{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T20:00:20Z","timestamp":1788897620751,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]],"date-time":"2024-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717977600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]],"date-time":"2024-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18-DRIVE18_2-0029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18-DRIVE18_2-0029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Astron"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Cold, dense clouds in the interstellar medium of our Galaxy are 4\u20135 orders of magnitude denser than their diffuse counterparts. Our Solar System has most likely encountered at least one of these dense clouds during its lifetime. However, evidence for such an encounter has not been studied in detail yet. Here we derive the velocity field of the Local Ribbon of Cold Clouds (LRCC) by modelling the 21\u2009cm data from the HI4PI survey, finding that the Solar System may have passed through the LRCC in the constellation Lynx 2\u20133\u2009million years ago. Using a state-of-the-art simulation of the heliosphere, we show that during the passage, the heliosphere shrinks to a scale of 0.22\u2009au, smaller than the Earth\u2019s orbit around the Sun. This would have put the Earth in direct contact with the dense interstellar medium for a period of time and exposed it to a neutral hydrogen density above 3,000\u2009cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Such a scenario agrees with geological evidence from\n                    <jats:sup>60<\/jats:sup>\n                    Fe and\n                    <jats:sup>244<\/jats:sup>\n                    Pu isotopes. The encounter and related increased radiation from Galactic cosmic rays might have had a substantial impact on the Earth\u2019s system and climate.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41550-024-02279-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]],"date-time":"2024-06-10T06:02:31Z","timestamp":1717999351000},"page":"983-990","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["A possible direct exposure of the Earth to the cold dense interstellar medium 2\u20133\u2009Myr ago"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8767-8273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Merav","family":"Opher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4330-287X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abraham","family":"Loeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4797-7030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. E. G.","family":"Peek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2279_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2006.11044.x","volume":"373","author":"B Fuchs","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fuchs, B. et al. The search for the origin of the Local Bubble redivivus. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 373, 993\u20131003 (2006).","journal-title":"Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc."},{"key":"2279_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1086\/524002","volume":"673","author":"S Redfield","year":"2008","unstructured":"Redfield, S. & Linsky, J. L. The structure of the local interstellar medium. IV. Dynamics, morphology, physical properties, and implications of cloud\u2013cloud interactions. Astrophys. J. 673, 283\u2013314 (2008).","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"2279_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s11214-009-9502-0","volume":"146","author":"PC Frisch","year":"2009","unstructured":"Frisch, P. C. et al. The Galactic environment of the Sun: interstellar material inside and outside of the heliosphere. Space Sci. Rev. 146, 235\u2013273 (2009).","journal-title":"Space Sci. Rev."},{"key":"2279_CR4","unstructured":"Yeghikyan, A. & Fahr, H. in Solar Journey: the Significance of Our Galactic Environment for the Heliosphere and Earth (ed. Frisch, P. C.) Ch. 11 (Springer, 2006)."},{"key":"2279_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1038\/261298a0","volume":"261","author":"MC Begelman","year":"1976","unstructured":"Begelman, M. C. & Rees, M. J. Can cosmic clouds cause climatic catastrophes? Nature 261, 298\u2013299 (1976).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2279_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A27","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/200913349","volume":"514","author":"U Haud","year":"2010","unstructured":"Haud, U. Gaussian decomposition of H i surveys. Astron. Astrophys. 514, A27\u2013A34 (2010).","journal-title":"Astron. Astrophys."},{"key":"2279_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L67","DOI":"10.1086\/508658","volume":"650","author":"DM Meyer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Meyer, D. M. et al. A cold nearby cloud inside the Local Bubble. Astrophys. J. 650, L67\u2013L70 (2006).","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"2279_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/752\/2\/119","volume":"752","author":"DM Meyer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Meyer, D. M., Lauroesch, J. T., Peek, J. E. G. & Heiles, C. The remarkable high pressure of the Local Leo Cold Cloud. Astrophys. J. 752, 119 (2012).","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"2279_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A31","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201628987","volume":"598","author":"C Gry","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gry, C. & Jenkins, E. B. The nearby interstellar medium toward \u03b1 Leo\u2014UV observations and modeling of a warm cloud within hot gas. Astron. Astrophys. 