{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T23:09:19Z","timestamp":1791846559377,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769731200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":33,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research & Development Program of China","award":["2022YFC2304100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2304100"]}]},{"name":"Major Research Plan of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["92169206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["92169206"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Vaccines"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-026-01383-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T23:27:00Z","timestamp":1769729220000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Intranasal S-2P and lentinan formulation confers broad protection against SARS-CoV-2 VOCs via IFN-\u03b3-dominant mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Zhendong","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liangliang","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cuiling","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoran","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanhua","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanda","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Congcong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dawei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianqing","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongtian","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"1383_CR1","unstructured":"COVID-19 cases | WHO COVID-19 dashboard. datadot. https:\/\/data.who.int\/dashboards\/covid19\/cases (accessed 9 Apr2025)."},{"key":"1383_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2024.2324549","volume":"20","author":"SH Mahrokhian","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mahrokhian, S. H., Tostanoski, L. H., Vidal, S. J. & Barouch, D. H. COVID-19 vaccines: Immune correlates and clinical outcomes. Hum. Vaccin. Immunother. 20, 2324549 (2024).","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin. Immunother."},{"key":"1383_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-021-00418-x","volume":"23","author":"CB Jackson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jackson, C. B., Farzan, M., Chen, B. & Choe, H. Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 23, 3\u201320 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"1383_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.05.005","volume":"55","author":"H Gruell","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gruell, H., Vanshylla, K., Weber, T., Barnes, C. O., Kreer, C. & Klein, F. Antibody-mediated neutralization of SARS-CoV-2. Immunity 55, 925\u2013944 (2022).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"1383_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.04.013","volume":"55","author":"RC Mettelman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mettelman, R. C., Allen, E. K. & Thomas, P. G. Mucosal immune responses to infection and vaccination in the respiratory tract. Immunity 55, 749\u2013780 (2022).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"1383_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00583-2","volume":"22","author":"EC Lavelle","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lavelle, E. C. & Ward, R. W. Mucosal vaccines - fortifying the frontiers. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 22, 236\u2013250 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"1383_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39560-9","volume":"14","author":"L Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, L. et al. Intranasal influenza-vectored COVID-19 vaccine restrains the SARS-CoV-2 inflammatory response in hamsters. Nat. Commun. 14, 4117 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1383_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva-Sanchez, A., Randall, T. D. Chapter 2 - Anatomical Uniqueness of the Mucosal Immune System (GALT, NALT, iBALT) for the Induction and Regulation of Mucosal Immunity and Tolerance. In Mucosal Vaccines2nd edn (eds Kiyono H, Pascual DW (eds). pp 21\u201354 (Academic Press, 2020).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-811924-2.00002-X"},{"key":"1383_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2023.01.003","volume":"29","author":"R Fraser","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fraser, R., Orta-Resendiz, A., Mazein, A. & Dockrell, D. H. Upper respiratory tract mucosal immunity for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Trends Mol. Med 29, 255\u2013267 (2023).","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med"},{"key":"1383_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-023-00654-6","volume":"8","author":"JM Knisely","year":"2023","unstructured":"Knisely, J. M. et al. Mucosal vaccines for SARS-CoV-2: scientific gaps and opportunities-workshop report. NPJ Vaccines 8, 53 (2023).","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"1383_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15061720","volume":"15","author":"SB Shrewsbury","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shrewsbury, S. B. The upper nasal space: option for systemic drug delivery, mucosal vaccines and \u2018nose-to-brain. Pharmaceutics 15, 1720 (2023).","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"1383_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1038\/d41573-023-00119-4","volume":"22","author":"J Yue","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yue, J., Liu, Y., Zhao, M., Bi, X. & Li, G. Liang W. The R&D landscape for infectious disease vaccines. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 22, 867\u2013868 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"1383_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-021-00163-y","volume":"20","author":"B Pulendran","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pulendran, B., Arunachalam, S. & O\u2019Hagan, P. DT. Emerging concepts in the science of vaccine adjuvants. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 20, 454\u2013475 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"1383_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.7774\/cevr.2022.11.3.235","volume":"11","author":"R Anggraeni","year":"2022","unstructured":"Anggraeni, R., Ana, I. D. & Wihadmadyatami, H. Development of mucosal vaccine delivery: an overview on the mucosal vaccines and their adjuvants. Clin. Exp. Vaccin. Res 11, 235\u2013248 (2022).