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This led to new variants carrying mostly mutations within the receptor binding domain, which is immunodominant upon immunization and infection. In order to steer the immune response away from RBD epitopes to more conserved domains, we generated S glycoprotein trimers without RBD and stabilized them by formaldehyde cross-linking. The cryoEM structure demonstrated that S\u0394RBD folds into the native prefusion conformation, stabilized by one specific cross-link between S2 protomers. S\u0394RBD was coated onto lipid vesicles, to produce synthetic virus-like particles, S\u0394RBD-LV, which were utilized in a heterologous prime-boost strategy. Immunization of cynomolgus macaques either three times with the mRNA Comirnaty vaccine or two times followed by S\u0394RBD-LV showed that the S\u0394RBD-LV boost induced similar antibody titers and neutralization of different variants, including omicron. Upon challenge with omicron XBB.3, both the Comirnaty only and Comirnaty\/S\u0394RBD-LV vaccination schemes conferred similar overall protection from infection for both the Comirnaty only and Comirnaty\/S\u0394RBD-LV vaccination schemes. However, the S\u0394RBD-LV boost indicated better protection against lung infection than the Comirnaty strategy alone. Together our findings indicate that S\u0394RBD is highly immunogenic and provides improved protection compared to a third mRNA boost indicative of superior antibody-based protection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-025-01113-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,30]],"date-time":"2025-03-30T13:56:36Z","timestamp":1743342996000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["RBD-depleted SARS-CoV-2 spike generates protective immunity in cynomolgus macaques"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Letscher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delphine","family":"Guilligay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"Effantin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Axelle","family":"Amen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guidenn","family":"Sulbaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith A.","family":"Burger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laetitia","family":"Bossevot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Junges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Leonec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Morin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthieu","family":"Van Tilbeurgh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9cile","family":"H\u00e9rate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Sophie","family":"Gallou\u00ebt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis","family":"Relouzat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvie","family":"van der Werf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariangela","family":"Cavarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathalie","family":"Dereuddre-Bosquet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marit J.","family":"van Gils","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rogier W.","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"Poignard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Le Grand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Winfried","family":"Weissenhorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"1113_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2020.04.022","volume":"78","author":"M Hoffmann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hoffmann, M., Kleine-Weber, H. & Pohlmann, S. 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