{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T04:10:30Z","timestamp":1790395830878,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,19]],"date-time":"2018-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542585600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,19]],"date-time":"2018-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Ecol Evol"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-018-0713-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,6]],"date-time":"2018-11-06T12:51:17Z","timestamp":1541508677000},"page":"1966-1973","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Dinosaur ossification centres in embryonic birds uncover developmental evolution of the skull"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3108-1969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Smith-Paredes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez-Le\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Soto-Acu\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingmai","family":"O\u2019Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Francisco","family":"Botelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2009-7116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander O.","family":"Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"713_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2001.tb00663.x","volume":"55","author":"CA Sidor","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sidor, C. A. Simplification as a trend in synapsid cranial evolution. Evolution 55, 1419\u20131442 (2001).","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"713_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330200202","volume":"20","author":"WK Gregory","year":"1935","unstructured":"Gregory, W. K. \u2018Williston\u2019s law\u2019relating to the evolution of skull bones in the vertebrates. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 20, 123\u2013152 (1935).","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"713_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14075","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1208693109","volume":"109","author":"D Koyabu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Koyabu, D., Maier, W. & Sanchez-Villagra, M. R. Paleontological and developmental evidence resolve the homology and dual embryonic origin of a mammalian skull bone, the interparietal. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 109, 14075\u201314080 (2012).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"713_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icw069","volume":"56","author":"BAS Bhullar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bhullar, B.-A. S. et al. How to make a bird skull: major transitions in the evolution of the avian cranium, paedomorphosis, and the beak as a surrogate hand. Integr. Comp. Biol. 56, 389\u2013403 (2016).","journal-title":"Integr. Comp. Biol."},{"key":"713_CR5","first-page":"315","volume":"36","author":"K Erdmann","year":"1940","unstructured":"Erdmann, K. Zur entwicklungsgeschichte der knochen im sch\u00e4del des huhnes bis zum zeitpunkt des ausschl\u00fcpfens aus dem ei. Zoomorphology 36, 315\u2013400 (1940).","journal-title":"Zoomorphology"},{"key":"713_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.2009.00533.x","volume":"157","author":"EE Maxwell","year":"2009","unstructured":"Maxwell, E. E. & Larsson, H. C. E. Comparative ossification sequence and skeletal development of the postcranium of palaeognathous birds (Aves: Palaeognathae). Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 157, 169\u2013196 (2009).","journal-title":"Zool. J. Linn. Soc."},{"key":"713_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-6395.1957.tb00052.x","volume":"38","author":"M Webb","year":"1957","unstructured":"Webb, M. The ontogeny of the cranial bones, cranial peripheral and cranial parasympathetic nerves, together with a study of the visceral muscles of struthio. Acta Zool. 38, 81\u2013203 (1957).","journal-title":"Acta Zool."},{"key":"713_CR8","first-page":"25","volume":"182","author":"TJ Parker","year":"1889","unstructured":"Parker, T. J. Observations on the anatomy and development of Apteryx. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 182, 25\u2013134 (1889).","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"713_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1892.0005","volume":"183","author":"TJ Parker","year":"1892","unstructured":"Parker, T. J. Additional observations on the development of Apteryx. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 183, 73\u201384 (1892).","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"713_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1098\/rstl.1866.0008","volume":"156","author":"WK Parker","year":"1866","unstructured":"Parker, W. K. On the structure and development of the skull in the ostrich tribe. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 156, 113\u2013183 (1866).","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"713_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10644","volume":"269","author":"EE Maxwell","year":"2008","unstructured":"Maxwell, E. E. Ossification sequence of the avian order Anseriformes, with comparison to other precocial birds. J. Morphol. 269, 1095\u20131113 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Morphol."},{"key":"713_CR12","unstructured":"Starck, J. M. in Current Ornithology Vol. 10 (ed. Power, M.) Ch. 6 (Springer, Boston, 1993)."},{"key":"713_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zool.2007.08.004","volume":"111","author":"EE Maxwell","year":"2008","unstructured":"Maxwell, E. E. Comparative embryonic development of the skeleton of the domestic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) and other galliform birds. Zoology 111, 242\u2013257 (2008).","journal-title":"Zoology"},{"key":"713_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1098\/rstl.1869.0032","volume":"159","author":"WK Parker","year":"1869","unstructured":"Parker, W. K. On the structure and development of the skull of the common fowl (Gallus domesticus). Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 159, 755\u2013807 (1869).","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"713_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051000302","volume":"100","author":"MT Jollie","year":"1957","unstructured":"Jollie, M. T. The head skeleton of the chicken and remarks on the anatomy of this region in other birds. J. Morphol. 100, 389\u2013436 (1957).","journal-title":"J. Morphol."},{"key":"713_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-169x.1999.00454.x","volume":"41","author":"Y Nakane","year":"1999","unstructured":"Nakane, Y. & Tsudzuki, M. Development of the skeleton in Japanese quail embryos. Dev. Growth Differ. 41, 523\u2013534 (1999).","journal-title":"Dev. Growth Differ."},{"key":"713_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10633","volume":"269","author":"EE Maxwell","year":"2008","unstructured":"Maxwell, E. E. & Harrison, L. B. Ossification sequence of the common tern (Sterna hirundo) and its implications for the interrelationships of the Lari (Aves, Charadriiformes). J. Morphol. 269, 1056\u20131072 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Morphol."},{"key":"713_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zool.2009.06.002","volume":"113","author":"EE Maxwell","year":"2010","unstructured":"Maxwell, E. E., Harrison, L. B. & Larsson, H. C. Assessing the phylogenetic utility of sequence heterochrony: evolution of avian ossification sequences as a case study. Zoology 113, 57\u201366 (2010).","journal-title":"Zoology"},{"key":"713_CR19","unstructured":"Maxwell, E. E. Evolution and Avian Ossification Sequences. PhD thesis, McGill Univ. (2008)."},{"key":"713_CR20","unstructured":"Baumel, J. & Witmer, L. in Handbook of Avian Anatomy: Nomina Anatomica Avium (ed. Baumel, J.) 45\u2013132 (Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, Cambridge, 1993)."},{"key":"713_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1993.tb02537.x","volume":"109","author":"O Rieppel","year":"1993","unstructured":"Rieppel, O. Studies on skeleton formation in reptiles. v. Patterns of ossification in the skeleton of Alligator mississippiensis Daudin (Reptilia, Crocodylia). Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 109, 301\u2013325 (1993).","journal-title":"Zool. J. Linn. Soc."},{"key":"713_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.1994.10011525","volume":"13","author":"PC Sereno","year":"1994","unstructured":"Sereno, P. C. & Novas, F. E. The skull and neck of the basal theropod Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 13, 451\u2013476 (1994).","journal-title":"J. Vertebr. Paleontol."},{"key":"713_CR23","unstructured":"Colbert, E. H. The Triassic Dinosaur Coelophysis (Museum of Northern Arizona Press, Northern Arizona Society of Science and Art, Flagstaff, 1989)."},{"key":"713_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1180350","volume":"326","author":"SJ Nesbitt","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nesbitt, S. J. et al. A complete skeleton of a Late Triassic saurischian and the early evolution of dinosaurs. Science 326, 1530\u20131533 (2009).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"713_CR25","first-page":"191","volume":"48","author":"PJ Currie","year":"2003","unstructured":"Currie, P. J. Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada. Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 48, 191\u2013226 (2003).","journal-title":"Acta Palaeontol. Pol."},{"key":"713_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.2003.10010947","volume":"22","author":"CA Brochu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Brochu, C. A. Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 22, 1\u2013138 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Vertebr. Paleontol."