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Vaccin. Res"},{"key":"1383_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abo2523","volume":"378","author":"T Mao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mao, T. et al. Unadjuvanted intranasal spike vaccine elicits protective mucosal immunity against sarbecoviruses. Science 378, eabo2523 (2022).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1383_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-025-02156-0","volume":"26","author":"D-I Kwon","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kwon, D.-I., Mao, T., Israelow, B., Santos Guedes de S\u00e1, K., Dong, H. & Iwasaki, A. Mucosal unadjuvanted booster vaccines elicit local IgA responses by conversion of pre-existing immunity in mice. Nat. Immunol. 26, 908\u2013919 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"1383_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2023.06.015","volume":"41","author":"E Elder","year":"2023","unstructured":"Elder, E. et al. Protective immunity induced by an inhaled SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccine. Vaccine 41, 4743\u20134751 (2023).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"1383_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-023-00665-3","volume":"8","author":"BK Diallo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Diallo, B. K. et al. Intranasal COVID-19 vaccine induces respiratory memory T cells and protects K18-hACE mice against SARS-CoV-2 infection. NPJ Vaccines 8, 68 (2023).","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"1383_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1009576","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009576","volume":"17","author":"M Th\u00e9paut","year":"2021","unstructured":"Th\u00e9paut, M. et al. DC\/L-SIGN recognition of spike glycoprotein promotes SARS-CoV-2 trans-infection and can be inhibited by a glycomimetic antagonist. PLoS Pathog. 17, e1009576 (2021).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"1383_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2311913120","volume":"120","author":"H Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, H. et al. Integrin \u03b15\u03b21 contributes to cell fusion and inflammation mediated by SARS-CoV-2 spike via RGD-independent interaction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 120, e2311913120 (2023).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"1383_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01348-0","volume":"8","author":"M Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang, M. et al. Lymphocyte integrins mediate entry and dysregulation of T cells by SARS-CoV-2. Signal Transduct. Target Ther. 8, 84 (2023).","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target Ther."},{"key":"1383_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.68563","volume":"10","author":"S Khan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khan, S., Shafiei, M. S., Longoria, C., Schoggins, J. W., Savani, R. C. & Zaki, H. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein induces inflammation via TLR2-dependent activation of the NF-\u03baB pathway. Elife 10, e68563 (2021).","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"1383_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112189","volume":"42","author":"FL Fontes-Dantas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fontes-Dantas, F. L. et al. SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein induces TLR4-mediated long-term cognitive dysfunction recapitulating post-COVID-19 syndrome in mice. Cell Rep. 42, 112189 (2023).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"1383_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1292479","volume":"14","author":"W Fan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fan, W. et al. Safety and efficacy of lentinan nasal drops in patients infected with the variant of COVID-19: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Front Pharm. 14, 1292479 (2023).","journal-title":"Front Pharm."},{"key":"1383_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adl2016","volume":"384","author":"J-L Casanova","year":"2024","unstructured":"Casanova, J.-L., MacMicking, J. D. & Nathan, C. F. Interferon-\u03b3 and infectious diseases: Lessons and prospects. Science 384, eadl2016 (2024).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1383_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2017.97","volume":"11","author":"J Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li, J., Casanova, J.-L. & Puel, A. Mucocutaneous IL-17 immunity in mice and humans: host defense vs. excessive inflammation. Mucosal Immunol. 11, 581\u2013589 (2018).","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"1383_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-024-01787-z","volume":"25","author":"V Fumagalli","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fumagalli, V. et al. Antibody-independent protection against heterologous SARS-CoV-2 challenge conferred by prior infection or vaccination. Nat. Immunol. 25, 633\u2013643 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"1383_CR28","volume":"387","author":"F Zuo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zuo, F., Marcotte, H., Hammarstr\u00f6m, L. & Pan-Hammarstr\u00f6m, Q. Mucosal IgA against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Infection. N. Engl. J. Med 387, e55 (2022).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"1383_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00834-9","volume":"23","author":"U Marking","year":"2023","unstructured":"Marking, U. et al. 7-month duration of SARS-CoV-2 mucosal immunoglobulin-A responses and protection. Lancet Infect. Dis. 23, 150\u2013152 (2023).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"1383_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104402","volume":"87","author":"F Liew","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liew, F. et al. SARS-CoV-2-specific nasal IgA wanes 9 months after hospitalisation with COVID-19 and is not induced by subsequent vaccination. EBioMedicine 87, 104402 (2023).","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"1383_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adp8920","volume":"16","author":"N Lasrado","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lasrado, N. et al. SARS-CoV-2 XBB.1.5 mRNA booster vaccination elicits limited mucosal immunity. Sci. Transl. Med 16, eadp8920 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med"},{"key":"1383_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.03.006","volume":"39","author":"Y Du","year":"2021","unstructured":"Du, Y. et al. Intranasal administration of a recombinant RBD vaccine induced protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in mouse. Vaccine 39, 2280\u20132287 (2021).