{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T22:46:04Z","timestamp":1791758764161,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":111,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"TTUHSC - Rural Cancer Collaborative"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["npj Vaccines"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-026-01504-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T11:45:07Z","timestamp":1782215107000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Therapeutic DC vaccination against the vascular antigen DLK1 effectively treats primary triple-negative breast cancer and prevents metastasis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Daugherity","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caryn","family":"Lawrence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Izuchukwu F.","family":"Okpalanwaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tyler","family":"Mouw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dauod","family":"Arif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duke","family":"Appiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter J.","family":"Storkus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Devin B.","family":"Lowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"1504_CR1","first-page":"10","volume":"75","author":"RL Siegel","year":"2025","unstructured":"Siegel, R. L., Kratzer, T. B., Giaquinto, A. N., Sung, H. & Jemal, A. Cancer statistics, 2025. CA Cancer J. Clin. 75, 10\u201345 (2025).","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"1504_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-17-0627","volume":"27","author":"N Howlader","year":"2018","unstructured":"Howlader, N., Cronin, K. A., Kurian, A. W. & Andridge, R. Differences in breast cancer survival by molecular subtypes in the United States. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 27, 619\u2013626 (2018).","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"1504_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4429","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-06-3045","volume":"13","author":"R Dent","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dent, R. et al. Triple-negative breast cancer: clinical features and patterns of recurrence. Clin. Cancer Res. 13, 4429\u20134434 (2007).","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"1504_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3466","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-18-3014","volume":"79","author":"RL Stewart","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stewart, R. L. et al. A multigene assay determines risk of recurrence in patients with triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer Res. 79, 3466\u20133478 (2019).","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"1504_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-18-1177","volume":"9","author":"AC Garrido-Castro","year":"2019","unstructured":"Garrido-Castro, A. C., Lin, N. U. & Polyak, K. Insights into molecular classifications of triple-negative breast cancer: improving patient selection for treatment. Cancer Discov. 9, 176\u2013198 (2019).","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"1504_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/dji021","volume":"97","author":"D Mauri","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mauri, D., Pavlidis, N. & Ioannidis, J. P. Neoadjuvant versus adjuvant systemic treatment in breast cancer: a meta-analysis. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 97, 188\u2013194 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"1504_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.03.041","volume":"173","author":"C Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim, C. et al. Chemoresistance evolution in triple-negative breast cancer delineated by single-cell sequencing. Cell 173, 879\u201393 e13 (2018).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1504_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2202809","volume":"387","author":"J Cortes","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cortes, J. et al. Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy in advanced triple-negative breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 387, 217\u2013226 (2022).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1504_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2011.4","volume":"24","author":"RA Mohammed","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mohammed, R. A. et al. Lymphatic and blood vessels in basal and triple-negative breast cancers: characteristics and prognostic significance. Mod. Pathol. 24, 774\u2013785 (2011).","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"1504_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdp062","volume":"20","author":"BK Linderholm","year":"2009","unstructured":"Linderholm, B. K. et al. Significantly higher levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and shorter survival times for patients with primary operable triple-negative breast cancer. Ann. Oncol. 20, 1639\u20131646 (2009).","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"1504_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2011.12.002","volume":"38","author":"JR Mackey","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mackey, J. R. et al. Controlling angiogenesis in breast cancer: a systematic review of anti-angiogenic trials. Cancer Treat. Rev. 38, 673\u2013688 (2012).","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rev."