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How such disturbance affects downstream treatment performance and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in full-scale plants remains insufficiently understood. Here, a full-scale Anoxic-Aerobic-AD-PN\/A wastewater treatment plant was compared during satisfied and disturbed PN\/A operation. Under disturbed operation, the mainstream apparent liquid-phase TN removal rate decreased from 472.4 to 298.2\u2009kg-N\/d and estimated N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O and CH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    emissions increased by 69.39\u2009kg-N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\/day and 10.99\u2009kg-CH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/day, respectively. Estimated mainstream GHG emissions rose from 61784.2 to 82768.9 CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -eq.kg\/day. A broader comparison including PN\/A N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O estimates and biogas-electricity offset also suggested increased climate burden (58997.2 to 77742.1 CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -eq\u2009kg\/day). Metagenomic analysis showed marked reductions in the relative abundance of\n                    <jats:italic>Ca.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:italic>Brocadia<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Nitrosomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                    in PN\/A, together with a strong depletion of anammox genes,\n                    <jats:italic>hdh<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/\n                    <jats:italic>hzo<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Elevated\n                    <jats:italic>Nitrosomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                    -associated cytochrome P460 and higher abundances of\n                    <jats:italic>nirK\/norBC<\/jats:italic>\n                    (assigned to\n                    <jats:italic>Nitrosomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Nitrospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) in the Anoxic and Aerobic tanks were consistent with increased nitrifier-associated N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O-production potential. These findings indicate that disturbance of side-stream PN\/A can propagate to the mainstream and increase estimated mainstream GHG emissions, highlighting the need to balance AD intensification with stable PN\/A operation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41545-026-00600-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T04:45:21Z","timestamp":1782276321000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Propagation of side-stream partial nitritation\u2013anammox disturbance to mainstream wastewater greenhouse gas emissions"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Zhufang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaobo","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bang","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Church","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Avignone-Rossa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"600_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41545-026-00557-8","volume":"9","author":"M Ganesapillai","year":"2026","unstructured":"Ganesapillai, M. et al. 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