children up to the age of 5 years in Burkina Faso and Mali: a double-blind, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Infect. Dis. 24, 75\u201386 (2024).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"1078_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32227-3","volume":"396","author":"ACCESS-SMC Partnership.","year":"2020","unstructured":"ACCESS-SMC Partnership. Effectiveness of seasonal malaria chemoprevention at scale in west and central Africa: an observational study. Lancet 396, 1829\u201318440 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1078_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab1017","volume":"75","author":"I Sagara","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sagara, I. et al. The anti-circumsporozoite antibody response of children to seasonal vaccination with the Rts, S\/As01e malaria vaccine. Clin. Infect. Dis. 75, 613\u2013622 (2022).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"1078_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00004-7","volume":"403","author":"KP Asante","year":"2024","unstructured":"Asante, K. P. et al. Feasibility, safety, and impact of the RTS, S\/AS01E malaria vaccine when implemented through national immunisation programmes: evaluation of cluster-randomised introduction of the vaccine in Ghana, Kenya, and Malawi. Lancet 403, 1660\u20131670 (2024).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1078_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02511-4","volume":"403","author":"MS Datoo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Datoo, M. S. et al. Safety and efficacy of malaria vaccine candidate R21\/Matrix-M in African children: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet 403, 533\u2013544 (2024).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1078_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-384","volume":"11","author":"F Clement","year":"2012","unstructured":"Clement, F. et al. Validation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the quantification of human IgG directed against the repeat region of the circumsporozoite protein of the parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Malar. J. 11, 1\u201315 (2012).","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"1078_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Venkatraman, N. et al. Phase I assessments of first-in-human administration of a novel malaria anti-sporozoite vaccine candidate, R21 in matrix-M adjuvant, in UK and Burkinabe volunteers. medRxiv. 19009282, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/19009282 (2019).","DOI":"10.1101\/19009282"},{"key":"1078_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00442-X","volume":"22","author":"MS Datoo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Datoo, M. S. et al. Efficacy and immunogenicity of R21\/Matrix-M vaccine against clinical malaria after 2 years\u2019 follow-up in children in Burkina Faso: a phase 1\/2b randomised controlled trial. Lancet Infect. Dis. 22, 1728\u20131736 (2022).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"1078_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00816-2","volume":"24","author":"N Schmit","year":"2024","unstructured":"Schmit, N. et al. The public health impact and cost-effectiveness of the R21\/Matrix-M malaria vaccine: a mathematical modelling study. Lancet Infect. Dis. 24, 465\u2013475 (2024).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"1078_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115126","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115126","volume":"9","author":"A Olotu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Olotu, A. et al. Avidity of anti-circumsporozoite antibodies following vaccination with RTS, S\/AS01E in young children. PLoS One 9, 115126, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0115126 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1078_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1348-9","volume":"15","author":"S Chaudhury","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chaudhury, S. et al. The biological function of antibodies induced by the RTS, S\/AS01 malaria vaccine candidate is determined by their fine specificity. Malar. J. 15, 1\u201312 (2016).","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"1078_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1800323","volume":"201","author":"SM Dennison","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dennison, S. M. et al. Qualified biolayer interferometry avidity measurements distinguish the heterogeneity of antibody interactions with Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein antigens. J. Immunol. 201, 1315\u20131326 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"1078_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10195-z","volume":"10","author":"C Dobano","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dobano, C. et al. Concentration and avidity of antibodies to different circumsporozoite epitopes correlate with RTS, S\/AS01E malaria vaccine efficacy. Nat. Commun. 10, 2174, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-019-10195-z (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1078_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.09.069","volume":"38","author":"HA Thompson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thompson, H. A. et al. Modelling the roles of antibody titre and avidity in protection from Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection following RTS, S\/AS01 vaccination. Vaccine 38, 7498\u201374507 (2020).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"1078_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"abb4757","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abb4757","volume":"12","author":"TJ Suscovich","year":"2020","unstructured":"Suscovich, T. J. et al. Mapping functional humoral correlates of protection against malaria challenge following RTS, S\/AS01 vaccination. Sci. Transl. Med 12, abb4757, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scitranslmed.abb4757 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med"},{"key":"1078_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa144","volume":"224","author":"L Kurtovic","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kurtovic, L. et al. Multifunctional antibodies are induced by the RTS, S malaria vaccine and associated with protection in a phase 1\/2a trial. J. Infect. Dis. 224, 1128\u20131138 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"1078_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-021-00372-x","volume":"6","author":"KE Seaton","year":"2021","unstructured":"Seaton, K. E. et al. Subclass and avidity of circumsporozoite protein specific antibodies associate with protection status against malaria infection. NPJ Vaccines 6, 110 (2021).","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"1078_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1378-6","volume":"17","author":"C Doba\u00f1o","year":"2019","unstructured":"Doba\u00f1o, C. et al. RTS, S\/AS01E immunization increases antibody responses to vaccine-unrelated Plasmodium falciparum antigens associated with protection against clinical malaria in African children: a case-control study. BMC Med 17, 1\u201319 (2019).","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"1078_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1086\/315074","volume":"180","author":"A Lalvani","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lalvani, A. et al. Potent induction of focused Th1-type cellular and humoral immune responses by RTS, S\/SBAS2, a recombinant Plasmodium falciparum malaria vaccine. J. Infect. Dis. 180, 1656\u20131664 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"1078_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6961","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.12.6961","volume":"171","author":"P Sun","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sun, P. et al. Protective immunity induced with malaria vaccine, RTS, S, is linked to Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells producing IFN-\u03b3. J. Immunol. 