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"1383_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01822-3","volume":"9","author":"X Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li, X. et al. Nasal vaccination of triple-RBD scaffold protein with flagellin elicits long-term protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants including JN.1. Signal Transduct. Target Ther. 9, 114 (2024).","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target Ther."},{"key":"1383_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.08.049","volume":"40","author":"T Hemmi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hemmi, T. et al. Intranasal vaccination induced cross-protective secretory IgA antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants with reducing the potential risk of lung eosinophilic immunopathology. Vaccine 40, 5892\u20135903 (2022).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"1383_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2007.00359.x","volume":"52","author":"SC Corr","year":"2008","unstructured":"Corr, S. C., Gahan, C. C. G. M. & Hill, C. M-cells: origin, morphology and role in mucosal immunity and microbial pathogenesis. FEMS Immunol. Med Microbiol 52, 2\u201312 (2008).","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med Microbiol"},{"key":"1383_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Agerer, F. et al. Cellular invasion by Staphylococcus aureus reveals a functional link between focal adhesion kinase and cortactin in integrin-mediated internalisation. J. Cell Sci. 118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jcs.02328 (2005).","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.02328"},{"key":"1383_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2023.04.018","volume":"41","author":"X Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu, X. et al. Context-dependent activation of STING-interferon signaling by CD11b agonists enhances anti-tumor immunity. Cancer Cell 41, 1073\u20131090.e12 (2023).","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"1383_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-0782-6","volume":"21","author":"Y Peng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Peng, Y. et al. Broad and strong memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells induced by SARS-CoV-2 in UK convalescent individuals following COVID-19. Nat. Immunol. 21, 1336\u20131345 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"1383_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43842-7","volume":"14","author":"RS Thwaites","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thwaites, R. S. et al. Early mucosal events promote distinct mucosal and systemic antibody responses to live attenuated influenza vaccine. Nat. Commun. 14, 8053 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1383_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2024.101445","volume":"5","author":"Z Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu, Z. et al. Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 BA.2.86 and JN.1 by CF501 adjuvant-enhanced immune responses targeting the conserved epitopes in ancestral RBD. Cell Rep. Med 5, 101445 (2024).","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med"},{"key":"1383_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-021-00531-8","volume":"31","author":"S Sun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sun, S. et al. Interferon-armed RBD dimer enhances the immunogenicity of RBD for sterilizing immunity against SARS-CoV-2. Cell Res. 31, 1011\u20131023 (2021).","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"1383_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.04.026","volume":"181","author":"D Blanco-Melo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Blanco-Melo, D. et al. Imbalanced host response to SARS-CoV-2 drives development of COVID-19. Cell 181, 1036\u20131045.e9 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1383_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2009.00793.x","volume":"230","author":"HS Goodridge","year":"2009","unstructured":"Goodridge, H. S., Wolf, A. J. & Underhill, D. M. Beta-glucan recognition by the innate immune system. Immunol. Rev. 230, 38\u201350 (2009).","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"1383_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.892864","volume":"12","author":"H Cui","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cui, H. et al. Anti-influenza effect and mechanisms of lentinan in an ICR mouse model. Front Cell Infect. Microbiol. 12, 892864 (2022).","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"1383_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13084","volume":"310","author":"H Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu, H. & Wilson, I. A. Protective neutralizing epitopes in SARS-CoV-2. Immunol. Rev. 310, 76\u201392 (2022).","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"1383_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04460-3","volume":"603","author":"R Keeton","year":"2022","unstructured":"Keeton, R. et al. T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike cross-recognize Omicron. Nature 603, 488\u2013492 (2022).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1383_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20220780","volume":"219","author":"JME Lim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lim, J. M. E., Tan, A. T., Le Bert, N., Hang, S. K., Low, J. G. H. & Bertoletti, A. SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection in vaccinees induces virus-specific nasal-resident CD8+ and CD4+ T cells of broad specificity. J. Exp. Med. 219, e20220780 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"1383_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e605","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae215","volume":"230","author":"AK Juhl","year":"2024","unstructured":"Juhl, A. K. et al. Longitudinal evaluation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 T-cell immunity over 2 years following vaccination and infection. J. Infect. Dis. 230, e605\u2013e615 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"1383_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(23)00255-0","volume":"5","author":"L Guo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guo, L. et al. Durability and cross-reactive immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 in individuals 2 years after recovery from COVID-19: a longitudinal cohort study. Lancet Microbe 5, e24\u2013e33 (2024).","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"1383_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abl4509","volume":"6","author":"B Israelow","year":"2021","unstructured":"Israelow, B. et al. Adaptive immune determinants of viral clearance and protection in mouse models of SARS-CoV-2. Sci. Immunol. 