{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T16:04:39Z","timestamp":1793117079577,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774828800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":53,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Horizon 2020 MSCA fellowship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Outer membrane vesicle (OMV)-based vaccines elicit strong immune responses and have emerged as a versatile platform for targeting multiple pathogens, yet the mechanisms underlying their efficacy remain incompletely understood. Here, we investigated the early immune response following intranasal administration of an OMV-based pneumococcal vaccine candidate in mice. Using in vivo bioluminescence imaging, spectral flow cytometry, and high-resolution microscopy, we tracked OMV biodistribution and immune activation throughout the respiratory tract from 1 to 72\u2009h post-immunization. OMVs persisted in the nasal cavity for up to 48\u2009h and rapidly recruited Ly6G\n                    <jats:sup>hi<\/jats:sup>\n                    neutrophils and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, followed by activation of local T cells. MHCII expression was significantly upregulated on Ly6G\n                    <jats:sup>hi<\/jats:sup>\n                    neutrophils in nasal tissue and coincided with a marked expansion at 24\u2009h. In the lungs, alveolar macrophages and plasmacytoid dendritic cells emerged as early responders. OMV exposure also induced costimulatory molecule expression across multiple myeloid cell subsets. Together, these findings reveal distinct spatio-temporal patterns of innate and adaptive immune activation at mucosal sites, providing mechanistic insight into OMV-induced mucosal immunity and underscoring their potential as a versatile vaccine platform.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-026-01430-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T09:34:00Z","timestamp":1774863240000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Tracking spatio-temporal dynamics of early immune responses to an intranasal OMV-based pneumococcal vaccine candidate in mice"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sajida","family":"Kanwal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaina Vivienne","family":"To","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rienke","family":"Uijen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rona","family":"Roverts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bram","family":"van Cranenbroek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fred J.","family":"van Opzeeland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Joosten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart","family":"van den Berg van Saparoea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christa E.","family":"van der Gaast-de Jongh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"van Rijssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joen","family":"Luirink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitri A.","family":"Diavatopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucille F.","family":"van Beek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marien I.","family":"de Jonge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"1430_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zahid, A., Ismail, H., Wilson, J. C. & Grice, I. D. Bioengineering outer-membrane vesicles for vaccine development: strategies, advances, and perspectives. Vaccines 13, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines13070767 (2025).","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13070767"},{"key":"1430_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.091208.073413","volume":"64","author":"A Kulp","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kulp, A. & Kuehn, M. J. Biological functions and biogenesis of secreted bacterial outer membrane vesicles. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 64, 163\u2013184 (2010).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"1430_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00031-09","volume":"74","author":"TN Ellis","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ellis, T. N. & Kuehn, M. J. Virulence and immunomodulatory roles of bacterial outer membrane vesicles. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 74, 81\u201394 (2010).","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"1430_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.201400395","volume":"10","author":"L van der Pol","year":"2015","unstructured":"van der Pol, L., Stork, M. & van der Ley, P. Outer membrane vesicles as platform vaccine technology. Biotechnol. J. 10, 1689\u20131706 (2015).","journal-title":"Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"1430_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00783","volume":"9","author":"K Tan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tan, K., Li, R., Huang, X. & Liu, Q. Outer membrane vesicles: current status and future direction of these novel vaccine adjuvants. Front. Microbiol. 9, 783 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"1430_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2020.101433","volume":"50","author":"F Micoli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Micoli, F. & MacLennan, C. A. Outer membrane vesicle vaccines. Semin Immunol. 50, 101433 (2020).","journal-title":"Semin Immunol."},{"key":"1430_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3123","volume":"16","author":"A Iwasaki","year":"2015","unstructured":"Iwasaki, A. & Medzhitov, R. Control of adaptive immunity by the innate immune system. Nat. Immunol. 16, 343\u2013353 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"1430_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032414-112315","volume":"34","author":"A Iwasaki","year":"2016","unstructured":"Iwasaki, A. Exploiting mucosal immunity for antiviral vaccines. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 34, 575\u2013608 (2016).