598, A31\u2013A49 (2017).","journal-title":"Astron. Astrophys."},{"key":"2279_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A116","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201629178","volume":"594","author":"HI4PI Collaboration","year":"2016","unstructured":"HI4PI Collaboration et al. HI4PI: A full-sky H i survey based on EBHIS and GASS. Astron. Astrophys. 594, A116 (2016).","journal-title":"Astron. Astrophys."},{"key":"2279_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1038\/s41550-019-0928-3","volume":"3","author":"EC Stone","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stone, E. C. et al. Cosmic ray measurements from Voyager 2 as it crossed into interstellar space. Nat. Astron. 3, 1013\u20131018 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Astron."},{"key":"2279_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L28","DOI":"10.1088\/2041-8205\/800\/2\/L28","volume":"800","author":"M Opher","year":"2015","unstructured":"Opher, M., Drake, J. F., Zieger, B. & Gombosi, T. I. Magnetized jets driven by the Sun: the structure of the heliosphere revisited. Astrophys. J. Lett. 800, L28 (2015).","journal-title":"Astrophys. J. Lett."},{"key":"2279_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/756\/2\/155","volume":"756","author":"R Evans","year":"2012","unstructured":"Evans, R. et al. Coronal heating by surface Alfven wave damping: implementation in a global magnetohydrodynamics model of the solar wind. Astrophys. J. 756, 155 (2012).","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"2279_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005155601277","volume":"89","author":"GP Zank","year":"1999","unstructured":"Zank, G. P. Interaction of the solar wind with the local interstellar medium: a theoretical perspective. Space Sci. Rev. 89, 413\u2013688 (1999).","journal-title":"Space Sci. Rev."},{"key":"2279_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08567","volume":"462","author":"M Opher","year":"2009","unstructured":"Opher, M. et al. A strong highly-tilted interstellar magnetic field near the Solar System. Nature 462, 1036\u20131038 (2009).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2279_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00650016","volume":"66","author":"VB Baranov","year":"1979","unstructured":"Baranov, V. B., Lebedev, M. G. & Ruderman, M. S. Structure of the region of solar wind\u2013interstellar medium interaction and its influence on H atoms penetrating the solar wind. Astrophys. Space Sci. 66, 441 (1979).","journal-title":"Astrophys. Space Sci."},{"key":"2279_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1086\/191823","volume":"88","author":"RS Sutherland","year":"1993","unstructured":"Sutherland, R. S. & Dopita, M. A. Cooling functions for low-density astrophysical plasmas. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 88, 25 (1993).","journal-title":"Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser."},{"key":"2279_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ac2d2e","volume":"922","author":"M Opher","year":"2021","unstructured":"Opher, M. et al. A turbulent heliosheath driven by Rayleigh\u2212Taylor instability. Astrophys. J. 922, 181 (2021).","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"2279_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/abe93a","volume":"911","author":"J Giacalone","year":"2021","unstructured":"Giacalone, J. et al. Hybrid simulations of interstellar pickup protons accelerated at the solar-wind termination shock at multiple locations. Astrophys. J. 911, 27 (2021).","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"2279_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L3","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202037436","volume":"638","author":"PC Schneider","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schneider, P. C. et al. Discovery of a jet from the single HAe\/Be star HD 100546. Astron. Astrophys. 638, L3 (2020).","journal-title":"Astron. Astrophys."},{"key":"2279_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361:20066982","volume":"469","author":"W Wang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wang, W. et al. SPI observations of the diffuse 60Fe emission in the Galaxy. Astron. Astrophys. 469, 1005\u20131012 (2007).","journal-title":"Astron. Astrophys."},{"key":"2279_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17425","volume":"531","author":"AP Ji","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ji, A. P. et al. R-process enrichment from a single event in an ancient dwarf galaxy. Nature 531, 610\u2013613 (2016).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2279_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17196","volume":"532","author":"A Wallner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wallner, A. et al. Recent near-Earth supernovae probed by global deposition of interstellar radioactive 60Fe. Nature 532, 69\u201372 (2016).