{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:20:30Z","timestamp":1787066430662,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762992000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5R01AI154542"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01AI154542"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5R01AI154542"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01AI154542"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NCI","award":["P30CA056036-25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30CA056036-25"]}]},{"name":"2. Jefferson Center for Vaccines and Pandemic Preparedness","award":["Internal Funds"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Internal Funds"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Vaccines"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-025-01294-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T19:06:08Z","timestamp":1763060768000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Rabies virus-vectored Lyme disease vaccine provides long-term protection against tick-transmitted Borrelia burgdorferi"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Shantel","family":"Rios","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bibek","family":"Bhattachan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Wirblich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anisha","family":"Chandwani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kruthi","family":"Vavilikolanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob F.","family":"Myers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chrysoula","family":"Kitsou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Utpal","family":"Pal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias J.","family":"Schnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"1294_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e113294","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0113294","volume":"9","author":"P Comstedt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Comstedt, P., Hanner, M., Schuler, W., Meinke, A. & Lundberg, U. Design and development of a novel vaccine for protection against Lyme borreliosis. PLoS ONE 9, e113294 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1294_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2702.202731","volume":"27","author":"KJ Kugeler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kugeler, K. J., Schwartz, A. M., Delorey, M. J., Mead, P. S. & Hinckley, A. F. Estimating the frequency of Lyme disease diagnoses, United States, 2010-2018. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 27, 616\u2013619 (2021).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"1294_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2205.151806","volume":"22","author":"T Cerar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cerar, T. et al. Differences in genotype, clinical features, and inflammatory potential of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto strains from Europe and the United States. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 22, 818\u2013827 (2016).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"1294_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI9427","volume":"106","author":"U Pal","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pal, U. et al. Attachment of Borrelia burgdorferi within Ixodes scapularis mediated by outer surface protein A. J. Clin. Invest 106, 561\u2013569 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest"},{"key":"1294_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pine, M. et al. Development of an mRNA-lipid nanoparticle vaccine against Lyme disease. Mol Ther. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ymthe.2023.07.022 (2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2023.07.022"},{"key":"1294_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6379","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.05849-11","volume":"193","author":"S Chen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chen, S., Kumru, O. S. & Zuckert, W. R. Determination of Borrelia surface lipoprotein anchor topology by surface proteolysis. J. Bacteriol. 193, 6379\u20136383 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"1294_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2004.10.027","volume":"119","author":"U Pal","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pal, U. et al. TROSPA, an Ixodes scapularis receptor for Borrelia burgdorferi. Cell 119, 457\u2013468 (2004).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1294_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2021.115572","volume":"102","author":"GP Wormser","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wormser, G. P. A brief history of OspA vaccines including their impact on diagnostic testing for Lyme disease. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 102, 115572 (2022).","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"1294_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199807233390402","volume":"339","author":"LH Sigal","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sigal, L. H. et al. A vaccine consisting of recombinant Borrelia burgdorferi outer-surface protein A to prevent Lyme disease. Recombinant Outer-Surface Protein A Lyme Disease Vaccine Study Consortium. N. Engl. J. Med. 339, 216\u2013222 (1998).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1294_CR10","first-page":"163","volume":"103","author":"RC Huebner","year":"2000","unstructured":"Huebner, R. C., Gray, M. A., Holt, J., Wu, X. D. & Mays, J. P. Characterization of a recombinant outer surface protein A (OspA) vaccine against Lyme disease. Dev. Biol. 103, 163\u2013173 (2000).","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"1294_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0184357","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184357","volume":"12","author":"P Comstedt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Comstedt, P., Schuler, W., Meinke, A. & Lundberg, U. The novel Lyme borreliosis vaccine VLA15 shows broad protection against Borrelia species expressing six different OspA serotypes. PLoS ONE 12, e0184357 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1294_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvacx.2020.100079","volume":"6","author":"RT Marconi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marconi, R. T. et al. VANGUARD(R)crLyme: a next generation Lyme disease vaccine that prevents B. burgdorferi infection in dogs. Vaccine X 6, 100079 (2020).","journal-title":"Vaccine X"},{"key":"1294_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gutierrez, M. P. et al. Antibody-mediated immunological memory correlates with long-term Lyme veterinary vaccine protection in mice. Vaccine https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2024.06.051 (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2024.06.051"},{"key":"1294_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268806007096","volume":"135","author":"LE Nigrovic","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nigrovic, L. E. & Thompson, K. M. The Lyme vaccine: a cautionary tale. Epidemiol. Infect. 