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"1430_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.04.013","volume":"55","author":"RC Mettelman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mettelman, R. C., Allen, E. K. & Thomas, P. G. Mucosal immune responses to infection and vaccination in the respiratory tract. Immunity 55, 749\u2013780 (2022).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"1430_CR10","unstructured":"Janeway, C. A. Jr, Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edn, (Garland Science, 2001)."},{"key":"1430_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.103841","volume":"76","author":"A Alu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alu, A. et al. Intranasal COVID-19 vaccines: from bench to bed. EBioMedicine 76, 103841 (2022).","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"1430_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1514845","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1514845","volume":"16","author":"Y Sui","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sui, Y. et al. Adjuvanted subunit intranasal vaccine reduces SARS-CoV-2 onward transmission in hamsters. Front Immunol. 16, 1514845 (2025).","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"1430_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.1021\/cb3002478","volume":"7","author":"MP Hall","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hall, M. P. et al. Engineered luciferase reporter from a deep sea shrimp utilizing a novel imidazopyrazinone substrate. ACS Chem. Biol. 7, 1848\u20131857 (2012).","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Biol."},{"key":"1430_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.bioconjchem.6b00112","volume":"27","author":"CG England","year":"2016","unstructured":"England, C. G., Ehlerding, E. B. & Cai, W. NanoLuc: a small luciferase is brightening up the field of bioluminescence. Bioconjug Chem. 27, 1175\u20131187 (2016).","journal-title":"Bioconjug Chem."},{"key":"1430_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Voss, F. et al. Lipidation of pneumococcal antigens leads to improved immunogenicity and protection. Vaccines 8, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines8020310 (2020).","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8020310"},{"key":"1430_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.10.006","volume":"39","author":"LF van Beek","year":"2021","unstructured":"van Beek, L. F. et al. Intranasal vaccination with protein bodies elicit strong protection against Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization. Vaccine 39, 6920\u20136929 (2021).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"1430_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2020.1825908","volume":"11","author":"LF van Beek","year":"2020","unstructured":"van Beek, L. F. et al. Exploring metal availability in the natural niche of Streptococcus pneumoniae to discover potential vaccine antigens. Virulence, 11, 1310\u20131328 (2020).","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"1430_CR18","unstructured":"Van, H. B. V. D. B., Jong, W. S. P. & Luirink, J. (Google Patents, 2021)."},{"key":"1430_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kotecha, N., Krutzik, P. O. & Irish, J. M. Web-based analysis and publication of flow cytometry experiments. Curr. Protoc. Cytom., Unit10 17 (2010).","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142956.cy1017s53"},{"key":"1430_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S45","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1213","volume":"11","author":"J Holmgren","year":"2005","unstructured":"Holmgren, J. & Czerkinsky, C. Mucosal immunity and vaccines. Nat. Med. 11, S45\u2013S53 (2005).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"1430_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.03.010","volume":"33","author":"K Kuipers","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kuipers, K. et al. Salmonella outer membrane vesicles displaying high densities of pneumococcal antigen at the surface offer protection against colonization. Vaccine 33, 2022\u20132029 (2015).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"1430_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw160","volume":"214","author":"K Kuipers","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kuipers, K. et al. Antigen-independent restriction of pneumococcal density by mucosal adjuvant cholera toxin subunit B. J. Infect. Dis. 214, 1588\u20131596 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"1430_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kuipers, K. et al. Th17-mediated cross protection against pneumococcal carriage by vaccination with a variable antigen. Infect. Immun. 85, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/IAI.00281-17 (2017).","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00281-17"},{"key":"1430_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.7.8.16086","volume":"7","author":"P van der Ley","year":"2011","unstructured":"van der Ley, P. & van den Dobbelsteen, G. Next-generation outer membrane vesicle vaccines against Neisseria meningitidis based on nontoxic LPS mutants. Hum. Vaccin 7, 886\u2013890 (2011).","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin"},{"key":"1430_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.10.003","volume":"183","author":"I Ballesteros","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ballesteros, I. et al. Co-option of neutrophil fates by tissue environments. Cell 183, 1282\u20131297 e1218 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1430_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mancini, F., Rossi, O., Necchi, F. & Micoli, F. OMV vaccines and the role of TLR agonists in immune response. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21124416 (2020).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21124416"},{"key":"1430_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2506","volume":"9","author":"DI Gabrilovich","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gabrilovich, D. I. & Nagaraj, S. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells as regulators of the immune system. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 9, 162\u2013174 (2009).