{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T09:52:10Z","timestamp":1791280330072,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat. Biomed. Eng"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-026-01786-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T09:01:50Z","timestamp":1791277310000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Metal\u2013organic framework nanovaccines for systemic tumour regression"],"prefix":"10.1038","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8304-4938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaomin","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9224-5061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaoyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaiting","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Langston","family":"Tillman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2837-5683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth J.","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5300-6594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e1s","family":"Piffk\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuangyu","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomas","family":"Germanas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinhong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5512-8595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hua Laura","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralph R.","family":"Weichselbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenbin","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"1786_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08507-5","volume":"639","author":"DA Braun","year":"2025","unstructured":"Braun, D. A. et al. A neoantigen vaccine generates antitumour immunity in renal cell carcinoma. Nature 639, 474\u2013482 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-024-08507-5 (2025).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1786_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08508-4","volume":"639","author":"Z Sethna","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sethna, Z. et al. RNA neoantigen vaccines prime long-lived CD8+ T cells in pancreatic cancer. Nature 639, 1042\u20131051 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-024-08508-4 (2025).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1786_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2306488","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202306488","volume":"36","author":"Z Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen, Z. et al. Micro-to-nano oncolytic microbial system shifts from tumor killing to tumor draining lymph nodes remolding for enhanced immunotherapy. Adv. Mater. 36, e2306488 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/adma.202306488 (2024).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"1786_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2412430","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202412430","volume":"37","author":"F Wu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wu, F. et al. A universal therapeutic vaccine leveraging autologous pre-existing immunity to eliminate in situ uniformly engineered heterogeneous tumor cells. Adv. Mater. 37, e2412430 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/adma.202412430 (2025).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"1786_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-00810-3","volume":"22","author":"F Baharom","year":"2021","unstructured":"Baharom, F. et al. Intravenous nanoparticle vaccination generates stem-like TCF1+ neoantigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Nat. Immunol. 22, 41\u201352 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41590-020-00810-3 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"1786_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-023-01404-4","volume":"18","author":"X Han","year":"2023","unstructured":"Han, X. et al. Adjuvant lipidoid-substituted lipid nanoparticles augment the immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines. Nat. Nanotechnol. 18, 1105\u20131114 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41565-023-01404-4 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"1786_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-020-00781-4","volume":"15","author":"J Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu, J. et al. A general strategy towards personalized nanovaccines based on fluoropolymers for post-surgical cancer immunotherapy. Nat. Nanotechnol. 15, 1043\u20131052 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41565-020-00781-4 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"1786_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-024-01615-3","volume":"19","author":"YC Zeng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zeng, Y. C. et al. Fine tuning of CpG spatial distribution with DNA origami for improved cancer vaccination. Nat. Nanotechnol. 19, 1055\u20131065 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41565-024-01615-3 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"1786_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-52104-z","volume":"15","author":"J He","year":"2024","unstructured":"He, J. et al. Tuning the fluidity and protein corona of ultrasound-responsive liposomal nanovaccines to program T cell immunity in mice. Nat. Commun. 15, 8121 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-024-52104-z (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1786_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.07.022","volume":"38","author":"YH Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim, Y. H. et al. Inactivated influenza vaccine formulated with single-stranded RNA-based adjuvant confers mucosal immunity and cross-protection against influenza virus infection. Vaccine 38, 6141\u20136152 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.07.022 (2020).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"1786_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2024.10.025","volume":"376","author":"T Kahraman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kahraman, T. et al. Enhancing preventive and therapeutic cancer vaccine efficacy through biotherapeutic ligand-associated extracellular vesicles. J. Control. Release 376, 618\u2013631 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jconrel.2024.10.025 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"1786_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-020-0793-6","volume":"20","author":"S Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu, S. et al. A DNA nanodevice-based vaccine for cancer immunotherapy. Nat. Mater. 