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2279_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aax3972","volume":"372","author":"A Wallner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wallner, A. et al. 60Fe and 244Pu deposited on Earth constrain the r-process yields of recent nearby supernovae. Science 372, 742\u2013745 (2021).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2279_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.83.18","volume":"83","author":"K Knie","year":"1999","unstructured":"Knie, K. et al. Indication for supernova produced 60Fe activity on Earth. Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 18\u201321 (1999).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"2279_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121101","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.101.121101","volume":"101","author":"C Fitoussi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fitoussi, C. et al. Search for supernova-produced 60Fe in a marine sediment. Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 121101\u2013121105 (2008).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"2279_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9232","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1601040113","volume":"113","author":"P Ludwig","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ludwig, P. et al. Time-resolved 2-million-year-old supernova activity in Earth\u2019s microfossil record. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 113, 9232\u20139237 (2016).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2279_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"072701","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.123.072701","volume":"123","author":"D Koll","year":"2019","unstructured":"Koll, D. et al. Interstellar 60Fe in Antarctica. Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 072701\u2013072707 (2019).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"2279_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151104","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.116.151104","volume":"116","author":"L Fimiani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fimiani, L. et al. Interstellar 60Fe on the surface of the Moon. Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 151104\u2013151109 (2016).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"2279_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad6004","volume":"352","author":"WR Binns","year":"2016","unstructured":"Binns, W. R. et al. Observation of the 60Fe nucleosynthesis-clock isotope in Galactic cosmic rays. Science 352, 677\u2013680 (2016).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2279_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1086\/523622","volume":"678","author":"B Field","year":"2008","unstructured":"Field, B., Athanassiadou, T. & Johnson, S. R. Supernova collisions with the heliosphere. Astrophys. J. 678, 549\u2013562 (2008).","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"2279_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1086\/346127","volume":"585","author":"N Gehrels","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gehrels, N. et al. Ozone depletion from nearby supernovae. Astrophys. J. 585, 1169\u20131176 (2003).","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"2279_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04286-5","volume":"601","author":"C Zucker","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zucker, C. et al. Star formation near the Sun is driven by expansion of the Local Bubble. Nature 601, 334\u2013337 (2022).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2279_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ac77f1","volume":"934","author":"JA Miller","year":"2022","unstructured":"Miller, J. A. & Fields, B. D. Heliospheric compression due to recent nearby supernova explosions. Astrophys. J. 934, 32 (2022).","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"2279_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ab86bf","volume":"894","author":"BJ Fry","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fry, B. J., Fields, B. D. & Ellis, J. R. Magnetic imprisonment of dusty pinballs by supernova remnant. Astrophys. J. 894, 109 (2020).","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"2279_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s11214-011-9776-x","volume":"176","author":"PC Frisch","year":"2013","unstructured":"Frisch, P. C. & Muller, H.-R. Time-variability in the interstellar boundary conditions of the heliosphere: effect of the solar journey on the Galactic cosmic ray flux at Earth. Space Sci. Rev. 176, 21\u201334 (2013).","journal-title":"Space Sci. Rev."},{"key":"2279_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1086\/505588","volume":"647","author":"HR Muller","year":"2006","unstructured":"Muller, H. R., Frisch, P. C., Florisnki, V. & Zank, G. P. Heliospheric response to different possible interstellar environments. Astrophys. J. 647, 1491\u20131505 (2006).","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"2279_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Florinski, V., Zank, G. P. & Axford, W. I. The Solar System in a dense interstellar cloud: implications for cosmic-ray fluxes at Earth and 10Be records. Geophys. Res. Lett. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2003GL017566 (2003).","DOI":"10.1029\/2003GL017566"},{"key":"2279_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2007.03.016","volume":"41","author":"K Scherer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Scherer, K. et al. Cosmic ray flux at the Earth in a variable heliosphere. Adv. Space Res. 41, 1171\u20131176 (2008).","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"2279_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1086\/307320","volume":"518","author":"GP Zank","year":"1999","unstructured":"Zank, G. P. & Frisch, P. C. Consequences of a change in the Galactic environment of the Sun. Astrophys. J. 518, 965\u2013973 (1999).","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"2279_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"051102","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.89.051102","volume":"89","author":"NJ Shaviv","year":"2002","unstructured":"Shaviv, N. J. Cosmic ray diffusion from the Galactic spiral arms, iron meteorites, and a possible climate connection? Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 051102\u2013051104 (2002).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"2279_CR42","unstructured":"Kikby, J. & Carslaw, K. S. in Solar Journey: the Significance of Our Galactic Environment for the Heliosphere and Earth (ed. Frisch, P. C.) Ch. 12 (Springer, 2006)."},{"key":"2279_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1029\/GL005i003p00215","volume":"5","author":"C McKay","year":"1978","unstructured":"McKay, C. & Thomas, G. E. Consequence of a past encounter of the Earth with an interstellar cloud. Geophys. Res. Lett. 5, 215\u2013218 (1978).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"2279_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361:20041100","volume":"425","author":"A Yeghikyan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yeghikyan, A. & Fahr, H. Terrestrial atmospheric effects induced by counterstreaming dense interstellar cloud material. Astron. Astrophys. 425, 1113\u20131118 (2004).","journal-title":"Astron. Astrophys."},{"key":"2279_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1059412","volume":"292","author":"J Zachos","year":"2001","unstructured":"Zachos, J. et al. Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65\u2009Ma to present. Science 292, 686\u2013693 (2001).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2279_CR46","unstructured":"National Research Council. Understanding Climate\u2019s Influence on Human Evolution (National Academies Press, 2010)."},{"key":"2279_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1190683","volume":"331","author":"PB DeMenocal","year":"2011","unstructured":"DeMenocal, P. B. Climate and human evolution. Science 331, 540\u2013542 (2011).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2279_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2015.06.014","volume":"87","author":"R Potts","year":"2015","unstructured":"Potts, R. & Faith, J. T. Alternating high and low climate variability: the context of natural selection and speciation in Plio-Pleistocene hominin evolution. J. Hum. Evol. 87, 5\u201320 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"2279_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1126\/science.270.5233.53","volume":"270","author":"PB deMenocal","year":"1995","unstructured":"deMenocal, P. B. Plio-Pleistocene African climate. Science 270, 53\u201359 (1995).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2279_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao2200","volume":"360","author":"R Potts","year":"2018","unstructured":"Potts, R. et al. Environmental dynamics during the onset of the Middle Stone Age in eastern Africa. Science 360, 86\u201390 (2018).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2279_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3847\/0004-637X\/831\/1\/18","volume":"831","author":"AC Cummings","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cummings, A. C. et al. Galactic cosmic rays in the local interstellar medium: Voyager 1 observations and model results. Astrophys. J. 831, 18 (2016).","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"2279_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A142","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201321044","volume":"566","author":"R-z Yang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yang, R.-z., de Ona Wilhelmi, E. & Aharonian, F. Probing cosmic rays in nearby giant molecular clouds with the Fermi Large Area Telescope. Astron. Astrophys. 566, A142 (2014).","journal-title":"Astron. Astrophys."},{"key":"2279_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L03705","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL021890","volume":"32","author":"AA Pavlov","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pavlov, A. A., Toon, O. B., Pavlov, A. K., Bally, J. & Pollar, D. Passing through a giant molecular cloud: \u2018snowball\u2019 glaciations produced by interstellar dust. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32, L03705 (2005).