{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T09:59:58Z","timestamp":1790071198121,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat. Biomed. Eng"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-026-01796-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T09:03:36Z","timestamp":1790067816000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Microfluidics-mediated spatial control of mRNA lipid nanoparticles primes translation and enhances vaccine potency"],"prefix":"10.1038","author":[{"given":"Zhouyi","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiuhe","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenshuo","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5454-8758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7722-8933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"1796_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41628-5","volume":"14","author":"F Hou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hou, F. et al. mRNA vaccines encoding fusion proteins of monkeypox virus antigens protect mice from vaccinia virus challenge. Nat. Commun. 14, 5925 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1796_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-022-01294-2","volume":"40","author":"AJ Barbier","year":"2022","unstructured":"Barbier, A. J., Jiang, A. Y., Zhang, P., Wooster, R. & Anderson, D. G. The clinical progress of mRNA vaccines and immunotherapies. Nat. Biotechnol. 40, 840\u2013854 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"1796_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2018.11.018","volume":"27","author":"A Magadum","year":"2019","unstructured":"Magadum, A., Kaur, K. & Zangi, L. mRNA-based protein replacement therapy for the heart. Mol. Ther. 27, 785\u2013793 (2019).","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"1796_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06127-z","volume":"621","author":"H Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, H. et al. Algorithm for optimized mRNA design improves stability and immunogenicity. Nature 621, 396\u2013403 (2023).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1796_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28776-w","volume":"13","author":"K Leppek","year":"2022","unstructured":"Leppek, K. et al. Combinatorial optimization of mRNA structure, stability, and translation for RNA-based therapeutics. Nat. Commun. 13, 1536 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1796_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2021.09.016","volume":"73","author":"E Kon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kon, E., Elia, U. & Peer, D. Principles for designing an optimal mRNA lipid nanoparticle vaccine. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 73, 329\u2013336 (2022).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"1796_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, B. et al. Enhancing the immunogenicity of lipid-nanoparticle mRNA vaccines by adjuvanting the ionizable lipid and the mRNA. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 9, 167\u2013184 (2023).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-023-01082-6"},{"key":"1796_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2024.07.022","volume":"36","author":"S Biffo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Biffo, S., Ruggero, D. & Santoro, M. M. The crosstalk between metabolism and translation. Cell Metab. 36, 1945\u20131962 (2024).","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"1796_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1991.tb15945.x","volume":"197","author":"H Weiss","year":"1991","unstructured":"Weiss, H., Friedrich, T., Hofhaus, G. & Preis, D. The respiratory-chain NADH dehydrogenase (complex I) of mitochondria. Eur. J. Biochem. 197, 55\u201368 (1991).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"1796_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw4506","volume":"366","author":"ND Lord","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lord, N. D. et al. Stochastic antagonism between two proteins governs a bacterial cell fate switch. Science 366, 116\u2013120 (2019).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1796_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1038\/nature19841","volume":"538","author":"L Potvin-Trottier","year":"2016","unstructured":"Potvin-Trottier, L., Lord, N. D., Vinnicombe, G. & Paulsson, J. Synchronous long-term oscillations in a synthetic gene circuit. Nature 538, 514\u2013517 (2016).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1796_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04335","volume":"438","author":"D Sprinzak","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sprinzak, D. & Elowitz, M. B. Reconstruction of genetic circuits. Nature 438, 443\u2013448 (2005).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1796_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.03.007","volume":"184","author":"Z Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen, Z. & Elowitz, M. B. Programmable protein circuit design. Cell 184, 2284\u20132301 (2021).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1796_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, C., Zhang, C., Walker, P. G. & Dong, Y. Formulation and delivery technologies for mRNA vaccines. In mRNA Vaccines 71\u2013110 (Springer International Publishing, 2020).","DOI":"10.1007\/82_2020_217"},{"key":"1796_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2022.122171","volume":"626","author":"A Lokras","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lokras, A. et al. Simultaneous quantification of multiple RNA cargos co-loaded into nanoparticle-based delivery systems. Int. J. Pharm. 626, 122171 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"1796_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.5b11497","volume":"138","author":"G Mariani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mariani, G., Moldenhauer, D., Schweins, R. & Gr\u00f6hn, F. Elucidating electrostatic self-assembly: molecular parameters as key to thermodynamics and nanoparticle shape. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 138, 1280\u20131293 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"1796_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, A., Parvin, P., Saha, B. & Das, D. Non-equilibrium self-assembly for living matter-like properties. Nat. Rev. Chem. 8, 723\u2013740 (2024).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41570-024-00640-z"},{"key":"1796_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4747","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00216","volume":"21","author":"DJ Grzetic","year":"2024","unstructured":"Grzetic, D. J., Hamilton, N. B. & Shelley, J. C. Coarse-grained simulation of mRNA-loaded lipid nanoparticle self-assembly. Mol. Pharm. 