{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T14:09:15Z","timestamp":1782137355535,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765497600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":34,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Basic Research Incubation Project of Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University","award":["BR202409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BR202409"]}]},{"name":"Basic Research Incubation Project of Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University","award":["BR202406"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BR202406"]}]},{"name":"Zhujiang Scholar \u00b7 Tianshan Talent Program","award":["KDYY202023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KDYY202023"]}]},{"name":"Hospital-level Project of The First People's Hospital of Kashi","award":["KDYY202002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KDYY202002"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003453","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2025A1515011165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025A1515011165"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003453","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82072321"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82072321"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences","award":["2025-I2M-C&T-B-081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-I2M-C&T-B-081"]}]},{"name":"European Research Council Consolidator Grant","award":["101171779"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101171779"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Vaccines"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-025-01330-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T09:46:53Z","timestamp":1765532813000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Protective immunity induced by Tp0136 epitope vaccines with mRNA LNP or protein delivery"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yinbo","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nanxuan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lixia","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangcai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tayier","family":"Tuerhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaxi","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunmei","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liuyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rongyi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cailing","family":"Ao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wujian","family":"Ke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"1330_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr7301a1","volume":"73","author":"JR Papp","year":"2024","unstructured":"Papp, J. R., Park, I. U., Fakile, Y., Pereira, L., Pillay, A. & Bolan, G. A. CDC laboratory recommendations for syphilis testing, United States,. Mmwr. Recommen. Rep. 73, 1\u201332 (2024).","journal-title":"Mmwr. Recommen. Rep."},{"key":"1330_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2023.02.006","volume":"37","author":"MS Ramchandani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ramchandani, M. S., Cannon, C. A. & Marra, C. M. Syphilis. Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. 37, 195\u2013222 (2023).","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"1330_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1901593","volume":"382","author":"KG Ghanem","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ghanem, K. G., Ram, S. & Rice, P. A. The modern epidemic of syphilis. N. Engl. J. Med 382, 845\u201354 (2020).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"1330_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.2897","volume":"329","author":"S Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou, S. & Chanderraj, R. What is syphilis?. JAMA 329, 1710 (2023).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1330_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Past 70 Years in Control of Syphilis in China: Elimination and Responses to Resurgence. Chen, Xiang-Sheng; Jiang, Ting-Ting; Yin, Yue-Ping; More International Journal of Dermatology and Venereology. 3:193-197, December 2020.","DOI":"10.1097\/JD9.0000000000000134"},{"key":"1330_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02348-0","volume":"402","author":"RW Peeling","year":"2023","unstructured":"Peeling, R. W., Mabey, D., Chen, X. S. & Garcia, P. J. Syphilis. Lancet 402, 336\u201346 (2023).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1330_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001396","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001396","volume":"10","author":"L Newman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Newman, L., Kamb, M., Hawkes, S., Gomez, G., Say, L., Seuc, A. et al. Global estimates of syphilis in pregnancy and associated adverse outcomes: analysis of multinational antenatal surveillance data. PLoS Med 10, e1001396 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"1330_CR8","first-page":"307","volume":"12","author":"D Buonsenso","year":"2025","unstructured":"Buonsenso, D., Raffaelli, F., Camporesi, A., Fiori, B., Ricci, R. & Romano, L. Neonatal outcomes of mothers with syphilis during pregnancy: a retrospective single center experience. Children (Basel) 12, 307 (2025).","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"key":"1330_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952284","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.952284","volume":"13","author":"N Kojima","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kojima, N., Konda, K. A. & Klausner, J. D. Notes on syphilis vaccine development. Front Immunol. 