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"1430_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1701019","volume":"200","author":"S Ostrand-Rosenberg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ostrand-Rosenberg, S. & Fenselau, C. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells: immune-suppressive cells that impair antitumor immunity and are sculpted by their environment. J. Immunol. 200, 422\u2013431 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"1430_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Park, C. et al. Murine alveolar macrophages rapidly accumulate intranasally administered SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein leading to neutrophil recruitment and damage. Elife 12, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.86764 (2024).","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.86764"},{"key":"1430_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2016.1239668","volume":"13","author":"H Yusuf","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yusuf, H. & Kett, V. Current prospects and future challenges for nasal vaccine delivery. Hum. Vaccin Immunother. 13, 34\u201345 (2017).","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin Immunother."},{"key":"1430_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1573037","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1573037","volume":"16","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang, Z. et al. Nanotechnology-driven advances in intranasal vaccine delivery systems against infectious diseases. Front. Immunol. 16, 1573037 (2025).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"1430_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2012-0387OC","volume":"49","author":"F Blank","year":"2013","unstructured":"Blank, F. et al. Size-dependent uptake of particles by pulmonary antigen-presenting cell populations and trafficking to regional lymph nodes. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 49, 67\u201377 (2013).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"1430_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003781","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1003781","volume":"12","author":"E Prochetto","year":"2022","unstructured":"Prochetto, E., Borgna, E., Jimenez-Cortegana, C., Sanchez-Margalet, V. & Cabrera, G. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells and vaccination against pathogens. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol. 12, 1003781 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"1430_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3600","volume":"14","author":"T Hussell","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hussell, T. & Bell, T. J. Alveolar macrophages: plasticity in a tissue-specific context. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 14, 81\u201393 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"1430_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3052","volume":"16","author":"M Kopf","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kopf, M., Schneider, C. & Nobs, S. P. The development and function of lung-resident macrophages and dendritic cells. Nat. Immunol. 16, 36\u201344 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"1430_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3865","volume":"15","author":"M Swiecki","year":"2015","unstructured":"Swiecki, M. & Colonna, M. The multifaceted biology of plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 15, 471\u2013485 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"1430_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1MR1014-502R","volume":"98","author":"A Takashima","year":"2015","unstructured":"Takashima, A. & Yao, Y. Neutrophil plasticity: acquisition of phenotype and functionality of antigen-presenting cell. J. Leukoc. Biol. 98, 489\u2013496 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"1430_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2965","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-12-063826","volume":"110","author":"C Beauvillain","year":"2007","unstructured":"Beauvillain, C. et al. Neutrophils efficiently cross-prime naive T cells in vivo. Blood 110, 2965\u20132973 (2007).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"1430_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.11.029","volume":"163","author":"C Hagen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hagen, C. et al. Structural basis of vesicle formation at the inner nuclear membrane. Cell 163, 1692\u20131701 (2015).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1430_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00057","volume":"11","author":"EJ Jones","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jones, E. J. et al. The uptake, trafficking, and biodistribution of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron generated outer membrane vesicles. Front Microbiol, 11, 57 (2020).","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"1430_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.06069-11","volume":"80","author":"PK Rompikuntal","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rompikuntal, P. K. et al. Perinuclear localization of internalized outer membrane vesicles carrying active cytolethal distending toxin from Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Infect. Immun. 80, 31\u201342 (2012).","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"1430_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3688","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.14413","volume":"29","author":"K Yoshida","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yoshida, K. et al. Porphyromonas gingivalis outer membrane vesicles in cerebral ventricles activate microglia in mice. Oral. Dis. 29, 3688\u20133697 (2023).","journal-title":"Oral. Dis."},{"key":"1430_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2015.3","volume":"16","author":"SN Mueller","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mueller, S. N. & Mackay, L. K. Tissue-resident memory T cells: local specialists in immune defence. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 16, 79\u201389 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"1430_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2011.00025","volume":"2","author":"DT Ruane","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ruane, D. T. & Lavelle, E. C. The role of CD103(+) dendritic cells in the intestinal mucosal immune system. Front. Immunol. 