{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T21:45:23Z","timestamp":1787003123051,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,18]],"date-time":"2025-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747526400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,18]],"date-time":"2025-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747526400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&D Program","award":["2023YFC2307800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC2307800"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82471856"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82471856"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Vaccines"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-025-01155-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,18]],"date-time":"2025-05-18T09:13:50Z","timestamp":1747559630000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["An RBD-Fc mucosal vaccine provides variant-proof protection against SARS-CoV-2 in mice and hamsters"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Yanjun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng-Qian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyue","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaoyong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangyue","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiwen","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raoqing","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaochang","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen M. E.","family":"Duyvesteyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth E.","family":"Fry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David I.","family":"Stuart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingxian","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"XiaoYan","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu-Lin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jincun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiandong","family":"Huo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"1155_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00320-6","volume":"22","author":"OJ Watson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Watson, O. J. et al. Global impact of the first year of COVID-19 vaccination: a mathematical modelling study. Lancet Infect. Dis. 22, 1293\u20131302 (2022).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"1155_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abn1755","volume":"375","author":"DM Altmann","year":"2022","unstructured":"Altmann, D. M. & Boyton, R. J. COVID-19 vaccination: The road ahead. Science 375, 1127\u20131132 (2022).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1155_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2116597","volume":"386","author":"DW Eyre","year":"2022","unstructured":"Eyre, D. W. et al. Effect of COVID-19 Vaccination on Transmission of Alpha and Delta Variants. N. Engl. J. Med 386, 744\u2013756 (2022).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"1155_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02219-5","volume":"29","author":"JJ Lau","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lau, J. J. et al. Real-world COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against the Omicron BA.2 variant in a SARS-CoV-2 infection-naive population. Nat. Med 29, 348\u2013357 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Med"},{"key":"1155_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.12.046","volume":"185","author":"W Dejnirattisai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dejnirattisai, W. et al. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron-B.1.1.529 leads to widespread escape from neutralizing antibody responses. Cell 185, 467\u2013484.e415 (2022).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1155_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.12.018","volume":"186","author":"Q Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, Q. et al. Alarming antibody evasion properties of rising SARS-CoV-2 BQ and XBB subvariants. Cell 186, 279\u2013286 e278 (2023).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1155_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00744-2","volume":"24","author":"S Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang, S. et al. Fast evolution of SARS-CoV-2 BA.2.86 to JN.1 under heavy immune pressure. Lancet Infect. Dis. 24, e70\u2013e72 (2024).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"1155_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01391-x","volume":"8","author":"A Zhu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhu, A. et al. Antigenic characterization of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants XBB.1.5, BQ.1, BQ.1.1, BF.7 and BA.2.75.2. Signal Transduct. Target. Ther. 8, 125 (2023).","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"1155_CR9","first-page":"521","volume":"614","author":"Y Cao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cao, Y. et al. Imprinted SARS-CoV-2 humoral immunity induces convergent Omicron RBD evolution. Nature 614, 521\u2013529 (2023).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1155_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2214314","volume":"388","author":"J Miller","year":"2023","unstructured":"Miller, J. et al. Substantial Neutralization Escape by SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variants BQ.1.1 and XBB.1. N. Engl. J. Med 388, 662\u2013664 (2023).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"1155_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae364","volume":"230","author":"ME Levy","year":"2024","unstructured":"Levy, M. E. et al. Reduced Likelihood of Hospitalization With the JN.1 or HV.1 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Variants Compared With the EG.5 Variant. J. Infect. Dis. 230, 1197\u20131201 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"1155_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.7395","volume":"331","author":"Y Xie","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xie, Y., Choi, T. & Al-Aly, Z. Mortality in Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19 vs Influenza in Fall-Winter 2023-2024. JAMA 331, 1963\u20131965 (2024).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1155_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00846-2","volume":"21","author":"HE Davis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Davis, H. E., McCorkell, L., Vogel, J. M. & Topol, E. J. Long COVID: major findings, mechanisms and recommendations. Nat. Rev. Microbiol 21, 133\u2013146 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol"},{"key":"1155_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e067873","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-067873","volume":"375","author":"A Israel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Israel, A. et al. Elapsed time since BNT162b2 vaccine and risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection: test negative design study. BMJ 375, e067873 (2021).