135, 1\u20138 (2007).","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"1294_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1126\/science.281.5377.703","volume":"281","author":"DM Gross","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gross, D. M. et al. Identification of LFA-1 as a candidate autoantigen in treatment-resistant Lyme arthritis. Science 281, 703\u2013706 (1998).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1294_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-022-00429-5","volume":"7","author":"RJ Dattwyler","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dattwyler, R. J. & Gomes-Solecki, M. The year that shaped the outcome of the OspA vaccine for human Lyme disease. NPJ Vaccines 7, 10 (2022).","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"1294_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bezay, N. et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a novel multivalent OspA-based vaccine candidate against Lyme borreliosis: a randomised, phase 1 study in healthy adults. Lancet Infect. Dis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00210-4 (2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00210-4"},{"key":"1294_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rios, S. et al. The development of a rabies virus-vectored vaccine against Borrelia burgdorferi, targeting BBI39. Vaccines https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines12010078 (2024).","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12010078"},{"key":"1294_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-023-00802-y","volume":"9","author":"MC Gingerich","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gingerich, M. C. et al. Intranasal vaccine for Lyme disease provides protection against tick transmitted Borrelia burgdorferi beyond one year. NPJ Vaccines 9, 33 (2024).","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"1294_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabn5311","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abn5311","volume":"7","author":"M Kuraoka","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kuraoka, M. et al. Recall of B cell memory depends on relative locations of prime and boost immunization. Sci. Immunol. 7, eabn5311 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"1294_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199807233390401","volume":"339","author":"AC Steere","year":"1998","unstructured":"Steere, A. C. et al. Vaccination against Lyme disease with recombinant Borrelia burgdorferi outer-surface lipoprotein A with adjuvant Lyme Disease Vaccine Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 339, 209\u2013215 (1998).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1294_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268899002666","volume":"123","author":"A Vos","year":"1999","unstructured":"Vos, A. et al. An update on safety studies of SAD B19 rabies virus vaccine in target and non-target species. Epidemiol. Infect. 123, 165\u2013175 (1999).","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"1294_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.1.237-244.2003","volume":"77","author":"JP McGettigan","year":"2003","unstructured":"McGettigan, J. P. et al. Second-generation rabies virus-based vaccine vectors expressing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gag have greatly reduced pathogenicity but are highly immunogenic. J. Virol. 77, 237\u2013244 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"1294_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-023-00615-z","volume":"8","author":"C Yankowski","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yankowski, C., Kurup, D., Wirblich, C. & Schnell, M. J. Effects of adjuvants in a rabies-vectored Ebola virus vaccine on protection from surrogate challenge. NPJ Vaccines 8, 10 (2023).","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"1294_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-019-0109-5","volume":"4","author":"R Keshwara","year":"2019","unstructured":"Keshwara, R. et al. Rabies-based vaccine induces potent immune responses against Nipah virus. NPJ Vaccines 4, 15 (2019).","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"1294_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-020-00248-6","volume":"5","author":"D Kurup","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kurup, D., Wirblich, C., Ramage, H. & Schnell, M. J. Rabies virus-based COVID-19 vaccine CORAVAX induces high levels of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. NPJ Vaccines 5, 98 (2020).","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"1294_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06741-w","volume":"9","author":"T Abreu-Mota","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abreu-Mota, T. et al. Non-neutralizing antibodies elicited by recombinant Lassa-Rabies vaccine are critical for protection against Lassa fever. Nat. Commun. 9, 4223 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1294_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2006.05.010","volume":"353","author":"ME Smith","year":"2006","unstructured":"Smith, M. E. et al. Rabies virus glycoprotein as a carrier for anthrax protective antigen. Virology 353, 344\u2013356 (2006).","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"1294_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S342","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw231","volume":"214","author":"RF Johnson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Johnson, R. F. et al. An inactivated rabies virus-based Ebola vaccine, FILORAB1, adjuvanted with glucopyranosyl lipid A in stable emulsion confers complete protection in nonhuman primate challenge models. J. Infect. Dis. 214, S342\u2013S354 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"1294_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-023-00663-5","volume":"8","author":"G Scher","year":"2023","unstructured":"Scher, G., Bente, D. A., Mears, M. C., Cajimat, M. N. B. & Schnell, M. J. GP38 as a vaccine target for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. NPJ Vaccines 8, 73 (2023).","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"1294_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3584","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.8.3584","volume":"94","author":"H Li","year":"1997","unstructured":"Li, H., Dunn, J. J., Luft, B. J. & Lawson, C. L. Crystal structure of Lyme disease antigen outer surface protein A complexed with an Fab. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 3584\u20133589 (1997).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"1294_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4477","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00501-10","volume":"78","author":"X Yang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yang, X. et al. Characterization of unique regions of Borrelia burgdorferi surface-located membrane protein 1. Infect. Immun. 