13, 952284 (2022).","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"1330_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2024.7178","volume":"185","author":"M Sankaran","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sankaran, M., Glidden, D. V., Kohn, R. P., Nguyen, T. Q., Bacon, O., Buchbinder, S. P. et al. Doxycycline postexposure prophylaxis and sexually transmitted infection trends. JAMA Intern Med. 185, 266\u201372 (2025).","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med."},{"key":"1330_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(04)01061-8","volume":"4","author":"WA Lynn","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lynn, W. A. & Lightman, S. Syphilis and HIV: a dangerous combination. Lancet Infect. Dis. 4, 456\u201366 (2004).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"1330_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.2c00601","volume":"9","author":"J Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang, J., Jiang, Y., Lin, W., Chen, R., Zhou, J., Guo, S. et al. Virulence and adhesion of the treponema pallidum nichols strain simultaneously decrease in a Continuous-Infection new zealand white rabbit model. ACS Infect. Dis. 9, 1221\u201331 (2023).","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."},{"key":"1330_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0b013e3181e8b587","volume":"33","author":"JA Carlson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Carlson, J. A., Dabiri, G., Cribier, B. & Sell, S. The immunopathobiology of syphilis: the manifestations and course of syphilis are determined by the level of delayed-type hypersensitivity. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 33, 433\u201360 (2011).","journal-title":"Am. J. Dermatopathol."},{"key":"1330_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2399915","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2024.2399915","volume":"20","author":"S Waugh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Waugh, S. & Cameron, C. E. Syphilis vaccine development: Aligning vaccine design with manufacturing requirements. Hum. Vaccin Immunother. 20, 2399915 (2024).","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin Immunother."},{"key":"1330_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1126170","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1126170","volume":"14","author":"C Avila-Nieto","year":"2023","unstructured":"Avila-Nieto, C., Pedreno-Lopez, N., Mitja, O., Clotet, B., Blanco, J. & Carrillo, J. Syphilis vaccine: challenges, controversies and opportunities. Front Immunol. 14, 1126170 (2023).","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"1330_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.19.1.29-49.2006","volume":"19","author":"RE Lafond","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lafond, R. E. & Lukehart, S. A. Biological basis for syphilis. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 19, 29\u201349 (2006).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"1330_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2024.2382236","volume":"13","author":"W Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li, W., Luo, X., Zheng, X. Q., Li, Q. L., Li, Z., Meng, Q. Q. et al. Treponema pallidum protein Tp0136 promotes angiogenesis to facilitate the dissemination of Treponema pallidum. Emerg. Microbes Infect. 13, 2382236 (2024).","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"1330_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115628","volume":"167","author":"QL Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li, Q. L., Li, W., Zheng, X. Q., Ye, W. M., Xu, Q. Y., Ke, W. J. et al. Screening the B- and T-cell epitope map of TP0136 and exploring their effect in a Treponema pallidum rabbit model. Biomed. Pharmacother. 167, 115628 (2023).","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"1330_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759474","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.759474","volume":"12","author":"M Xu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xu, M., Xie, Y., Zheng, K., Luo, H., Tan, M., Zhao, F. et al. Two Potential syphilis vaccine candidates inhibit dissemination of treponema pallidum. Front Immunol. 12, 759474 (2021).","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"1330_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106428","volume":"83","author":"Q Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li, Q., Tong, M., Liu, L., Lin, L., Lin, Y. & Yang, T. Effect of anti-TP0136 antibodies on the progression of lesions in an infected rabbit model. Int Immunopharmacol. 