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"2279_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1086\/307844","volume":"524","author":"A Loeb","year":"1999","unstructured":"Loeb, A. & Rybicki, G. B. Scattered Ly\u03b1 radiation around sources before cosmological reionization. Astrophys. J. 524, 527\u2013535 (1999).","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"2279_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/775\/2\/86","volume":"775","author":"N Schwadron","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schwadron, N. et al. Solar radiation pressure and local interstellar medium flow parameters from Interstellar Boundary Explorer low energy hydrogen measurements. Astrophys. J. 775, 86 (2013).","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"2279_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1038\/s41550-020-1036-0","volume":"4","author":"M Opher","year":"2020","unstructured":"Opher, M., Loeb, A., Drake, J. & Gabor, T. A predicted small and round heliosphere suggested by magnetohydrodynamic modelling of pick-up ions. Nat. Astron. 4, 675\u2013683 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Astron."},{"key":"2279_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ac35eb","volume":"924","author":"AT Michael","year":"2022","unstructured":"Michael, A. T. et al. The solar-wind with hydrogen ion exchange and large-scale dynamics (SHIELD) code: a self-consistent kinetic-MHD model of the outer heliosphere. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 924, 105 (2022).","journal-title":"Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser."},{"key":"2279_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1086\/146579","volume":"128","author":"E Parker","year":"1958","unstructured":"Parker, E. Dynamics of the Interplanetary gas and magnetic fields. Astrophys. J. 128, 664\u2013676 (1958).","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"2279_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Izmodenov, V. V. & Alexashov, D. B. Three-dimensional kinetic-MHD model of the global heliosphere with the heliopause-surface fitting. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 220, 32 (2015).","DOI":"10.1088\/0067-0049\/220\/2\/32"},{"key":"2279_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2011.02.006","volume":"231","author":"G Toth","year":"2012","unstructured":"Toth, G. et al. Adaptive numerical algorithms in space weather modeling. J. Comput. Phys. 231, 870\u2013903 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Comput. Phys."},{"key":"2279_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/735\/2\/129","volume":"735","author":"JEG Peek","year":"2011","unstructured":"Peek, J. E. G. et al. The Local Leo Cold Cloud and new limits on a local hot bubble. Astrophys. J. 735, 129 (2011).","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"2279_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4149(85)90212-1","volume":"20","author":"P Hall","year":"1985","unstructured":"Hall, P. Resampling a coverage pattern. Stoch. Process. Appl. 20, 231\u2013246 (1985).","journal-title":"Stoch. Process. Appl."},{"key":"2279_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f3rski, K. M. et al. HEALPix: a framework for high-resolution discretization and fast analysis of data distributed on the sphere. Astrophys. J. 622, 759 (2005).","DOI":"10.1086\/427976"},{"key":"2279_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A17","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201937157","volume":"636","author":"V Pelgrims","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pelgrims, V., Ferriere, K., Boulanger, F., Lallement, R. & Montier, L. Modeling the magnetized Local Bubble from dust data. Astron. Astrophys. 636, A17 (2020).","journal-title":"Astron. Astrophys."},{"key":"2279_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-astro-081915-023441","volume":"54","author":"J Bland-Hawthorne","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bland-Hawthorne, J. & Gerhard, O. The Galaxy in context: structural, kinematic, and integrated properties. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 54, 529\u2013596 (2016).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys."},{"key":"2279_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3133","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stu1948","volume":"445","author":"T Piffl","year":"2014","unstructured":"Piffl, T. et al. Constraining the Galaxy\u2019s dark halo with RAVE stars. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 445, 3133\u20133151 (2014).","journal-title":"Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc."},{"key":"2279_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4365\/aa91d3","volume":"234","author":"JEG Peek","year":"2018","unstructured":"Peek, J. E. G. et al. The GALFA-H I Survey Data Release 2. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 234, 2 (2018).","journal-title":"Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser."}],"container-title":["Nature Astronomy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41550-024-02279-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41550-024-02279-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41550-024-02279-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T07:04:55Z","timestamp":1775718295000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41550-024-02279-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["2279"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41550-024-02279-8","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1855846\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2397-3366"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2397-3366","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 July 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 April 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 June 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}