78, 4477\u20134487 (2010).","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"1294_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02308-14","volume":"89","author":"D Kurup","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kurup, D., Wirblich, C., Feldmann, H., Marzi, A. & Schnell, M. J. Rhabdovirus-based vaccine platforms against henipaviruses. J. Virol. 89, 144\u2013154 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"1294_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1523303113","volume":"113","author":"JJ Wong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wong, J. J., Paterson, R. G., Lamb, R. A. & Jardetzky, T. S. Structure and stabilization of the Hendra virus F glycoprotein in its prefusion form. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 113, 1056\u20131061 (2016).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"1294_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e48742","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0048742","volume":"7","author":"K Xu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Xu, K. et al. New insights into the Hendra virus attachment and entry process from structures of the virus G glycoprotein and its complex with Ephrin-B2. PLoS ONE 7, e48742 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1294_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.04.117","volume":"23","author":"TB Verhey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Verhey, T. B., Castellanos, M. & Chaconas, G. Antigenic variation in the Lyme Spirochete: insights into recombinational switching with a suggested role for error-prone repair. Cell Rep. 23, 2595\u20132605 (2018).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"1294_CR37","first-page":"959","volume":"143","author":"SW Barthold","year":"1993","unstructured":"Barthold, S. W., de Souza, M. S., Janotka, J. L., Smith, A. L. & Persing, D. H. Chronic Lyme borreliosis in the laboratory mouse. Am. J. Pathol. 143, 959\u2013971 (1993).","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"1294_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-022-00532-7","volume":"7","author":"C Yankowski","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yankowski, C., Wirblich, C., Kurup, D. & Schnell, M. J. Inactivated rabies-vectored SARS-CoV-2 vaccine provides long-term immune response unaffected by vector immunity. NPJ Vaccines 7, 110 (2022).","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"1294_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.073","volume":"38","author":"J Federizon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Federizon, J. et al. Immunogenicity of the Lyme disease antigen OspA, particleized by cobalt porphyrin-phospholipid liposomes. Vaccine 38, 942\u2013950 (2020).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"1294_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/167.1.158","volume":"167","author":"SM Callister","year":"1993","unstructured":"Callister, S. M., Schell, R. F., Case, K. L., Lovrich, S. D. & Day, S. P. Characterization of the borreliacidal antibody response to Borrelia burgdorferi in humans: a serodiagnostic test. J. Infect. Dis. 167, 158\u2013164 (1993).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"1294_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00959","volume":"9","author":"H Zhi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhi, H., Xie, J. & Skare, J. T. The classical complement pathway is required to control Borrelia burgdorferi levels during experimental infection. Front Immunol. 9, 959 (2018).","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"1294_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ben Hamed, S. et al. Toward the Development of a Pan-Lyssavirus Vaccine. Viruses 16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v16071107 (2024).","DOI":"10.3390\/v16071107"},{"key":"1294_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.2000.4119","volume":"302","author":"W Ding","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ding, W. et al. Structural identification of a key protective B-cell epitope in Lyme disease antigen OspA. J. Mol. Biol. 302, 1153\u20131164 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"1294_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shandilya, S. et al. Structural and molecular analysis of a protective epitope of Lyme disease antigen OspA and antibody interactions. J. Mol. Recognit. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmr.2595 (2017).","DOI":"10.1002\/jmr.2595"},{"key":"1294_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix036","volume":"215","author":"P Singh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Singh, P. et al. Borrelia burgdorferi BBI39 paralogs, targets of protective immunity, reduce pathogen persistence either in hosts or in the vector. J. Infect. Dis. 215, 1000\u20131009 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"1294_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.3.1101-1108.2004","volume":"78","author":"GA Palmer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Palmer, G. A., Brogdon, J. L., Constant, S. L. & Tattersall, P. A nonproliferating parvovirus vaccine vector elicits sustained, protective humoral immunity following a single intravenous or intranasal inoculation. J. Virol. 78, 1101\u20131108 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"1294_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11199","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011199","volume":"5","author":"B del Rio","year":"2010","unstructured":"del Rio, B., Seegers, J. F. & Gomes-Solecki, M. Immune response to Lactobacillus plantarum expressing Borrelia burgdorferi OspA is modulated by the lipid modification of the antigen. PLoS ONE 5, e11199 (2010).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1294_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.178.1.197","volume":"178","author":"CK Stover","year":"1993","unstructured":"Stover, C. K. et al. Protective immunity elicited by recombinant bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) expressing outer surface protein A (OspA) lipoprotein: a candidate Lyme disease vaccine. J. Exp. Med. 178, 197\u2013209 (1993).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"1294_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0148497","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148497","volume":"11","author":"M Krupka","year":"2016","unstructured":"Krupka, M. et al. The position of His-Tag in recombinant OspC and application of various adjuvants affects the intensity and quality of specific antibody response after immunization of experimental mice. PLoS ONE 11, e0148497 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1294_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz872","volume":"70","author":"M Gomes-Solecki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gomes-Solecki, M. et al. Protective immunity and new vaccines for Lyme disease. Clin. Infect. Dis. 70, 1768\u20131773 (2020).