},{"key":"1504_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3239","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2008.21.6457","volume":"28","author":"DW Miles","year":"2010","unstructured":"Miles, D. W. et al. Phase III study of bevacizumab plus docetaxel compared with placebo plus docetaxel for the first-line treatment of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative metastatic breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 28, 3239\u20133247 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"1504_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.28.0982","volume":"29","author":"NJ Robert","year":"2011","unstructured":"Robert, N. J. et al. RIBBON-1: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trial of chemotherapy with or without bevacizumab for first-line treatment of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative, locally recurrent or metastatic breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 29, 1252\u20131260 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"1504_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1241949","volume":"14","author":"AL McCormick","year":"2023","unstructured":"McCormick, A. L. et al. Targeting the pericyte antigen DLK1 with an alpha type-1 polarized dendritic cell vaccine results in tumor vascular modulation and protection against colon cancer progression. Front. Immunol. 14, 1241949 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"1504_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor JL, et al. Therapeutic anti-tumor efficacy of DC-based vaccines targeting TME-associated antigens is improved when combined with a chemokine-modulating regimen and\/or Anti-PD-L1. Vaccines (Basel). 12, 777 (2024).","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12070777"},{"key":"1504_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1101644","volume":"188","author":"X Zhao","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhao, X. et al. Vaccines targeting tumor blood vessel antigens promote CD8(+) T cell-dependent tumor eradication or dormancy in HLA-A2 transgenic mice. J. Immunol. 188, 1782\u20131788 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"1504_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Storkus WJ, et al. Dendritic cell vaccines targeting tumor blood vessel antigens in combination with dasatinib induce therapeutic immune responses in patients with checkpoint-refractory advanced melanoma. J. Immunother. Cancer. 2021;9.","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-003675"},{"key":"1504_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2012.02.003","volume":"1822","author":"FA Falix","year":"2012","unstructured":"Falix, F. A., Aronson, D. C., Lamers, W. H. & Gaemers, I. C. Possible roles of DLK1 in the Notch pathway during development and disease. Biochim Biophys. Acta 1822, 988\u2013995 (2012).","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"1504_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R271","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-21-0208","volume":"28","author":"JFH Pittaway","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pittaway, J. F. H., Lipsos, C., Mariniello, K. & Guasti, L. The role of delta-like non-canonical Notch ligand 1 (DLK1) in cancer. Endocr. Relat. Cancer 28, R271\u2013R287 (2021).","journal-title":"Endocr. Relat. Cancer"},{"key":"1504_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2013.133","volume":"21","author":"N Chi Sabins","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chi Sabins, N. et al. DLK1: a novel target for immunotherapeutic remodeling of the tumor blood vasculature. Mol. Ther. 21, 1958\u20131968 (2013).","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"1504_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2023.2260620","volume":"12","author":"TS Anderson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Anderson, T. S. et al. Listeria-based vaccination against the pericyte antigen RGS5 elicits anti-vascular effects and colon cancer protection. Oncoimmunology 12, 2260620 (2023).","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"1504_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1093\/jb\/mvq034","volume":"148","author":"H Yanai","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yanai, H. et al. Dlk-1, a cell surface antigen on foetal hepatic stem\/progenitor cells, is expressed in hepatocellular, colon, pancreas and breast carcinomas at a high frequency. J. Biochem. 148, 85\u201392 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Biochem."},{"key":"1504_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8074","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.3295","volume":"9","author":"A Le Naour","year":"2020","unstructured":"Le Naour, A., Rossary, A. & Vasson, M. P. EO771, is it a well-characterized cell line for mouse mammary cancer model? Limit and uncertainty. Cancer Med. 9, 8074\u20138085 (2020).","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"key":"1504_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perez-Lanzon M, et al. New hormone receptor-positive breast cancer mouse cell line mimicking the immune microenvironment of anti-PD-1 resistant mammary carcinoma. J. Immunother. Cancer. 2023;11.","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2023-007117"},{"key":"1504_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109285","volume":"35","author":"AK Pingili","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pingili, A. K. et al. Immune checkpoint blockade reprograms systemic immune landscape and tumor microenvironment in obesity-associated breast cancer. Cell Rep. 35, 109285 (2021).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"1504_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1290035","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2017.1290035","volume":"6","author":"KP Fabian","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fabian, K. P. et al. Therapeutic efficacy of combined vaccination against tumor pericyte-associated antigens DLK1 and DLK2 in mice. Oncoimmunology 6, e1290035 (2017).","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"1504_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-24-0435","volume":"24","author":"MS Oh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Oh, M. S. et al. Characteristics of a CCL21 gene-modified dendritic cell vaccine utilized for a clinical trial in non-small cell lung cancer. Mol. Cancer Ther. 24, 286\u2013298 (2025).","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"1504_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1097\/01.cji.0000175491.21099.04","volume":"28","author":"JC Peng","year":"2005","unstructured":"Peng, J. C., Thomas, R. & Nielsen, L. K. Generation and maturation of dendritic cells for clinical application under serum-free conditions. J. Immunother. 