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1155_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2114583","volume":"385","author":"EG Levin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Levin, E. G. et al. Waning Immune Humoral Response to BNT162b2 Covid-19 Vaccine over 6 Months. N. Engl. J. Med 385, e84 (2021).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"1155_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103788","volume":"75","author":"L Azzi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Azzi, L. et al. Mucosal immune response in BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine recipients. EBioMedicine 75, 103788 (2022).","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"1155_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2022.100882","volume":"4","author":"AA Aksyuk","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aksyuk, A. A. et al. AZD1222-induced nasal antibody responses are shaped by prior SARS-CoV-2 infection and correlate with virologic outcomes in breakthrough infection. Cell Rep. Med 4, 100882 (2023).","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med"},{"key":"1155_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000724","volume":"34","author":"J Froberg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Froberg, J. & Diavatopoulos, D. A. Mucosal immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 34, 181\u2013186 (2021).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"1155_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2023.09.062","volume":"41","author":"TD Procter","year":"2023","unstructured":"Procter, T. D. et al. Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) following adenovirus vector COVID-19 vaccination in Canada. Vaccine 41, 6802\u20136809 (2023).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"1155_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.103841","volume":"76","author":"A Alu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alu, A. et al. Intranasal COVID-19 vaccines: From bench to bed. EBioMedicine 76, 103841 (2022).","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"1155_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fieux, M. et al. FcRn as a Transporter for Nasal Delivery of Biologics: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 22 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22126475 (2021).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126475"},{"key":"1155_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1742","volume":"29","author":"L Ye","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ye, L., Zeng, R., Bai, Y., Roopenian, D. C. & Zhu, X. Efficient mucosal vaccination mediated by the neonatal Fc receptor. Nat. Biotechnol. 29, 158\u2013163 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"1155_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00956","volume":"10","author":"MK Slifka","year":"2019","unstructured":"Slifka, M. K. & Amanna, I. J. Role of Multivalency and Antigenic Threshold in Generating Protective Antibody Responses. Front Immunol. 10, 956 (2019).","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"1155_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2180-5","volume":"581","author":"J Lan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lan, J. et al. Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain bound to the ACE2 receptor. Nature 581, 215\u2013220 (2020).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1155_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.02.032","volume":"184","author":"W Dejnirattisai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dejnirattisai, W. et al. The antigenic anatomy of SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain. Cell 184, 2183\u20132200.e2122 (2021).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1155_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd2321","volume":"369","author":"M Yuan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yuan, M. et al. Structural basis of a shared antibody response to SARS-CoV-2. Science 369, 1119\u20131123 (2020).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1155_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2852-1","volume":"588","author":"CO Barnes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Barnes, C. O. et al. SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody structures inform therapeutic strategies. Nature 588, 682\u2013687 (2020).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1155_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.05.014","volume":"185","author":"R Nutalai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nutalai, R. et al. Potent cross-reactive antibodies following Omicron breakthrough in vaccinees. Cell 185, 2116\u20132131.e2118 (2022).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1155_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.07.002","volume":"28","author":"J Huo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huo, J. et al. Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 by Destruction of the Prefusion Spike. Cell Host Microbe 28, 497 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"1155_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1038\/s41594-020-0480-y","volume":"27","author":"D Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou, D. et al. Structural basis for the neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 by an antibody from a convalescent patient. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 27, 950\u2013958 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"1155_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2024.01.014","volume":"32","author":"Q Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, Q. et al. XBB.1.5 monovalent mRNA vaccine booster elicits robust neutralizing antibodies against XBB subvariants and JN.1. Cell Host Microbe 32, 315\u2013321.e313 (2024).","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"1155_CR32","volume":"11","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. et al. Mosaic RBD Nanoparticles Elicit Protective Immunity Against Multiple Human Coronaviruses in Animal Models. Adv. Sci. (Weinh.) 11, e2303366 (2024).","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. (Weinh.)"},{"key":"1155_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1159\/000254948","volume":"2","author":"I Pesce","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pesce, I. et al. Intranasal administration of CpG induces a rapid and transient cytokine response followed by dendritic and natural killer cell activation and recruitment in the mouse lung. J. Innate Immun. 