{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T16:50:49Z","timestamp":1793292649337,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,6]],"date-time":"2017-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1488758400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,6]],"date-time":"2017-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1488758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Ecol Evol"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-017-0093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,6]],"date-time":"2017-03-06T16:06:33Z","timestamp":1488816393000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Meckel\u2019s cartilage breakdown offers clues to mammalian middle ear evolution"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"1","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4104-7839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neal","family":"Anthwal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Urban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2170-8879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhe-Xi","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen E.","family":"Sears","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8871-6094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abigail S.","family":"Tucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFs415590170093_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-2784-7_37","volume-title":"The Evolutionary Biology of Hearing","author":"EF Allin","year":"1992","unstructured":"Allin, E. F. & Hopson, J. A. in The Evolutionary Biology of Hearing (eds Webster, D. B., Fay, R. R. & Popper, A. N. ) 587\u2013614 (Springer, 1992)."},{"key":"BFs415590170093_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1126\/science.273.5275.651","volume":"273","author":"T Rowe","year":"1996","unstructured":"Rowe, T. Coevolution of the mammalian middle ear and neocortex. Science 273, 651\u2013654 (1996).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFs415590170093_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06277","volume":"450","author":"Z-X Luo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Luo, Z.-X. Transformation and diversification in early mammal evolution. Nature 450, 1011\u20131019 (2007).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFs415590170093_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511760174.008","volume-title":"From Clone to Bone: The Synergy of Morphological and Molecular Tools in Palaeobiology","author":"N Anthwal","year":"2012","unstructured":"Anthwal, N. & Tucker, A. S. in From Clone to Bone: The Synergy of Morphological and Molecular Tools in Palaeobiology (eds Asher, R. J. & M\u00fcller, J. ) 207\u2013229 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2012)."},{"key":"BFs415590170093_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12379","volume":"228","author":"W Maier","year":"2016","unstructured":"Maier, W. & Ruf, I. Evolution of the mammalian middle ear: a historical review. J. Anat. 228, 270\u2013283 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"BFs415590170093_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-032511-142302","volume":"42","author":"Z-X Luo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Luo, Z.-X. Developmental patterns in Mesozoic evolution of mammal ears. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 42, 355\u2013380 (2011).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst."},{"key":"BFs415590170093_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1096-3642.2003.00064.x","volume":"138","author":"J Meng","year":"2003","unstructured":"Meng, J., Hu, Y., Wang, Y. & Li, C. The ossified Meckel\u2019s cartilage and internal groove in Mesozoic mammaliaforms: implications to origin of the definitive mammalian middle ear. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 138, 431\u2013448 (2003).","journal-title":"Zool. J. Linn. Soc."},{"key":"BFs415590170093_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1178501","volume":"326","author":"Q Ji","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ji, Q., Luo, Z.-X., Zhang, X., Yuan, C.-X. & Xu, L. Evolutionary development of the middle ear in Mesozoic therian mammals. Science 326, 278\u2013281 (2009).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFs415590170093_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.b.21347","volume":"314","author":"M Takechi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Takechi, M. & Kuratani, S. History of studies on mammalian middle ear evolution: a comparative morphological and developmental biology perspective. J. Exp. Zool. B 314, 417\u2013433 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zool. B"},{"key":"BFs415590170093_CR10","first-page":"125","volume":"52","author":"O Amano","year":"2010","unstructured":"Amano, O. et al. Meckel\u2019s cartilage: discovery, embryology and evolution. J. Oral Biosci. 52, 125\u2013135 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Oral Biosci."