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"1294_CR51","first-page":"191","volume":"42","author":"NS O\u2019Bier","year":"2021","unstructured":"O\u2019Bier, N. S., Hatke, A. L., Camire, A. C. & Marconi, R. T. Human and Veterinary vaccines for Lyme disease. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 42, 191\u2013222 (2021).","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"1294_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-022-00501-8","volume":"21","author":"SC Oostindie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Oostindie, S. C., Lazar, G. A., Schuurman, J. & Parren, P. Avidity in antibody effector functions and biotherapeutic drug design. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 21, 715\u2013735 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"1294_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5496","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.10.5496-5501.2000","volume":"68","author":"EL Munson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Munson, E. L. et al. Production of borreliacidal antibody to outer surface protein A in vitro and modulation by interleukin-4. Infect. Immun. 68, 5496\u20135501 (2000).","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"1294_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03510460056033","volume":"271","author":"D Keller","year":"1994","unstructured":"Keller, D. et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant outer surface protein A Lyme vaccine. JAMA 271, 1764\u20131768 (1994).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1294_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.05.010","volume":"29","author":"S Xiao","year":"2011","unstructured":"Xiao, S. et al. A host-restricted viral vector for antigen-specific immunization against Lyme disease pathogen. Vaccine 29, 5294\u20135303 (2011).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"1294_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-018-0726-5","volume":"41","author":"S Fischinger","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fischinger, S., Boudreau, C. M., Butler, A. L., Streeck, H. & Alter, G. Sex differences in vaccine-induced humoral immunity. Semin. Immunopathol. 41, 239\u2013249 (2019).","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"1294_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-019-0124-6","volume":"4","author":"T Potluri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Potluri, T. et al. Age-associated changes in the impact of sex steroids on influenza vaccine responses in males and females. NPJ Vaccines 4, 29 (2019).","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"1294_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(03)00182-5","volume":"5","author":"S Scheiblhofer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Scheiblhofer, S. et al. A DNA vaccine encoding the outer surface protein C from Borrelia burgdorferi is able to induce protective immune responses. Microbes Infect. 5, 939\u2013946 (2003).","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"1294_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1020134","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1020134","volume":"14","author":"A Pfeifle","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pfeifle, A. et al. DNA lipid nanoparticle vaccine targeting outer surface protein C affords protection against homologous Borrelia burgdorferi needle challenge in mice. Front. Immunol. 14, 1020134 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"1294_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.07.052","volume":"25","author":"CG Earnhart","year":"2007","unstructured":"Earnhart, C. G., Buckles, E. L. & Marconi, R. T. Development of an OspC-based tetravalent, recombinant, chimeric vaccinogen that elicits bactericidal antibody against diverse Lyme disease spirochete strains. Vaccine 25, 466\u2013480 (2007).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"1294_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.1.30-35.1999","volume":"67","author":"AM de Silva","year":"1999","unstructured":"de Silva, A. M. et al. Influence of outer surface protein A antibody on Borrelia burgdorferi within feeding ticks. Infect. Immun. 67, 30\u201335 (1999).","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"1294_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.000380","volume":"162","author":"S Shaikh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shaikh, S. et al. Influence of tick and mammalian physiological temperatures on Borrelia burgdorferi biofilms. Microbiology 162, 1984\u20131995 (2016).","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"1294_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ghadge, S. K. et al. Immunogenicity and safety of an 18-month booster dose of the VLA15 Lyme borreliosis vaccine candidate after primary immunisation in healthy adults in the USA: results of the booster phase of a randomised, controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet Infect. Dis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00372-4 (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00372-4"},{"key":"1294_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00175-0","volume":"24","author":"N Bezay","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bezay, N. et al. Optimisation of dose level and vaccination schedule for the VLA15 Lyme borreliosis vaccine candidate among healthy adults: two randomised, observer-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre, phase 2 studies. Lancet Infect. Dis. 24, 1045\u20131058 (2024).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"1294_CR65","unstructured":"Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Lyme Disease Vaccine (2024, December 17). https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/lyme\/about\/lyme-disease-vaccine.html."},{"key":"1294_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104825","volume":"98","author":"HD Vrijmoeth","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vrijmoeth, H. D. et al. Determinants of persistent symptoms after treatment for Lyme borreliosis: a prospective observational cohort study. EBioMedicine 98, 104825 (2023).","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"}],"container-title":["npj Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41541-025-01294-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41541-025-01294-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41541-025-01294-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T20:03:06Z","timestamp":1763064186000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41541-025-01294-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1294"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41541-025-01294-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2059-0105"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2059-0105","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"M.J.S. and S.R. have a pending patent application for an OspA-based vaccine based on RABV particles.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"231"}}