21, 4747\u20134753 (2024).","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"1796_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.202201695","volume":"7","author":"MR Hunter","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hunter, M. R. et al. Understanding intracellular biology to improve mRNA delivery by lipid nanoparticles. Small Methods 7, 2201695 (2023).","journal-title":"Small Methods"},{"key":"1796_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2020.11.033","volume":"330","author":"AK Blakney","year":"2021","unstructured":"Blakney, A. K. et al. Effect of complexing lipids on cellular uptake and expression of messenger RNA in human skin explants. J. Control. Release 330, 1250\u20131261 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"1796_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00033","volume":"19","author":"F Ferraresso","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ferraresso, F. et al. Comparison of DLin-MC3-DMA and ALC-0315 for siRNA delivery to hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells. Mol. Pharm. 19, 2175\u20132182 (2022).","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"1796_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202301929","volume":"10","author":"GS Naidu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Naidu, G. S. et al. A combinatorial library of lipid nanoparticles for cell type-specific mRNA delivery. Adv. Sci. 10, 2301929 (2023).","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"1796_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1177\/2472555220925770","volume":"25","author":"D Ross-Thriepland","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ross-Thriepland, D. et al. Arrayed CRISPR screening identifies novel targets that enhance the productive delivery of mRNA by MC3-based lipid nanoparticles. SLAS Discov. 25, 605\u2013617 (2020).","journal-title":"SLAS Discov."},{"key":"1796_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.bioconjchem.4c00536","volume":"35","author":"S Peng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Peng, S. et al. Pathologic tissue injury and inflammation in mice immunized with plasmid DNA-encapsulated DOTAP-based lipid nanoparticles. Bioconjug. Chem. 35, 2015\u20132026 (2024).","journal-title":"Bioconjug. Chem."},{"key":"1796_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xu, J. et al. Capsule coffee-inspired customizable production of nucleic acid medicine using a rapid on-site microfluidic assembly (ROMA) technology. Preprint at Research Square https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-4000095\/v1 (2024).","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-4000095\/v1"},{"key":"1796_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xu, J. et al. Tackling intrinsic instability of mRNA vaccine by a rapid onsite microfluidic assembly (ROMA) technology. Preprint at Research Square https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-5047616\/v1 (2024).","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-5047616\/v1"},{"key":"1796_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034577","volume":"383","author":"FP Polack","year":"2020","unstructured":"Polack, F. P. et al. Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine. N. Engl. J. Med. 383, 2603\u20132615 (2020).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1796_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2023.105556","volume":"212","author":"C Lu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lu, C. et al. Heterologous boost with mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 Delta\/Omicron variants following an inactivated whole-virus vaccine. Antiviral Res. 212, 105556 (2023).","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"1796_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05017-7","volume":"9","author":"J Sun","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sun, J. et al. Control over the emerging chirality in supramolecular gels and solutions by chiral microvortices in milliseconds. Nat. Commun. 9, 2599 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1796_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-021-00358-0","volume":"6","author":"X Hou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hou, X., Zaks, T., Langer, R. & Dong, Y. Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery. Nat. Rev. Mater. 6, 1078\u20131094 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"1796_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-023-00751-6","volume":"8","author":"L Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, L. et al. Effect of mRNA-LNP components of two globally-marketed COVID-19 vaccines on efficacy and stability. npj Vaccines 8, 156 (2023).","journal-title":"npj Vaccines"},{"key":"1796_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23959","DOI":"10.1039\/D0NR06816K","volume":"12","author":"JA Kulkarni","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kulkarni, J. A. et al. Spontaneous, solvent-free entrapment of siRNA within lipid nanoparticles. Nanoscale 12, 23959\u201323966 (2020).","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"1796_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2302814","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202302814","volume":"33","author":"F Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang, F. et al. Three compartment liposome fusion: functional protocells for biocatalytic cascades and operation of dynamic DNA machineries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33, 2302814 (2023).","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"1796_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3324","DOI":"10.1002\/2211-5463.13246","volume":"11","author":"S Hennig","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hennig, S. & Manstein, D. J. Improvement of image resolution by combining enhanced confocal microscopy and quantum dot triexciton imaging. FEBS Open Bio 11, 3324\u20133330 (2021).","journal-title":"FEBS Open Bio"},{"key":"1796_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.1c00544","volume":"55","author":"Y Eygeris","year":"2021","unstructured":"Eygeris, Y., Gupta, M., Kim, J. & Sahay, G. Chemistry of lipid nanoparticles for RNA delivery. Acc. Chem. Res. 55, 2\u201312 (2021).","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"1796_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-3659(85)90051-3","volume":"2","author":"PI Lee","year":"1985","unstructured":"Lee, P. I. Kinetics of drug release from hydrogel matrices. J. Control. Release 2, 277\u2013288 (1985).","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"1796_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-021-00898-0","volume":"16","author":"JA Kulkarni","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kulkarni, J. A. et al. The current landscape of nucleic acid therapeutics. Nat. Nanotechnol. 