},{"key":"BFs415590170093_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2012.01526.x","volume":"222","author":"N Anthwal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Anthwal, N., Joshi, L. & Tucker, A. S. Evolution of the mammalian middle ear and jaw: adaptations and novel structures. J. Anat. 222, 147\u2013160 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"BFs415590170093_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1085","volume":"251","author":"MR S\u00e1nchez-Villagra","year":"2002","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Villagra, M. R., Gemballa, S., Nummela, S., Smith, K. K. & Maier, W. Ontogenetic and phylogenetic transformations of the ear ossicles in marsupial mammals. J. Morphol. 251, 219\u2013238 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Morphol."},{"key":"BFs415590170093_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.20666","volume":"235","author":"S Amin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Amin, S. & Tucker, A. S. Joint formation in the middle ear: lessons from the mouse and guinea pig. Dev. Dyn. 235, 1326\u20131333 (2006).","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn."},{"key":"BFs415590170093_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2003.10.012","volume":"266","author":"J Wilson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wilson, J. & Tucker, A. S. Fgf and Bmp signals repress the expression of Bapx1 in the mandibular mesenchyme and control the position of the developing jaw joint. Dev. Biol. 266, 138\u2013150 (2004).","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"BFs415590170093_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09921","volume":"472","author":"J Meng","year":"2011","unstructured":"Meng, J., Wang, Y. & Li, C. Transitional mammalian middle ear from a new Cretaceous Jehol eutriconodont. Nature 472, 181\u2013185 (2011).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFs415590170093_CR16","first-page":"E7101","volume":"112","author":"Z-X Luo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Luo, Z.-X., Gatesy, S. M., Jenkins, F. A., Amaral, W. W. & Shubin, N. H. Mandibular and dental characteristics of Late Triassic mammaliaform Haramiyavia and their ramifications for basal mammal evolution. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 112, E7101\u2013E7109 (2015).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFs415590170093_CR17","first-page":"555","volume-title":"Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ.","author":"CM Holliday","year":"2013","unstructured":"Holliday, C. M. & Nesbitt, S. J. Morphology and diversity of the mandibular symphysis of archosauriforms. Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ. 379, 555\u2013571 (2013)."},{"key":"BFs415590170093_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.20676","volume":"235","author":"KK Smith","year":"2006","unstructured":"Smith, K. K. Craniofacial development in marsupial mammals: developmental origins of evolutionary change. Dev. Dyn. 235, 1181\u20131193 (2006).","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn."},{"key":"BFs415590170093_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaupp, E. W. T. Die Reichertsche theorie: (Hammer-, amboss-und kieferfrage). Arch. Anat. Suppl. 1912, 1\u2013416 (1913).","DOI":"10.1515\/9783112380284-001"},{"key":"BFs415590170093_CR20","volume-title":"Bones and Cartilage: Developmental and Evolutionary Skeletal Biology","author":"BK Hall","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hall, B. K. Bones and Cartilage: Developmental and Evolutionary Skeletal Biology. (Academic, 2015)."},{"key":"BFs415590170093_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-012-1274-3","volume":"461","author":"HJ Knowles","year":"2012","unstructured":"Knowles, H. J. et al. Chondroclasts are mature osteoclasts which are capable of cartilage matrix resorption. Virchows Arch. 461, 205\u2013210 (2012).","journal-title":"Virchows Arch."},{"key":"BFs415590170093_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092330403","volume":"233","author":"D Lewinson","year":"1992","unstructured":"Lewinson, D. & Silbermann, M. Chondroclasts and endothelial cells collaborate in the process of cartilage resorption. Anat. Rec. 233, 504\u2013514 (1992).","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"BFs415590170093_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7939685","volume":"266","author":"A Grigoriadis","year":"1994","unstructured":"Grigoriadis, A. et al. c-Fos: a key regulator of osteoclast-macrophage lineage determination and bone remodeling. Science 266, 443\u2013448 (1994).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFs415590170093_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2910","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.099986","volume":"125","author":"A Arai","year":"2012","unstructured":"Arai, A. et al. Fos plays an essential role in the upregulation of RANK expression in osteoclast precursors within the bone microenvironment. J. Cell Sci. 125, 2910\u20132917 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"BFs415590170093_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.11.008","volume":"49","author":"MJ Rogers","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rogers, M. J., Crockett, J. C., Coxon, F. P. & M\u00f6nkk\u00f6nen, J. Biochemical and molecular mechanisms of action of bisphosphonates. Bone 49, 34\u201341 (2011).","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"BFs415590170093_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14905","volume":"526","author":"T Martin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Martin, T. et al. A Cretaceous eutriconodont and integument evolution in early mammals. Nature 526, 380\u2013384 (2015).