171, 6961\u20136967 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"1078_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2004.02371.x","volume":"135","author":"M Pinder","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pinder, M. et al. Cellular immunity induced by the recombinant Plasmodium falciparum malaria vaccine, RTS, S\/AS02, in semi-immune adults in The Gambia. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 135, 286\u2013293 (2004).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"1078_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4502","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00442-09","volume":"77","author":"A Barbosa","year":"2009","unstructured":"Barbosa, A. et al. Plasmodium falciparum-specific cellular immune responses after immunization with the RTS, S\/AS02D candidate malaria vaccine in infants living in an area of high endemicity in Mozambique. Infect. Immun. 77, 4502\u20134509 (2009).","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"1078_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25786","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025786","volume":"6","author":"A Olotu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Olotu, A. et al. Circumsporozoite-specific T cell responses in children vaccinated with RTS, S\/AS01E and protection against P falciparum clinical malaria. PLoS One 6, e25786, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0025786 (2011).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1078_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01008","volume":"8","author":"G Moncunill","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moncunill, G. et al. RTS, S\/AS01E malaria vaccine induces memory and polyfunctional T cell responses in a pediatric African phase III trial. Front Immunol. 8, 1008, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01008 (2017).","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"1078_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52870","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052870","volume":"7","author":"FM Ndungu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ndungu, F. M. et al. A statistical interaction between circumsporozoite protein-specific T cell and antibody responses and risk of clinical malaria episodes following vaccination with RTS, S\/AS01E. PLoS One 7, 52870, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0052870 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1078_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61395","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061395","volume":"8","author":"MT White","year":"2013","unstructured":"White, M. T. et al. The relationship between RTS, S vaccine-induced antibodies, CD4+ T cell responses and protection against Plasmodium falciparum infection. PLoS One 8, 61395, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0061395 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1078_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51889","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.51889","volume":"9","author":"S Pallikkuth","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pallikkuth, S. et al. A delayed fractionated dose RTS, S AS01 vaccine regimen mediates protection via improved T follicular helper and B cell responses. Elife 9, 51889, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.51889 (2020).","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"1078_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2425","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1621489114","volume":"114","author":"D Kazmin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kazmin, D. et al. Systems analysis of protective immune responses to RTS, S malaria vaccination in humans. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 114, 2425\u20132430 (2017).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"1078_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fdata.2021.672460","volume":"4","author":"WC Young","year":"2021","unstructured":"Young, W. C. et al. Comprehensive data integration approach to assess immune responses and correlates of RTS, S\/AS01-mediated protection from malaria infection in controlled human malaria infection trials. Front. Big Data. 4, 672460, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fdata.2021.672460 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Big Data."},{"key":"1078_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0286117","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0286117","volume":"18","author":"RM Mugo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mugo, R. M. et al. Correlations between three ELISA protocols measurements of RTS, S\/AS01-induced anti-CSP IgG antibodies. PLOS One 18, 0286117, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0286117 (2023).","journal-title":"PLOS One"},{"key":"1078_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-223","volume":"10","author":"C Swysen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Swysen, C. et al. Development of standardized laboratory methods and quality processes for a phase III study of the RTS, S\/AS01 candidate malaria vaccine. Malar. J. 10, 1\u20138 (2011).","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"1078_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq099","volume":"172","author":"Y Xu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Xu, Y., Cheung, Y., Lam, K., Tan, S. & Milligan, P. A simple approach to the estimation of incidence rate difference. Am. J. Epidemiol. 172, 334\u2013343 (2010).","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"1078_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.01.119","volume":"25","author":"GR Siber","year":"2007","unstructured":"Siber, G. R. et al. Estimating the protective concentration of anti-pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide antibodies. Vaccine 25, 3816\u20133826 (2007).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"1078_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh090","volume":"159","author":"G Zou","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zou, G. A modified Poisson regression approach to prospective studies with binary data. Am. J. Epidemiol. 159, 702\u2013706 (2004).","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"1078_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)90837-8","volume":"1","author":"JM Bland","year":"1986","unstructured":"Bland, J. M. & Altman, D. G. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet 1, 307\u2013310 (1986).","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["npj Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41541-025-01078-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41541-025-01078-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41541-025-01078-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T09:01:07Z","timestamp":1738832467000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41541-025-01078-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1078"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41541-025-01078-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2059-0105"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2059-0105","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 September 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 January 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 February 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"O.O. and K.E. are employees of the GSK group of companies and have restricted shares in the GSK group of companies. K.E. is a named inventor on patents relating to the R21\/matrix M vaccine. A Dicko. reports a research grant from Grand Challenges Canada to test safety and efficacy of the PfSPZ vaccine for pregnant women and unborn children and a research contract with Oxford University to conduct a phase 3 randomized, controlled multicentre trial to evaluate the efficacy of the R21\/Matrix-M vaccine in African children against clinical malaria outside of the submitted work. All other authors report no potential conflicts.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"26"}}