2, 144\u2013159 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Innate Immun."},{"key":"1155_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2100297","volume":"207","author":"SP Ochsner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ochsner, S. P. et al. FcRn-Targeted Mucosal Vaccination against Influenza Virus Infection. J. Immunol. 207, 1310\u20131321 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"1155_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2019.02.017","volume":"165","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. et al. A novel RSV F-Fc fusion protein vaccine reduces lung injury induced by respiratory syncytial virus infection. Antivir. Res 165, 11\u201322 (2019).","journal-title":"Antivir. Res"},{"key":"1155_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2342-5","volume":"583","author":"SF Sia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sia, S. F. et al. Pathogenesis and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in golden hamsters. Nature 583, 834\u2013838 (2020).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1155_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.add4853","volume":"7","author":"J Tang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tang, J. et al. Respiratory mucosal immunity against SARS-CoV-2 after mRNA vaccination. Sci. Immunol. 7, eadd4853 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"1155_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104893","volume":"98","author":"O Puhach","year":"2023","unstructured":"Puhach, O. et al. SARS-CoV-2 convalescence and hybrid immunity elicits mucosal immune responses. EBioMedicine 98, 104893 (2023).","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"1155_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abl9105","volume":"6","author":"MML Poon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Poon, M. M. L. et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection generates tissue-localized immunological memory in humans. Sci. Immunol. 6, eabl9105 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"1155_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104298","volume":"85","author":"M Madhavan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Madhavan, M. et al. Tolerability and immunogenicity of an intranasally-administered adenovirus-vectored COVID-19 vaccine: An open-label partially-randomised ascending dose phase I trial. EBioMedicine 85, 104298 (2022).","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"1155_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06951-3","volume":"626","author":"K McMahan","year":"2024","unstructured":"McMahan, K. et al. Mucosal boosting enhances vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 in macaques. Nature 626, 385\u2013391 (2024).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1155_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhuang, Z. et al. Mapping and role of T cell response in SARS-CoV-2-infected mice. J. Exp. Med. 218, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.20202187 (2021).","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20202187"},{"key":"1155_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18077-5","volume":"11","author":"L Feng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Feng, L. et al. An adenovirus-vectored COVID-19 vaccine confers protection from SARS-COV-2 challenge in rhesus macaques. Nat. Commun. 11, 4207 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1155_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"van Doremalen, N. et al. Intranasal ChAdOx1 nCoV-19\/AZD1222 vaccination reduces viral shedding after SARS-CoV-2 D614G challenge in preclinical models. Sci. Transl. Med. 13, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scitranslmed.abh0755 (2021).","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abh0755"},{"key":"1155_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2021.100230","volume":"2","author":"AO Hassan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hassan, A. O. et al. A single intranasal dose of chimpanzee adenovirus-vectored vaccine protects against SARS-CoV-2 infection in rhesus macaques. Cell Rep. Med 2, 100230 (2021).","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med"},{"key":"1155_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00094-0","volume":"399","author":"SA Costa Clemens","year":"2022","unstructured":"Costa Clemens, S. A. et al. Heterologous versus homologous COVID-19 booster vaccination in previous recipients of two doses of CoronaVac COVID-19 vaccine in Brazil (RHH-001): a phase 4, non-inferiority, single blind, randomised study. Lancet 399, 521\u2013529 (2022).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1155_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-021-00596-5","volume":"32","author":"Y Cao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cao, Y. et al. Humoral immunogenicity and reactogenicity of CoronaVac or ZF2001 booster after two doses of inactivated vaccine. Cell Res 32, 107\u2013109 (2022).","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"1155_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01677-z","volume":"28","author":"J Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, J. et al. Heterologous AD5-nCOV plus CoronaVac versus homologous CoronaVac vaccination: a randomized phase 4 trial. Nat. Med 28, 401\u2013409 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Med"},{"key":"1155_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-01122-w","volume":"23","author":"P Moss","year":"2022","unstructured":"Moss, P. The T cell immune response against SARS-CoV-2. Nat. Immunol. 23, 186\u2013193 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-025-01210-0","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752105600000}}],"container-title":["npj Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41541-025-01155-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41541-025-01155-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41541-025-01155-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]],"date-time":"2025-09-06T16:16:59Z","timestamp":1757175419000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41541-025-01155-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,18]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1155"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41541-025-01155-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2059-0105"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2059-0105","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 July 2025","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41541-025-01210-0","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41541-025-01210-0","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"100"}}