16, 630\u2013643 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"1796_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(71)90208-7","volume":"61","author":"VA Moar","year":"1971","unstructured":"Moar, V. A., Gurdon, J. B., Lane, C. D. & Marbaix, G. Translational capacity of living frog eggs and oocytes, as judged by messenger RNA injection. J. Mol. Biol. 61, 93\u2013103 (1971).","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"1796_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02812-x","volume":"22","author":"W Kong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kong, W. et al. Role of size, surface charge, and PEGylated lipids of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) on intramuscular delivery of mRNA. J. Nanobiotechnol. 22, 553 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"1796_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002866","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002866","volume":"9","author":"L Ciandrini","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ciandrini, L., Stansfield, I. & Romano, M. C. Ribosome traffic on mRNAs maps to gene ontology: genome-wide quantification of translation initiation rates and polysome size regulation. PLoS Comput. Biol. 9, e1002866 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"1796_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.20892\/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0370","volume":"17","author":"KA Szymonowicz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Szymonowicz, K. A. & Chen, J. Biological and clinical aspects of HPV-related cancers. Cancer Biol. Med. 17, 864\u2013878 (2020).","journal-title":"Cancer Biol. Med."},{"key":"1796_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1097\/CJI.0000000000000156","volume":"40","author":"J Chandra","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chandra, J. et al. DNA vaccine encoding HPV16 oncogenes E6 and E7 induces potent cell-mediated and humoral immunity which protects in tumor challenge and drives E7-expressing skin graft rejection. J. Immunother. 40, 62\u201370 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Immunother."},{"key":"1796_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13777","volume":"172","author":"X Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li, X. et al. Prevention and treatment of HPV-related cancer through a mRNA vaccine expressing APC-targeting antigen. Immunology 172, 375\u2013391 (2024).","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"1796_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smsc.202200009","volume":"2","author":"J Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu, J. et al. Rapid antigen diagnostics as frontline testing in the COVID-19 pandemic. Small Sci. 2, 2200009 (2022).","journal-title":"Small Sci."},{"key":"1796_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202402936","volume":"11","author":"Y Gong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gong, Y. et al. A novel self-amplifying mRNA with decreased cytotoxicity and enhanced protein expression by macrodomain mutations. Adv. Sci. 11, 2402936 (2024).","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"1796_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-024-03912-1","volume":"99","author":"J-H Ahn","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ahn, J.-H. et al. Impact of administration routes and dose frequency on the toxicology of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines in mice model. Arch. Toxicol. 99, 755\u2013773 (2025).","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"1796_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab707","volume":"74","author":"C Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, C. et al. Intravenous injection of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mRNA vaccine can induce acute myopericarditis in mouse model. Clin. Infect. Dis. 74, 1933\u20131950 (2022).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"1796_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0311726","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0311726","volume":"19","author":"H-E Jeon","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jeon, H.-E. et al. SARS-CoV2 mRNA vaccine intravenous administration induces myocarditis in chronic inflammation. PLoS ONE 19, e0311726 (2024).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1796_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12010059","volume":"12","author":"I Pateev","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pateev, I., Seregina, K., Ivanov, R. & Reshetnikov, V. Biodistribution of RNA vaccines and of their products: evidence from human and animal studies. Biomedicines 12, 59 (2023).","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"1796_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19800","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.3c05574","volume":"145","author":"Y Ma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ma, Y. & Fenton, O. S. A unified strategy to improve lipid nanoparticle mediated mRNA delivery using adenosine triphosphate. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 145, 19800\u201319811 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"1796_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11375","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.3c02584","volume":"145","author":"Y Ma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ma, Y. & Fenton, O. S. An efficacy and mechanism driven study on the impact of Hypoxia on lipid nanoparticle mediated mRNA delivery. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 145, 11375\u201311386 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"1796_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.201610209","volume":"129","author":"JB Miller","year":"2017","unstructured":"Miller, J. B. et al. Non-viral CRISPR\/Cas gene editing in vitro and in vivo enabled by synthetic nanoparticle co-delivery of Cas9 mRNA and sgRNA. Angew. Chem. 129, 1079\u20131083 (2017).","journal-title":"Angew. Chem."},{"key":"1796_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.9b04246","volume":"20","author":"MM Billingsley","year":"2020","unstructured":"Billingsley, M. M. et al. Ionizable lipid nanoparticle-mediated mRNA delivery for human CAR T cell engineering. Nano Lett. 20, 1578\u20131589 (2020).","journal-title":"Nano Lett."}],"container-title":["Nature Biomedical Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41551-026-01796-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41551-026-01796-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41551-026-01796-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T09:03:41Z","timestamp":1790067821000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41551-026-01796-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["1796"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41551-026-01796-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2157-846X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2157-846X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors have filed patent applications related to this study (CN202511851979.8 and CN202511667332.X) in China.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}