83, 106428 (2020).","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"1330_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chentoufi, A. A., Ulmer, J. B., BenMohamed, L. Antigen delivery platforms for Next-Generation coronavirus vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 13, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines13010030 (2024).","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13010030"},{"key":"1330_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/tra.12026","volume":"14","author":"AR Mantegazza","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mantegazza, A. R., Magalhaes, J. G., Amigorena, S. & Marks, M. S. Presentation of phagocytosed antigens by MHC class I and II. Traffic 14, 135\u201352 (2013).","journal-title":"Traffic"},{"key":"1330_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958123","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.958123","volume":"13","author":"D Cavazzini","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cavazzini, D., Spagnoli, G., Mariz, F. C., Reggiani, F., Maggi, S., Franceschi, V. et al. Enhanced immunogenicity of a positively supercharged archaeon thioredoxin scaffold as a cell-penetrating antigen carrier for peptide vaccines. Front Immunol. 13, 958123 (2022).","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"1330_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-022-01478-7","volume":"20","author":"SH Kiaie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kiaie, S. H., Majidi, Z. N., Ahmadi, A., Bagherifar, R., Valizadeh, H., Kashanchi, F. et al. Recent advances in mRNA-LNP therapeutics: Immunological and pharmacological aspects. J. Nanobiotechnol. 20, 276 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"1330_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Scorza, F. B., Pardi, N. New kids on the block: RNA-based influenza virus vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 6, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines6020020 (2018).","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines6020020"},{"key":"1330_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.120586","volume":"601","author":"L Schoenmaker","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schoenmaker, L., Witzigmann, D., Kulkarni, J. A., Verbeke, R., Kersten, G., Jiskoot, W. et al. MRNA-lipid nanoparticle COVID-19 vaccines: Structure and stability. Int. J. Pharm. 601, 120586 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"1330_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e163922","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01639-22","volume":"13","author":"KN Delgado","year":"2022","unstructured":"Delgado, K. N., Montezuma-Rusca, J. M., Orbe, I. C., Caimano, M. J., La Vake, C. J., Luthra, A. et al. Extracellular loops of the treponema pallidum FadL orthologs TP0856 and TP0858 elicit IgG antibodies and IgG(+)-Specific B-Cells in the rabbit model of experimental syphilis. mBio 13, e163922 (2022).","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"1330_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1222267","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1222267","volume":"14","author":"MR Ferguson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ferguson, M. R., Delgado, K. N., McBride, S., Orbe, I. C., La Vake, C. J., Caimano, M. J. et al. Use of Epivolve phage display to generate a monoclonal antibody with opsonic activity directed against a subdominant epitope on extracellular loop 4 of Treponema pallidum BamA (TP0326). Front Immunol. 14, 1222267 (2023).","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"1330_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1012443","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012443","volume":"20","author":"KN Delgado","year":"2024","unstructured":"Delgado, K. N., Caimano, M. J., Orbe, I. C., Vicente, C. F., La Vake, C. J., Grassmann, A. A. et al. Immunodominant extracellular loops of Treponema pallidum FadL outer membrane proteins elicit antibodies with opsonic and growth-inhibitory activities. PLoS Pathog. 20, e1012443 (2024).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"1330_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1551437","volume":"16","author":"J Jiang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jiang, J., Xu, L., Wang, X., Wang, M., Cao, Y., Li, R. et al. A comprehensive strategy for the development of a multi-epitope vaccine targeting Treponema pallidum, utilizing heat shock proteins, encompassing the entire process from vaccine design to in vitro evaluation of immunogenicity. Front. Microbiol. 16, 1551437 (2025).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"1330_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2700","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032700","volume":"24","author":"V Gote","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gote, V., Bolla, P. K., Kommineni, N., Butreddy, A., Nukala, P. K. & Palakurthi, S. S. A comprehensive review of mRNA vaccines. Int. J. Mol. Sci 24, 2700 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci"},{"key":"1330_CR32","first-page":"1","volume":"415","author":"JD Radolf","year":"2018","unstructured":"Radolf, J. D. & Kumar, S. The Treponema pallidum Outer Membrane. Curr. Top. Microbiol Immunol. 415, 1\u201338 (2018).","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol Immunol."