20, 421\u2013430 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41563-020-0793-6 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"1786_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25506-6","volume":"12","author":"K Das","year":"2021","unstructured":"Das, K. et al. A modular self-adjuvanting cancer vaccine combined with an oncolytic vaccine induces potent antitumor immunity. Nat. Commun. 12, 5195 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-021-25506-6 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1786_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23244-3","volume":"12","author":"J Koerner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Koerner, J. et al. PLGA-particle vaccine carrying TLR3\/RIG-I ligand Riboxxim synergizes with immune checkpoint blockade for effective anti-cancer immunotherapy. Nat. Commun. 12, 2935 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-021-23244-3 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1786_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.12861","volume":"107","author":"Y Kano","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kano, Y. et al. Combined adjuvants of poly(I:C) plus LAG-3-Ig improve antitumor effects of tumor-specific T cells, preventing their exhaustion. Cancer Sci. 107, 398\u2013406 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cas.12861 (2016).","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"1786_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines3020390","volume":"3","author":"H Shirota","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shirota, H., Tross, D. & Klinman, D. M. CpG oligonucleotides as cancer vaccine adjuvants. Vaccines 3, 390\u2013407 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines3020390 (2015).","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"1786_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2005.02163.x","volume":"115","author":"YD Mahnke","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mahnke, Y. D., Schwendemann, J., Beckhove, P. & Schirrmacher, V. Maintenance of long-term tumour-specific T-cell memory by residual dormant tumour cells. Immunology 115, 325\u2013336 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2005.02163.x (2005).","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"1786_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30861-z","volume":"13","author":"E Mizukoshi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mizukoshi, E. et al. Peptide vaccine-treated, long-term surviving cancer patients harbor self-renewing tumor-specific CD8+ T cells. Nat. Commun. 13, 3123 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-022-30861-z (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1786_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08033-4","volume":"635","author":"A Redenti","year":"2024","unstructured":"Redenti, A. et al. Probiotic neoantigen delivery vectors for precision cancer immunotherapy. Nature 635, 453\u2013461 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-024-08033-4 (2024).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1786_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11109","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.5b00109","volume":"115","author":"DJ Irvine","year":"2015","unstructured":"Irvine, D. J., Hanson, M. C., Rakhra, K. & Tokatlian, T. Synthetic nanoparticles for vaccines and immunotherapy. Chem. Rev. 115, 11109\u201311146 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.chemrev.5b00109 (2015).","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"1786_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4822","volume":"16","author":"R Kuai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kuai, R., Ochyl, L. J., Bahjat, K. S., Schwendeman, A. & Moon, J. J. Designer vaccine nanodiscs for personalized cancer immunotherapy. Nat. Mater. 16, 489\u2013496 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nmat4822 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"1786_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3912","DOI":"10.1021\/nn305466z","volume":"7","author":"JT Wilson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wilson, J. T. et al. pH-responsive nanoparticle vaccines for dual-delivery of antigens and immunostimulatory oligonucleotides. ACS Nano 7, 3912\u20133925 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/nn305466z (2013).","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"1786_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2017.03.033","volume":"263","author":"M Luo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Luo, M., Samandi, L. Z., Wang, Z., Chen, Z. J. & Gao, J. Synthetic nanovaccines for immunotherapy. J. Control. Release 263, 200\u2013210 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jconrel.2017.03.033 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"1786_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2402802","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202402802","volume":"20","author":"V Godakhindi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Godakhindi, V. et al. Optimized fabrication of dendritic mesoporous silica nanoparticles as efficient delivery system for cancer immunotherapy. Small 20, 2402802 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smll.202402802 (2024).","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"1786_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-024-01624-2","volume":"19","author":"Y Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, Y. et al. Universal STING mimic boosts antitumour immunity via preferential activation of tumour control signalling pathways. Nat. Nanotechnol. 19, 856\u2013866 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41565-024-01624-2 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"1786_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-025-00820-z","volume":"25","author":"N Zaidi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zaidi, N., Jaffee, E. M. & Yarchoan, M. Recent advances in therapeutic cancer vaccines. Nat. Rev. Cancer 25, 517\u2013533 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41568-025-00820-z (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"1786_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2017.243","volume":"17","author":"N Pardi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pardi, N., Hogan, M. J., Porter, F. W. & Weissman, D. mRNA vaccines\u2014a new era in vaccinology. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 17, 261\u2013279 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrd.2017.243 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"1786_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4278","volume":"13","author":"U Sahin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sahin, U., Karik\u00f3, K. & T\u00fcreci, \u00d6. mRNA-based therapeutics\u2014developing a new class of drugs. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 13, 759\u2013780 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrd4278 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"1786_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2022483","volume":"383","author":"LA Jackson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jackson, L. A. et al. An mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2\u2014preliminary report. N. Engl. J. Med. 383, 1920\u20131931 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2022483 (2020).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1786_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-08758-w","volume":"641","author":"X Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang, X. et al. STING agonist-based ER-targeting molecules boost antigen cross-presentation. Nature 641, 202\u2013210 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-025-08758-w (2025).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1786_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-021-00358-0","volume":"6","author":"X Hou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hou, X., Zaks, T., Langer, R. & Dong, Y. Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery. Nat. Rev. Mater. 6, 1078\u20131094 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41578-021-00358-0 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"1786_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03326-4","volume":"591","author":"R Zappasodi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zappasodi, R. et al. CTLA-4 blockade drives loss of Treg stability in glycolysis-low tumours. Nature 591, 652\u2013658 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-021-03326-4 (2021).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1786_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0782-y","volume":"26","author":"J Harper","year":"2020","unstructured":"Harper, J. et al. CTLA-4 and PD-1 dual blockade induces SIV reactivation without control of rebound after antiretroviral therapy interruption. Nat. Med. 26, 519\u2013528 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-020-0782-y (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"1786_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-024-01875-0","volume":"25","author":"Z Strongin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Strongin, Z. et al. Distinct SIV-specific CD8+ T cells in the lymph node exhibit simultaneous effector and stem-like profiles and are associated with limited SIV persistence. Nat. Immunol. 25, 1245\u20131256 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41590-024-01875-0 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"1786_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13057","volume":"305","author":"G Montacchiesi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Montacchiesi, G. & Pace, L. Epigenetics and CD8+ T cell memory. Immunol. Rev. 305, 77\u201389 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/imr.13057 (2022).","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"1786_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-01206-4","volume":"27","author":"Z Hu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hu, Z. et al. Personal neoantigen vaccines induce persistent memory T cell responses and epitope spreading in patients with melanoma. Nat. Med. 27, 515\u2013525 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-020-01206-4 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"1786_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24633","volume":"552","author":"RS Akondy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Akondy, R. S. et al. Origin and differentiation of human memory CD8 T cells after vaccination. Nature 552, 362\u2013367 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature24633 (2017).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1786_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadr2631","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adr2631","volume":"11","author":"EL Meany","year":"2025","unstructured":"Meany, E. L. et al. Generation of an inflammatory niche in a hydrogel depot through recruitment of key immune cells improves efficacy of mRNA vaccines. Sci. Adv. 11, eadr2631 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.adr2631 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"1786_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-63965-3","volume":"16","author":"X Ma","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ma, X. et al. Engineering of mRNA vaccine platform with reduced lipids and enhanced efficacy. Nat. Commun. 16, 8913 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-025-63965-3 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1786_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2025.01.008","volume":"33","author":"M Buckley","year":"2025","unstructured":"Buckley, M. et al. Visualizing lipid nanoparticle trafficking for mRNA vaccine delivery in non-human primates. Mol. Ther. 33, 1105\u20131117 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ymthe.2025.01.008 (2025).","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"1786_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12978","volume":"507","author":"H Liu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liu, H. et al. Structure-based programming of lymph-node targeting in molecular vaccines. Nature 507, 519\u2013522 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature12978 (2014).