{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T22:40:07Z","timestamp":1789080007046,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772496000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":41,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82572622, 82272382, 82150610507, 82072320"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82572622, 82272382, 82150610507, 82072320"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004731","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LZ24H190001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LZ24H190001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Vaccines"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-026-01412-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T22:36:22Z","timestamp":1772577382000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["MtrE Loop2-specific multiple antigenic peptide vaccine and monoclonal antibody confer complement-dependent protection against Neisseria gonorrhoeae"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Shuaijie","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoyu","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dailin","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohua","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenyan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuling","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu\u2019ai","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stijn","family":"van der Veen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"1412_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.18.228486","volume":"97","author":"J Rowley","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rowley, J. et al. Chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis and syphilis: global prevalence and incidence estimates, 2016. Bull. World Health Organ. 97, 548\u2013562P (2019).","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"1412_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2404.171873","volume":"24","author":"MM Lahra","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lahra, M. M. et al. Cooperative recognition of internationally disseminated ceftriaxone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae strain. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 24, 735\u2013740 (2018).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"1412_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1097\/IM9.0000000000000113","volume":"5","author":"S van der Veen","year":"2023","unstructured":"van der Veen, S. Global transmission of the penA allele 60.001-containing high-level ceftriaxone-resistant gonococcal FC428 clone and antimicrobial therapy of associated cases: a review. Infect. Microb. Dis. 5, 13\u201320 (2023).","journal-title":"Infect. Microb. Dis."},{"key":"1412_CR4","first-page":"101125","volume":"48","author":"PT Lan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lan, P. T. et al. The WHO Enhanced Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme (EGASP) identifies high levels of ceftriaxone resistance across Vietnam, 2023. Lancet Reg. Health West. Pac. 48, 101125 (2024).","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health West. Pac."},{"key":"1412_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6949a5","volume":"69","author":"MA Picker","year":"2020","unstructured":"Picker, M. A. et al. Notes from the field: first case in the United States of Neisseria gonorrhoeae harboring emerging mosaic penA60 allele, conferring reduced susceptibility to cefixime and ceftriaxone. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 69, 1876\u20131877 (2020).","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"1412_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.3109\/1040841X.2015.1105782","volume":"42","author":"JL Edwards","year":"2016","unstructured":"Edwards, J. L., Jennings, M. P., Apicella, M. A. & Seib, K. L. Is gonococcal disease preventable? The importance of understanding immunity and pathogenesis in vaccine development. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 42, 928\u2013941 (2016).","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"1412_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.08.067","volume":"32","author":"AE Jerse","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jerse, A. E., Bash, M. C. & Russell, M. W. Vaccines against gonorrhea: current status and future challenges. Vaccine 32, 1579\u20131587 (2014).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"1412_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines2030515","volume":"2","author":"W Li","year":"2014","unstructured":"Li, W., Joshi, M. D., Singhania, S., Ramsey, K. H. & Murthy, A. K. Peptide vaccine: progress and challenges. Vaccines 2, 515\u2013536 (2014).","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"1412_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12966","volume":"507","author":"BE Correia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Correia, B. E. et al. Proof of principle for epitope-focused vaccine design. Nature 507, 201\u2013206 (2014).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1412_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4571-5","volume":"19","author":"RM Dawood","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dawood, R. M. et al. A multiepitope peptide vaccine against HCV stimulates neutralizing humoral and persistent cellular responses in mice. BMC Infect. Dis. 19, 932 (2019).","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"1412_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003559","volume":"9","author":"S Gulati","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gulati, S. et al. Immunization against a saccharide epitope accelerates clearance of experimental gonococcal infection. PLoS Pathog 9, e1003559 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"1412_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1007\/s13337-013-0162-z","volume":"24","author":"VG Joshi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Joshi, V. G., Dighe, V. D., Thakuria, D., Malik, Y. S. & Kumar, S. Multiple antigenic peptide (MAP): a synthetic peptide dendrimer for diagnostic, antiviral and vaccine strategies for emerging and re-emerging viral diseases. Indian J. Virol. 