},{"key":"1330_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae245","volume":"230","author":"TB Reid","year":"2024","unstructured":"Reid, T. B., Godornes, C., Campbell, V. L., Laing, K. J., Tantalo, L. C., Gomez, A. et al. Treponema pallidum periplasmic and membrane proteins are recognized by circulating and skin CD4+ t cells. J. Infect. Dis. 230, 281\u201392 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"1330_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8221","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00082-21","volume":"203","author":"KL Hawley","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hawley, K. L., Montezuma-Rusca, J. M., Delgado, K. N., Singh, N., Uversky, V. N., Caimano, M. J. et al. Structural modeling of the treponema pallidum outer membrane protein repertoire: a road map for deconvolution of syphilis pathogenesis and development of a syphilis vaccine. J. Bacteriol. 203, e8221 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"1330_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4757","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.9.4757-4763.1999","volume":"67","author":"TW Arroll","year":"1999","unstructured":"Arroll, T. W., Centurion-Lara, A., Lukehart, S. A. & Van Voorhis, W. C. T-Cell responses to Treponema pallidum subsp. Pallidum antigens during the course of experimental syphilis infection. Infect. Immun. 67, 4757\u201363 (1999).","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"1330_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e325324","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.03253-24","volume":"16","author":"KN Delgado","year":"2025","unstructured":"Delgado, K. N., Vicente, C. F., Hennelly, C. M., Aghakhanian, F., Parr, J. B., Claffey, K. P. et al. Development and utilization of Treponema pallidum expressing green fluorescent protein to study spirochete-host interactions and antibody-mediated clearance: Expanding the toolbox for syphilis research. mBio 16, e325324 (2025).","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"1330_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"j9827","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abj9827","volume":"13","author":"A Sajid","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sajid, A., Matias, J., Arora, G., Kurokawa, C., DePonte, K., Tang, X. et al. MRNA vaccination induces tick resistance and prevents transmission of the Lyme disease agent. Sci. Transl. Med 13, j9827 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med"},{"key":"1330_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2023.07.022","volume":"31","author":"M Pine","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pine, M., Arora, G., Hart, T. M., Bettini, E., Gaudette, B. T., Muramatsu, H. et al. Development of an mRNA-lipid nanoparticle vaccine against Lyme disease. Mol. Ther. 31, 2702\u201314 (2023).","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"1330_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.11.002","volume":"40","author":"SA Lukehart","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lukehart, S. A., Molini, B., Gomez, A., Godornes, C., Hof, R., Fernandez, M. C. et al. Immunization with a tri-antigen syphilis vaccine significantly attenuates chancre development, reduces bacterial load, and inhibits dissemination of Treponema pallidum. Vaccine 40, 7676\u201392 (2022).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"1330_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1159\/000248335","volume":"179","author":"T Rufli","year":"1989","unstructured":"Rufli, T. Syphilis and HIV infection. Dermatologica 179, 113\u20137 (1989).","journal-title":"Dermatologica"},{"key":"1330_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-195602000-00002","volume":"35","author":"HJ Magnuson","year":"1956","unstructured":"Magnuson, H. J., Thomas, E. W., Olansky, S., Kaplan, B. I., de Mello, L. & Cutler, J. C. Inoculation syphilis in human volunteers. Medicine 35, 33\u201382 (1956).","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"1330_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114517002227","volume":"120","author":"CJ MacArthur","year":"2018","unstructured":"MacArthur, C. J. The 3Rs in research: a contemporary approach to replacement, reduction and refinement. Br. J. Nutr. 120, S1\u20137 (2018).","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"1330_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2025.126804","volume":"50","author":"F Urselli","year":"2025","unstructured":"Urselli, F., Gomez, A., Gray, M. D., Cameron, C. E. & Taylor, J. J. Identification of antibodies induced by immunization with the syphilis vaccine candidate Tp0751. Vaccine 50, 126804 (2025).","journal-title":"Vaccine"}],"container-title":["npj Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41541-025-01330-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41541-025-01330-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41541-025-01330-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T14:12:31Z","timestamp":1768486351000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41541-025-01330-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1330"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41541-025-01330-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2059-0105"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2059-0105","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"11"}}