28, 599\u2013609 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Immunother."},{"key":"1504_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2005.09.012","volume":"310","author":"M Warncke","year":"2006","unstructured":"Warncke, M., Dodero, A., Dierbach, H., Follo, M. & Veelken, H. Murine dendritic cells generated under serum-free conditions have a mature phenotype and efficiently induce primary immune responses. J. Immunol. Methods 310, 1\u201311 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"1504_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2024.101479","volume":"5","author":"RJ Lim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lim, R. J. et al. CXCL9\/10-engineered dendritic cells promote T cell activation and enhance immune checkpoint blockade for lung cancer. Cell Rep. Med. 5, 101479 (2024).","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"1504_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2020.06.003","volume":"30","author":"M St Paul","year":"2020","unstructured":"St Paul, M. & Ohashi, P. S. The Roles of CD8(+) T cell subsets in antitumor immunity. Trends Cell Biol. 30, 695\u2013704 (2020).","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"1504_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.8.3.628-631.2001","volume":"8","author":"SA Ghanekar","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ghanekar, S. A. et al. Gamma interferon expression in CD8(+) T cells is a marker for circulating cytotoxic T lymphocytes that recognize an HLA A2-restricted epitope of human cytomegalovirus phosphoprotein pp65. Clin. Diagn. Lab Immunol. 8, 628\u2013631 (2001).","journal-title":"Clin. Diagn. Lab Immunol."},{"key":"1504_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-020-00467-0","volume":"16","author":"S Kiesgen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kiesgen, S., Messinger, J. C., Chintala, N. K., Tano, Z. & Adusumilli, P. S. Comparative analysis of assays to measure CAR T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Nat. Protoc. 16, 1331\u20131342 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"1504_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-24-1015","volume":"24","author":"IF Okpalanwaka","year":"2025","unstructured":"Okpalanwaka, I. F. et al. A PD-L1\/CD3 bispecific antibody enhances the antitumor effects of regorafenib against colon cancer. Mol. Cancer Ther. 24, 1240\u20131251 (2025).","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"1504_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-023-00789-4","volume":"20","author":"K Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang, K., Halima, A. & Chan, T. A. Antigen presentation in cancer - mechanisms and clinical implications for immunotherapy. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 20, 604\u2013623 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"1504_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30621","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.15695","volume":"8","author":"Y Yang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yang, Y. et al. Immunocompetent mouse allograft models for development of therapies to target breast cancer metastasis. Oncotarget 8, 30621\u201330643 (2017).","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"1504_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34041-x","volume":"13","author":"LA Baldwin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Baldwin, L. A. et al. DNA barcoding reveals ongoing immunoediting of clonal cancer populations during metastatic progression and immunotherapy response. Nat. Commun. 13, 6539 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1504_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-024-00736-0","volume":"24","author":"S Guelfi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guelfi, S., Hodivala-Dilke, K. & Bergers, G. Targeting the tumour vasculature: from vessel destruction to promotion. Nat. Rev. Cancer 24, 655\u2013675 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"1504_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.868695","volume":"13","author":"SK Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim, S. K. & Cho, S. W. The evasion mechanisms of cancer immunity and drug intervention in the tumor microenvironment. Front Pharm. 13, 868695 (2022).","journal-title":"Front Pharm."},{"key":"1504_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-023-00671-z","volume":"22","author":"Y Cao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cao, Y., Langer, R. & Ferrara, N. Targeting angiogenesis in oncology, ophthalmology and beyond. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 22, 476\u2013495 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"1504_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-021-00496-y","volume":"18","author":"ZR Huinen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huinen, Z. R., Huijbers, E. J. M., van Beijnum, J. R., Nowak-Sliwinska, P. & Griffioen, A. W. Anti-angiogenic agents - overcoming tumour endothelial cell anergy and improving immunotherapy outcomes. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 18, 527\u2013540 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"1504_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-011-1002-x","volume":"60","author":"LM Wood","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wood, L. M. et al. Targeting tumor vasculature with novel Listeria-based vaccines directed against CD105. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 60, 931\u2013942 (2011).","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"1504_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-22-1366","volume":"29","author":"SA Patel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Patel, S. A. et al. Molecular mechanisms and future implications of VEGF\/VEGFR in cancer therapy. Clin. Cancer Res. 29, 30\u201339 (2023).","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"1504_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10933","volume":"486","author":"SP Shah","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shah, S. P. et al. The clonal and mutational evolution spectrum of primary triple-negative breast cancers. Nature 486, 395\u2013399 (2012).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1504_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30904-X","volume":"19","author":"C Denkert","year":"2018","unstructured":"Denkert, C. et al. Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes and prognosis in different subtypes of breast cancer: a pooled analysis of 3771 patients treated with neoadjuvant therapy. Lancet Oncol. 19, 40\u201350 (2018).","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"1504_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.105374","volume":"164","author":"AL Wooster","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wooster, A. L. et al. Dendritic cell vaccine therapy for colorectal cancer. Pharm. Res. 164, 105374 (2021).","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"1504_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abo5570","volume":"10","author":"S Kumagai","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kumagai, S., Momoi, Y. & Nishikawa, H. Immunogenomic cancer evolution: A framework to understand cancer immunosuppression. Sci. Immunol. 10, eabo5570 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"1504_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verdys P, et al. Acquired resistance to immunotherapy in solid tumors. Trends Mol. Med. 2025.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.03.010"},{"key":"1504_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-021-00741-5","volume":"19","author":"TL Murphy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Murphy, T. L. & Murphy, K. M. Dendritic cells in cancer immunology. Cell Mol. Immunol. 19, 3\u201313 (2022).","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"1504_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2023.08.014","volume":"56","author":"MJ Pittet","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pittet, M. J., Di Pilato, M., Garris, C. & Mempel, T. R. Dendritic cells as shepherds of T cell immunity in cancer. Immunity 56, 2218\u20132230 (2023).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"1504_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.02.019","volume":"46","author":"T Granot","year":"2017","unstructured":"Granot, T. et al. Dendritic cells display subset and tissue-specific maturation dynamics over human life. Immunity 46, 504\u2013515 (2017).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"1504_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwarze JK, et al. Intratumoral administration of CD1c (BDCA-1)(+) and CD141 (BDCA-3)(+) myeloid dendritic cells in combination with talimogene laherparepvec in immune checkpoint blockade refractory advanced melanoma patients: a phase I clinical trial. J. Immunother. Cancer. 2022;10.","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2022-005141"},{"key":"1504_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)00553-7","volume":"406","author":"O Pail","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pail, O., Lin, M. J., Anagnostou, T., Brown, B. D. & Brody, J. D. Cancer vaccines and the future of immunotherapy. Lancet 406, 189\u2013202 (2025).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1504_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5934","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-04-1261","volume":"64","author":"RB Mailliard","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mailliard, R. B. et al. alpha-type-1 polarized dendritic cells: a novel immunization tool with optimized CTL-inducing activity. Cancer Res. 64, 5934\u20135937 (2004).","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"1504_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2308","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-023-01114-w","volume":"55","author":"Y Choi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Choi, Y. & Jung, K. Normalization of the tumor microenvironment by harnessing vascular and immune modulation to achieve enhanced cancer therapy. Exp. Mol. Med. 55, 2308\u20132319 (2023).","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"1504_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-19-2179","volume":"26","author":"Q Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li, Q. et al. Low-dose anti-angiogenic therapy sensitizes breast cancer to PD-1 blockade. Clin. Cancer Res. 26, 1712\u20131724 (2020).","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."}],"container-title":["npj Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41541-026-01504-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41541-026-01504-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41541-026-01504-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T22:26:59Z","timestamp":1791757619000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41541-026-01504-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1504"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41541-026-01504-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2059-0105"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2059-0105","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}],"article-number":"190"}}