24, 312\u2013320 (2013).","journal-title":"Indian J. Virol."},{"key":"1412_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5509","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00899-09","volume":"77","author":"J Oscherwitz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Oscherwitz, J., Yu, F. & Cease, K. B. A heterologous helper T-cell epitope enhances the immunogenicity of a multiple-antigenic-peptide vaccine targeting the cryptic loop-neutralizing determinant of Bacillus anthracis protective antigen. Infect. Immun. 77, 5509\u20135518 (2009).","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"1412_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sahay, B et al. Immunogenicity and efficacy of a novel multi-antigenic peptide vaccine based on cross-reactivity between feline and human immunodeficiency viruses. Viruses 11, 136 (2019).","DOI":"10.3390\/v11020136"},{"key":"1412_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.07.065","volume":"24","author":"J Ngampasutadol","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ngampasutadol, J., Rice, P. A., Walsh, M. T. & Gulati, S. Characterization of a peptide vaccine candidate mimicking an oligosaccharide epitope of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and resultant immune responses and function. Vaccine 24, 157\u2013170 (2006).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"1412_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02552","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02552-19","volume":"10","author":"S Gulati","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gulati, S. et al. Preclinical efficacy of a lipooligosaccharide peptide mimic candidate gonococcal vaccine. mBio 10, e02552\u201302519 (2019).","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"1412_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2018.06.001","volume":"77","author":"S Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang, S. et al. Gonococcal MtrE and its surface-expressed Loop 2 are immunogenic and elicit bactericidal antibodies. J. Infect. 77, 191\u2013204 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"1412_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1099\/13500872-141-3-611","volume":"141","author":"KE Hagman","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hagman, K. E. et al. Resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to antimicrobial hydrophobic agents is modulated by the mtrRCDE efflux system. Microbiology 141, 611\u2013622 (1995).","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"1412_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1097\/IM9.0000000000000024","volume":"2","author":"F Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang, F. & Yan, J. van der Veen S. Antibiotic resistance and treatment options for multidrug-resistant gonorrhea. Infect. Microb. Dis. 2, 67\u201376 (2020).","journal-title":"Infect. Microb. Dis."},{"key":"1412_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.4.1829","volume":"95","author":"WM Shafer","year":"1998","unstructured":"Shafer, W. M., Qu, X., Waring, A. J. & Lehrer, R. I. Modulation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae susceptibility to vertebrate antibacterial peptides due to a member of the resistance\/nodulation\/division efflux pump family. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 1829\u20131833 (1998).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"1412_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, S. et al. Could dampening expression of the Neisseria gonorrhoeae mtrCDE-encoded efflux pump be a strategy to preserve currently or resurrect formerly used antibiotics to treat gonorrhea? MBio 10, 10\u20131128 (2019).","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01576-19"},{"key":"1412_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1086\/522964","volume":"196","author":"DM Warner","year":"2007","unstructured":"Warner, D. M., Folster, J. P., Shafer, W. M. & Jerse, A. E. Regulation of the MtrC-MtrD-MtrE efflux-pump system modulates the in vivo fitness of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J. Infect. Dis. 196, 1804\u20131812 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"1412_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2008.06424.x","volume":"70","author":"DM Warner","year":"2008","unstructured":"Warner, D. M., Shafer, W. M. & Jerse, A. E. Clinically relevant mutations that cause derepression of the Neisseria gonorrhoeae MtrC-MtrD-MtrE Efflux pump system confer different levels of antimicrobial resistance and in vivo fitness. Mol. Microbiol. 70, 462\u2013478 (2008).","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"1412_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012578","volume":"20","author":"A Waltmann","year":"2024","unstructured":"Waltmann, A. et al. Experimental genital tract infection demonstrates Neisseria gonorrhoeae MtrCDE efflux pump is not required for in vivo human infection and identifies gonococcal colonization bottleneck. PLoS Pathog 20, e1012578 (2024).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"1412_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa701","volume":"224","author":"L Gao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gao, L., Wang, Z. & van der Veen, S. Gonococcal adaptation to palmitic acid through farAB expression and FadD activity mutations increases in vivo fitness in a murine genital tract infection model. J. Infect. Dis. 224, 141\u2013150 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"1412_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1999.01530.x","volume":"33","author":"EH Lee","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lee, E. H. & Shafer, W. M. The farAB-encoded efflux pump mediates resistance of gonococci to long-chained antibacterial fatty acids. Mol. Microbiol. 