2, 25 (2011).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"1430_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2010.10.008","volume":"33","author":"F Sallusto","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sallusto, F., Lanzavecchia, A., Araki, K. & Ahmed, R. From vaccines to memory and back. Immunity 33, 451\u2013463 (2010).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"1430_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00131-10","volume":"17","author":"SA Plotkin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Plotkin, S. A. Correlates of protection induced by vaccination. Clin. Vaccin. Immunol. 17, 1055\u20131065 (2010).","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccin. Immunol."},{"key":"1430_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.11.103","volume":"29","author":"C Ge","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ge, C. et al. Bystander activation of pulmonary trm cells attenuates the severity of bacterial pneumonia by enhancing neutrophil recruitment. Cell Rep. 29, 4236\u20134244 e4233 (2019).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"1430_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2000937","volume":"206","author":"NJ Maurice","year":"2021","unstructured":"Maurice, N. J., Taber, A. K. & Prlic, M. The ugly duckling turned to swan: a change in perception of bystander-activated memory CD8 T Cells. J. Immunol. 206, 455\u2013462 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"1430_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102299","volume":"82","author":"D Paprckova","year":"2023","unstructured":"Paprckova, D., Salyova, E., Michalik, J. & Stepanek, O. Bystander activation in memory and antigen-inexperienced memory-like CD8 T cells. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 82, 102299 (2023).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"1430_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pizzolla, A. et al. Resident memory CD8(+) T cells in the upper respiratory tract prevent pulmonary influenza virus infection. Sci. Immunol. 2, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciimmunol.aam6970 (2017).","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aam6970"},{"key":"1430_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6283","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA118.007188","volume":"294","author":"K Sueyoshi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sueyoshi, K. et al. Lipopolysaccharide suppresses T cells by generating extracellular ATP that impairs their mitochondrial function via P2Y11 receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 294, 6283\u20136293 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"1430_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-019-0444-8","volume":"20","author":"DI Godfrey","year":"2019","unstructured":"Godfrey, D. I., Koay, H. F., McCluskey, J. & Gherardin, N. A. The biology and functional importance of MAIT cells. Nat. Immunol. 20, 1110\u20131128 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"1430_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032713-120216","volume":"32","author":"YH Chien","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chien, Y. H., Meyer, C. & Bonneville, M. \u03b3\u03b4 T cells: first line of defense and beyond. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 32, 121\u2013155 (2014).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"1430_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabn1413","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abn1413","volume":"14","author":"BL Hartwell","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hartwell, B. L. et al. Intranasal vaccination with lipid-conjugated immunogens promotes antigen transmucosal uptake to drive mucosal and systemic immunity. Sci. Transl. Med. 14, eabn1413 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"1430_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12596","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.24.12596-12602.2002","volume":"76","author":"C Balmelli","year":"2002","unstructured":"Balmelli, C., Demotz, S., Acha-Orbea, H., De Grandi, P. & Nardelli-Haefliger, D. Trachea, lung, and tracheobronchial lymph nodes are the major sites where antigen-presenting cells are detected after nasal vaccination of mice with human papillomavirus type 16 virus-like particles. J. Virol. 76, 12596\u201312602 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"1430_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200409-046TA","volume":"1","author":"J Heyder","year":"2004","unstructured":"Heyder, J. Deposition of inhaled particles in the human respiratory tract and consequences for regional targeting in respiratory drug delivery. Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc. 1, 315\u2013320 (2004).","journal-title":"Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc."}],"container-title":["npj Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41541-026-01430-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41541-026-01430-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41541-026-01430-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T01:02:40Z","timestamp":1779411760000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41541-026-01430-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1430"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41541-026-01430-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["2059-0105"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2059-0105","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Conflicts of interest are in Abera Bioscience AB that aims to exploit the presented OMV technology and has patented this vaccine platform18. The vaccine candidate and the immunization studies conducted in this study are based on information available in this patent application. However, the insights gained through this manuscript are not part of the patent.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"105"}}