6, eabl4509 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"1383_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2022.100520","volume":"3","author":"H Ishii","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ishii, H. et al. Neutralizing-antibody-independent SARS-CoV-2 control correlated with intranasal-vaccine-induced CD8+ T cell responses. Cell Rep. Med 3, 100520 (2022).","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med"},{"key":"1383_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-024-01743-x","volume":"25","author":"B Ying","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ying, B. et al. Mucosal vaccine-induced cross-reactive CD8+ T cells protect against SARS-CoV-2 XBB.1.5 respiratory tract infection. Nat. Immunol. 25, 537\u2013551 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"1383_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2018.18.e33","volume":"18","author":"S Kang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kang, S., Brown, H. M. & Hwang, S. Direct antiviral mechanisms of interferon-gamma. Immune Netw. 18, e33 (2018).","journal-title":"Immune Netw."},{"key":"1383_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-023-01661-4","volume":"24","author":"N Huot","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huot, N. et al. SARS-CoV-2 viral persistence in lung alveolar macrophages is controlled by IFN-\u03b3 and NK cells. Nat. Immunol. 24, 2068\u20132079 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"1383_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.adi3974","volume":"8","author":"S Jost","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jost, S. et al. Antigen-specific memory NK cell responses against HIV and influenza use the NKG2\/HLA-E axis. Sci. Immunol. 8, eadi3974 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"1383_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-022-01327-7","volume":"23","author":"T R\u00fcckert","year":"2022","unstructured":"R\u00fcckert, T., Lareau, C. A., Mashreghi, M.-F., Ludwig, L. S. & Romagnani, C. Clonal expansion and epigenetic inheritance of long-lasting NK cell memory. Nat. Immunol. 23, 1551\u20131563 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"1383_CR57","first-page":"357","volume":"70","author":"RS Wijaya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wijaya, R. S. et al. HBV vaccination and HBV infection induces HBV-specific natural killer cell memory. Gut 70, 357\u2013369 (2021).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1383_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.107634","volume":"31","author":"SJCFM Moorlag","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moorlag, S. J. C. F. M. et al. \u03b2-Glucan induces protective trained immunity against mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: a key role for IL-1. Cell Rep. 31, 107634 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"1383_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2785","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2100107","volume":"207","author":"CL Stothers","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stothers, C. L. et al. \u03b2-glucan induces distinct and protective innate immune memory in differentiated macrophages. J. Immunol. 207, 2785\u20132798 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"1383_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-021-2031-7","volume":"65","author":"H Peng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Peng, H. et al. Discovery of potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs based on large-scale screening in vitro and effect evaluation in vivo. Sci. China Life Sci. 65, 1181\u20131197 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. China Life Sci."},{"key":"1383_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb2507","volume":"367","author":"D Wrapp","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wrapp, D. et al. Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation. Science 367, 1260\u20131263 (2020).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1383_CR62","unstructured":"Zhao, P., Liao, X., Cao, J. & Qi, Z. A method for the efficient secretory expression of hepatitis C virus envelope protein E2 in mammalian cells. Chinese Patent CN1821411A (2006)."},{"key":"1383_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25969","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.131300","volume":"285","author":"L Bi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bi, L. et al. CARD9 mediates dectin-2-induced IkappaBalpha kinase ubiquitination leading to activation of NF-kappaB in response to stimulation by the hyphal form of Candida albicans. J. Biol. Chem. 285, 25969\u201325977 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"1383_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43651","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.307389","volume":"286","author":"S Gorjestani","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gorjestani, S., Yu, M., Tang, B., Zhang, D., Wang, D. & Lin, X. Phospholipase C\u03b32 (PLC\u03b32) is key component in Dectin-2 signaling pathway, mediating anti-fungal innate immune responses. J. Biol. Chem. 286, 43651\u201343659 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."}],"container-title":["npj Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41541-026-01383-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41541-026-01383-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41541-026-01383-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T14:02:39Z","timestamp":1772632959000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41541-026-01383-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1383"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41541-026-01383-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2059-0105"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2059-0105","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"60"}}