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1786_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3648","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03876-4","volume":"31","author":"ZA Wainberg","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wainberg, Z. A. et al. Lymph node-targeted, mKRAS-specific amphiphile vaccine in pancreatic and colorectal cancer: phase 1 AMPLIFY-201 trial final results. Nat. Med. 31, 3648\u20133653 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-025-03876-4 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"1786_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1021\/ar200028a","volume":"44","author":"J Della Rocca","year":"2011","unstructured":"Della Rocca, J., Liu, D. & Lin, W. Nanoscale metal\u2013organic frameworks for biomedical imaging and drug delivery. Acc. Chem. Res. 44, 957\u2013968 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ar200028a (2011).","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"1786_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11079","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.5b00125","volume":"115","author":"C He","year":"2015","unstructured":"He, C., Liu, D. & Lin, W. Nanomedicine applications of hybrid nanomaterials built from metal\u2013ligand coordination bonds: nanoscale metal\u2013organic frameworks and nanoscale coordination polymers. Chem. Rev. 115, 11079\u201311108 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.chemrev.5b00125 (2015).","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"1786_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"nwae167","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwae167","volume":"11","author":"T Luo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Luo, T. et al. STING agonist-conjugated metal\u2013organic framework induces artificial leukocytoid structures and immune hotspots for systemic antitumor responses. Natl Sci. Rev. 11, nwae167 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nsr\/nwae167 (2024).","journal-title":"Natl Sci. Rev."},{"key":"1786_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202417027","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202417027","volume":"64","author":"C Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang, C. et al. Bifunctional metal\u2013organic framework synergistically enhances radiotherapy and activates STING for potent cancer radio-immunotherapy. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 64, e202417027 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/anie.202417027 (2025).","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"1786_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18698","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.3c04602","volume":"145","author":"Z Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu, Z. et al. Nanoscale metal\u2013organic framework with an X-ray triggerable prodrug for synergistic radiotherapy and chemotherapy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 145, 18698\u201318704 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jacs.3c04602 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"1786_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202208685","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202208685","volume":"61","author":"Z Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu, Z. et al. Monte Carlo simulation-guided design of a thorium-based metal\u2013organic framework for efficient radiotherapy\u2013radiodynamic therapy. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 61, e202208685 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/anie.202208685 (2022).","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"1786_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2206370","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202206370","volume":"35","author":"W Zhen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhen, W., Weichselbaum, R. R. & Lin, W. Nanoparticle-mediated radiotherapy remodels the tumor microenvironment to enhance antitumor efficacy. Adv. Mater. 35, e2206370 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/adma.202206370 (2023).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"1786_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17637-z","volume":"11","author":"X Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li, X., Wang, X., Ito, A. & Tsuji, N. M. A nanoscale metal organic frameworks-based vaccine synergises with PD-1 blockade to potentiate anti-tumour immunity. Nat. Commun. 11, 3858 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-020-17637-z (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1786_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-023-01447-7","volume":"18","author":"P Dosta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dosta, P. et al. Investigation of the enhanced antitumour potency of STING agonist after conjugation to polymer nanoparticles. Nat. Nanotechnol. 18, 1351\u20131363 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41565-023-01447-7 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"1786_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-022-01225-x","volume":"17","author":"K Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang, K. et al. Zinc cyclic di-AMP nanoparticles target and suppress tumours via endothelial STING activation and tumour-associated macrophage reinvigoration. Nat. Nanotechnol. 17, 1322\u20131331 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41565-022-01225-x (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"1786_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eado0082","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ado0082","volume":"10","author":"X Jiang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jiang, X. et al. STING activation disrupts tumor vasculature to overcome the EPR limitation and increase drug deposition. Sci. Adv. 10, eado0082 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.ado0082 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"1786_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/207293a0","volume":"207","author":"MG Dobb","year":"1965","unstructured":"Dobb, M. G. \u03b1-Helix in fibrous proteins. Nature 207, 293\u2013293 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/207293a0 (1965).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1786_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-024-00320-8","volume":"4","author":"I Ab\u00e1nades L\u00e1zaro","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ab\u00e1nades L\u00e1zaro, I. et al. Metal\u2013organic frameworks for biological applications. Nat. Rev. Methods Primers 4, 42 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43586-024-00320-8 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Methods Primers"},{"key":"1786_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-018-0203-4","volume":"2","author":"K Lu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lu, K. et al. Low-dose X-ray radiotherapy\u2013radiodynamic therapy via nanoscale metal\u2013organic frameworks enhances checkpoint blockade immunotherapy. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 2, 600\u2013610 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41551-018-0203-4 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"1786_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3835(03)00102-2","volume":"197","author":"N Huebener","year":"2003","unstructured":"Huebener, N. et al. Vaccination with minigenes encoding for novel \u2018self\u2019 antigens are effective in DNA-vaccination against neuroblastoma. Cancer Lett. 197, 211\u2013217 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0304-3835(03)00102-2 (2003).","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"1786_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2015.1012017","volume":"11","author":"Y Yang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yang, Y. et al. In silico design of a DNA-based HIV-1 multi-epitope vaccine for Chinese populations. Hum. Vaccin. Immunother. 11, 795\u2013805 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21645515.2015.1012017 (2015).","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin. Immunother."},{"key":"1786_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2023.06.037","volume":"11","author":"X Zhou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhou, X., Xu, R., Wu, Y., Zhou, L. & Xiang, T. The role of proteasomes in tumorigenesis. Genes Dis. 11, 101070 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gendis.2023.06.037 (2024).","journal-title":"Genes Dis."},{"key":"1786_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-021-02965-5","volume":"19","author":"C Desterke","year":"2021","unstructured":"Desterke, C., Turhan, A. G., Bennaceur-Griscelli, A. & Griscelli, F. HLA-dependent heterogeneity and macrophage immunoproteasome activation during lung COVID-19 disease. J. Transl. Med. 19, 290 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12967-021-02965-5 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"1786_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-025-02698-0","volume":"11","author":"Z Zou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zou, Z. et al. Current landscape of the immunoproteasome: implications for disease and therapy. Cell Death Discov. 11, 406 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41420-025-02698-0 (2025).","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"1786_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5761","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.11.5761","volume":"164","author":"DD Pinschewer","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pinschewer, D. D. et al. FTY720 immunosuppression impairs effector T cell peripheral homing without affecting induction, expansion, and memory. J. Immunol. 164, 5761\u20135770 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.164.11.5761 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"1786_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1177\/1177391X0700100002","volume":"1","author":"K Adachi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Adachi, K. & Chiba, K. FTY720 story. Its discovery and the following accelerated development of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor agonists as immunomodulators based on reverse pharmacology. Perspect. Medicin. Chem. 1, 11\u201323 (2007).","journal-title":"Perspect. Medicin. Chem."},{"key":"1786_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11774","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1410626111","volume":"111","author":"K Kim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim, K. et al. Eradication of metastatic mouse cancers resistant to immune checkpoint blockade by suppression of myeloid-derived cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111, 11774\u201311779 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1410626111 (2014).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"1786_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.09.068","volume":"37","author":"\u00c1dJ Jim\u00e9nez-Ch\u00e1vez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez-Ch\u00e1vez, \u00c1d. J., Moreno-Fierros, L. & Bustos-Jaimes, I. Therapy with multi-epitope virus-like particles of B19 parvovirus reduce tumor growth and lung metastasis in an aggressive breast cancer mouse model. Vaccine 37, 7256\u20137268 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.09.068 (2019).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"1786_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-54877-9","volume":"15","author":"AEI Hamouda","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hamouda, A. E. I. et al. Intratumoral delivery of lipid nanoparticle-formulated mRNA encoding IL-21, IL-7, and 4-1BBL induces systemic anti-tumor immunity. Nat. Commun. 15, 10635 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-024-54877-9 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1786_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2776","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200838659","volume":"38","author":"K Hochweller","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hochweller, K., Striegler, J., Hammerling, G. J. & Garbi, N. A novel CD11c.DTR transgenic mouse for depletion of dendritic cells reveals their requirement for homeostatic proliferation of natural killer cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 38, 2776\u20132783 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eji.200838659 (2008).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Nature Biomedical Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41551-026-01786-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41551-026-01786-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41551-026-01786-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T09:01:52Z","timestamp":1791277312000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41551-026-01786-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"references-count":67,"alternative-id":["1786"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41551-026-01786-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2157-846X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2157-846X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"W.L. is the founder of Coordination Pharmaceuticals, which licenced the MOF technology from the University of Chicago. R.R.W. is an advisor to Coordination Pharmaceuticals. The other authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}