33, 839\u2013845 (1999).","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"1412_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2023.2249124","volume":"12","author":"S Song","year":"2023","unstructured":"Song, S. et al. Th1-polarized MtrE-based gonococcal vaccines display prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy. Emerg. Microbes Infect. 12, 2249124 (2023).","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"1412_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76516","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.20407","volume":"8","author":"L Cai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cai, L. et al. Protective cellular immunity generated by cross-presenting recombinant overlapping peptide proteins. Oncotarget 8, 76516\u201376524 (2017).","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"1412_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbt.2011.03.018","volume":"28","author":"JD Berry","year":"2011","unstructured":"Berry, J. D. & Gaudet, R. G. Antibodies in infectious diseases: polyclonals, monoclonals and niche biotechnology. N. Biotechnol. 28, 489\u2013501 (2011).","journal-title":"N. Biotechnol."},{"key":"1412_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002344","volume":"14","author":"RN de Jong","year":"2016","unstructured":"de Jong, R. N. et al. A novel platform for the potentiation of therapeutic antibodies based on antigen-dependent formation of IgG hexamers at the cell surface. PLoS Biol. 14, e1002344 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"1412_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1248943","volume":"343","author":"CA Diebolder","year":"2014","unstructured":"Diebolder, C. A. et al. Complement is activated by IgG hexamers assembled at the cell surface. Science 343, 1260\u20131263 (2014).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1412_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000323","volume":"17","author":"S Gulati","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gulati, S. et al. Complement alone drives efficacy of a chimeric antigonococcal monoclonal antibody. PLoS Biol. 17, e3000323 (2019).","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"1412_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2571","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.4.2571","volume":"166","author":"EE Idusogie","year":"2001","unstructured":"Idusogie, E. E. et al. Engineered antibodies with increased activity to recruit complement. J. Immunol. 166, 2571\u20132575 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"1412_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.05.025","volume":"182","author":"Y Cao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cao, Y. et al. Potent neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 identified by high-throughput single-cell sequencing of convalescent patients\u2019 B cells. Cell 182, 73\u201384 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1412_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adv0969","volume":"17","author":"M Troisi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Troisi, M. et al. Human monoclonal antibodies targeting subdominant meningococcal antigens confer cross-protection against gonococcus. Sci. Transl. Med. 17, eadv0969 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"1412_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1565862","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1565862","volume":"16","author":"G Vezzani","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vezzani, G. et al. Isolation of human monoclonal antibodies from 4CMenB vaccinees reveals PorB and LOS as the main OMV components inducing cross-strain protection. Front. Immunol. 16, 1565862 (2025).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"1412_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almonacid-Mendoza, H.L. et al. Structure of the recombinant Neisseria gonorrhoeae adhesin complex protein (rNg-ACP) and generation of murine antibodies with bactericidal activity against gonococci. mSphere 3, 10\u20131128 (2018).","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00331-18"},{"key":"1412_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00137","volume":"10","author":"FE Jen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jen, F. E., Semchenko, E. A., Day, C. J., Seib, K. L. & Jennings, M. P. The Neisseria gonorrhoeae methionine sulfoxide reductase (MsrA\/B) is a surface exposed, immunogenic, vaccine candidate. Front. Immunol. 10, 137 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"1412_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00898","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00898-16","volume":"85","author":"EA Semchenko","year":"2017","unstructured":"Semchenko, E. A., Day, C. J. & Seib, K. L. MetQ of Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a surface-expressed antigen that elicits bactericidal and functional blocking antibodies. Infect. Immun. 85, e00898\u201300816 (2017).","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"1412_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2338","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M116.058800","volume":"15","author":"RA Zielke","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zielke, R. A. et al. Proteomics-driven antigen discovery for development of vaccines against gonorrhea. Mol. Cell. Proteom. 15, 2338\u20132355 (2016).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteom."},{"key":"1412_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2224","volume":"6","author":"AW Purcell","year":"2007","unstructured":"Purcell, A. W., McCluskey, J. & Rossjohn, J. More than one reason to rethink the use of peptides in vaccine design. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 6, 404\u2013414 (2007).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"1412_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00707-2","volume":"22","author":"N Pishesha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pishesha, N., Harmand, T. J. & Ploegh, H. L. A guide to antigen processing and presentation. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 22, 751\u2013764 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"1412_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3383","volume":"13","author":"A Cerutti","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cerutti, A., Cols, M. & Puga, I. Marginal zone B cells: virtues of innate-like antibody-producing lymphocytes. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 13, 118\u2013132 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"1412_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11900","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1901841116","volume":"116","author":"TH Sharp","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sharp, T. H. et al. Insights into IgM-mediated complement activation based on in situ structures of IgM-C1-C4b. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 116, 11900\u201311905 (2019).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"1412_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2783","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1001431","volume":"185","author":"TA Barr","year":"2010","unstructured":"Barr, T. A., Brown, S., Mastroeni, P. & Gray, D. TLR and B cell receptor signals to B cells differentially program primary and memory Th1 responses to Salmonella enterica. J. Immunol. 185, 2783\u20132789 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"1412_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac339","volume":"226","author":"MP Cravens","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cravens, M. P., Alugupalli, A. S., Sandilya, V. K., McGeady, S. J. & Alugupalli, K. R. The immunoglobulin M response to pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine is sufficient for conferring immunity. J. Infect. Dis. 226, 1852\u20131856 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"1412_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3803","volume":"15","author":"S Crotty","year":"2015","unstructured":"Crotty, S. A brief history of T cell help to B cells. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 15, 185\u2013189 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"1412_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2010.00912.x","volume":"236","author":"IJ Amanna","year":"2010","unstructured":"Amanna, I. J. & Slifka, M. K. Mechanisms that determine plasma cell lifespan and the duration of humoral immunity. Immunol. Rev. 236, 125\u2013138 (2010).","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"1412_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3409","volume":"19","author":"SG Reed","year":"2013","unstructured":"Reed, S. G., Orr, M. T. & Fox, C. B. Key roles of adjuvants in modern vaccines. Nat. Med. 19, 1597\u20131608 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"1412_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2016.05.016","volume":"63","author":"G Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang, G. et al. Molecular basis of assembly and activation of complement component C1 in complex with immunoglobulin G1 and antigen. Mol. Cell 63, 135\u2013145 (2016).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"1412_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2010.05.011","volume":"47","author":"M Kojouharova","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kojouharova, M., Reid, K. & Gadjeva, M. New insights into the molecular mechanisms of classical complement activation. Mol. Immunol. 47, 2154\u20132160 (2010).","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"1412_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.168.1.127","volume":"168","author":"CI Bindon","year":"1988","unstructured":"Bindon, C. I., Hale, G., Br\u00fcggemann, M. & Waldmann, H. Human monoclonal IgG isotypes differ in complement activating function at the level of C4 as well as C1q. J. Exp. Med. 168, 127\u2013142 (1988).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"1412_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5409","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.15.5409","volume":"85","author":"JP Tam","year":"1988","unstructured":"Tam, J. P. Synthetic peptide vaccine design: synthesis and properties of a high-density multiple antigenic peptide system. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85, 5409\u20135413 (1988).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"}],"container-title":["npj Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41541-026-01412-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41541-026-01412-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41541-026-01412-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T06:03:04Z","timestamp":1776060184000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41541-026-01412-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1412"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41541-026-01412-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2059-0105"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2059-0105","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"S.V., S.S., H.G., D.Y., W.L., C.D., and Y.Q. are named inventors on a pending Chinese patent application (Application number: 2025115678059) covering intellectual property for mAb M01. X.G., S.G., X.L., and H.C. declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"81"}}