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFs415590170093_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2225","volume":"8","author":"RA Raff","year":"2007","unstructured":"Raff, R. A. Written in stone: fossils, genes and evo\u2013devo. Nat. Rev. Genet. 8, 911\u2013920 (2007).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"BFs415590170093_CR28","unstructured":"Urban, D. J. U. et al. A new developmental mechanism for the separation of the mammalian middle ear ossicles from the jaw. Proc. R. Soc. B. (in the press)."},{"key":"BFs415590170093_CR29","first-page":"143","volume":"52","author":"Y Sakakura","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sakakura, Y. Role of matrix metalloproteinases in extracellular matrix disintegration of Meckel\u2019s cartilage in mice. J. Oral Biosci. 52, 143\u2013149 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Oral Biosci."},{"key":"BFs415590170093_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12097","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1302703111","volume":"111","author":"L Yang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yang, L., Tsang, K. Y., Tang, H. C., Chan, D. & Cheah, K. S. E. Hypertrophic chondrocytes can become osteoblasts and osteocytes in endochondral bone formation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111, 12097\u201312102 (2014).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFs415590170093_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1402.084","volume":"1116","author":"BF Boyce","year":"2007","unstructured":"Boyce, B. F. et al. New roles for osteoclasts in bone. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1116, 245\u2013254 (2007).","journal-title":"Ann. NY Acad. Sci."},{"key":"BFs415590170093_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2005.00466.x","volume":"207","author":"Y Sakakura","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sakakura, Y. et al. Immunolocalization of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in Meckel\u2019s cartilage compared with developing endochondral bones in mice. J. Anat. 207, 325\u2013337 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"BFs415590170093_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2013.07.016","volume":"381","author":"Y Wang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Zheng, Y., Chen, D. & Chen, Y. Enhanced BMP signaling prevents degeneration and leads to endochondral ossification of Meckel\u2032s cartilage in mice. Dev. Biol. 381, 301\u2013311 (2013).","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"BFs415590170093_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2013.09.004","volume":"29","author":"A Abzhanov","year":"2013","unstructured":"Abzhanov, A. von Baer\u2019s law for the ages: lost and found principles of developmental evolution. Trends Genet. 29, 712\u2013722 (2013).","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"BFs415590170093_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1038\/360741a0","volume":"360","author":"ZQ Wang","year":"1992","unstructured":"Wang, Z. Q. et al. Bone and haematopoietic defects in mice lacking c-fos. Nature 360, 741\u2013745 (1992).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFs415590170093_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Popa, E. M., Anthwal, N. & Tucker, A. S. Complex patterns of tooth replacement revealed in the fruit bat (Eidolon helvum). J. Anat. (2016). E-pub ahead of print. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1111\/joa.12522","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12522"},{"key":"BFs415590170093_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2015.10.001","volume":"408","author":"EL Ealba","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ealba, E. L. et al. Neural crest-mediated bone resorption is a determinant of species-specific jaw length. Dev. Biol. 408, 151\u2013163 (2015).","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."}],"container-title":["Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41559-017-0093.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41559-017-0093","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41559-017-0093","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41559-017-0093.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T02:18:37Z","timestamp":1671761917000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41559-017-0093"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,6]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]}},"alternative-id":["BFs415590170093"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41559-017-0093","relation":{},"ISSN":["2397-334X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2397-334X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 August 2016","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 January 2017","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 March 2017","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"0093"}}