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Despite the existence of effective therapeutics, a prophylactic vaccine targeting the etiologic agent,\n                    <jats:italic>Onchocerca volvulus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , is needed to control ongoing disease and transmission. Mice were vaccinated against\n                    <jats:italic>O. volvulus<\/jats:italic>\n                    with a fusion of the recombinant antigens\n                    <jats:italic>Ov<\/jats:italic>\n                    -103 and\n                    <jats:italic>Ov<\/jats:italic>\n                    -RAL-2 (\n                    <jats:italic>Ov<\/jats:italic>\n                    -FUS-1) with Advax-CpG adjuvant. Immunized mice developed protective immunity with the killing of third-stage larvae (L3) within 36\u2009h of challenge infection. IgG from immunized mice passively transferred protective immunity to na\u00efve mice, indicating that antigen-specific IgG mediated parasite elimination. Neutrophils were the most abundant subset of immune cells recruited to the parasite microenvironment in vivo, and treating mice with a granulocyte-depleting antibody resulted in the total loss of immune-mediated larval killing. Analysis of neutrophil gene expression revealed that both vaccination and the presence of\n                    <jats:italic>O. volvulus<\/jats:italic>\n                    larvae were capable of modulating neutrophil transcriptional activity. The mechanism by which antigen-specific IgG and neutrophils collaborated to kill L3 was independent of Fc\u03b3 receptors. However, the elimination of complement component C3 prevented vaccine-induced protection, which suggests these components may interact through the complement system. This study describes a vaccine-induced mechanism of protective immunity against\n                    <jats:italic>O. volvulus<\/jats:italic>\n                    L3 dependent on IgG, neutrophils, and complement, highlighting an effective collaboration between the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system to control\n                    <jats:italic>O. volvulus<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-025-01267-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T09:28:55Z","timestamp":1761125335000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Vaccination against Onchocerca volvulus induces IgG-mediated protective immunity dependent on neutrophils and complement"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Nathan M.","family":"Ryan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica A.","family":"Hess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohini","family":"Nakhale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annabel A.","family":"Ferguson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Stump","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Belko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Monane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert S.","family":"Pugliese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolai","family":"Petrovsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin L.","family":"Makepeace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean A.","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darrick","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Lustigman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Abraham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"1267_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0009604","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009604","volume":"15","author":"NVS Vinkeles Melchers","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vinkeles Melchers, N. 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