},{"key":"713_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634(2006)26[879:AROCFT]2.0.CO;2","volume":"26","author":"K Peyer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Peyer, K. A reconsideration of Compsognathus from the Upper Tithonian of Canjuers, southeastern France. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 26, 879\u2013896 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Vertebr. Paleontol."},{"key":"713_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.2014.874529","volume":"34","author":"S Lautenschlager","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lautenschlager, S., Witmer, L. M., Altangerel, P., Zanno, L. E. & Rayfield, E. J. Cranial anatomy of Erlikosaurus andrewsi (Dinosauria, Therizinosauria): new insights based on digital reconstruction. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 34, 1263\u20131291 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Vertebr. Paleontol."},{"key":"713_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1206\/3816.1","volume":"51","author":"JN Choiniere","year":"2014","unstructured":"Choiniere, J. N., Clark, J. M., Norell, M. A. & Xu, X. Cranial osteology of Haplocheirus sollers Choiniere et al., 2010 (Theropoda: Alvarezsauroidea). Am. Mus. Novit. 51, 1\u201344 (2014).","journal-title":"Am. Mus. Novit."},{"key":"713_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1038\/32642","volume":"392","author":"LM Chiappe","year":"1998","unstructured":"Chiappe, L. M., Norell, M. A. & Clark, J. M. The skull of a relative of the stem-group bird Mononykus. Nature 392, 275\u2013278 (1998).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"713_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1206\/748.1","volume":"371","author":"AH Turner","year":"2012","unstructured":"Turner, A. H., Makovicky, P. J. & Norell, M. A. A review of dromaeosaurid systematics and paravian phylogeny. B. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 371, 1\u2013206 (2012).","journal-title":"B. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist."},{"key":"713_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13467","volume":"511","author":"C Foth","year":"2014","unstructured":"Foth, C., Tischlinger, H. & Rauhut, O. W. New specimen of Archaeopteryx provides insights into the evolution of pennaceous feathers. Nature 511, 79\u201382 (2014).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"713_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02986567","volume":"51","author":"HD Sues","year":"1977","unstructured":"Sues, H.-D. The skull of Velociraptor mongoliensis, a small Cretaceous theropod dinosaur from Mongolia. Pal\u00e4ont. Z. 51, 173\u2013184 (1977).","journal-title":"Pal\u00e4ont. Z."},{"key":"713_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e45203","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0045203","volume":"7","author":"C Gao","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gao, C., Morschhauser, E. M., Varricchio, D. J., Liu, J. & Zhao, B. A second soundly sleeping dragon: new anatomical details of the Chinese troodontid Mei long with implications for phylogeny and taphonomy. PLoS ONE 7, e45203 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"713_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1206\/0003-0082(2003)402<0001:OAROBJ>2.0.CO;2","volume":"3402","author":"PJ Makovicky","year":"2003","unstructured":"Makovicky, P. J., Norell, M. A., Clark, J. M. & Rowe, T. Osteology and relationships of Byronosaurus jaffei (Theropoda: Troodontidae). Am. Mus. Novit. 3402, 1\u201332 (2003).","journal-title":"Am. Mus. Novit."},{"key":"713_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1206\/650.1","volume":"3657","author":"GS Bever","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bever, G. S. & Norell, M. A. The perinate skull of Byronosaurus (Troodontidae) with observations on the cranial ontogeny of paravian theropods. Am. Mus. Novit. 3657, 1\u201352 (2009).","journal-title":"Am. Mus. Novit."},{"key":"713_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1038\/45769","volume":"401","author":"X Xu","year":"1999","unstructured":"Xu, X., Wang, X.-L. & Wu, X.-C. A dromaeosaurid dinosaur with a filamentous integument from the Yixian Formation of China. Nature 401, 262\u2013266 (1999).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"713_CR38","unstructured":"Burnham, D. A. in Feathered Dragons: Studies on the Transition from Dinosaurs to Birds (ed. Currie, P. J.) 67\u2013111 (Indiana Univ. Press, Bloomington, 2004)."},{"key":"713_CR39","unstructured":"Ostrom, J. H. Osteology of Deinonychus antirrhopus, an Unusual Theropod from the Lower Cretaceous of Montana Vol. 30 (Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale Univ. Press, New Haven, 1969)."},{"key":"713_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1206\/0003-0082(2006)3545[1:ANDTFU]2.0.CO;2","volume":"3545","author":"MA Norell","year":"2006","unstructured":"Norell, M. A. et al. A new dromaeosaurid theropod from Ukhaa Tolgod (\u00d6mn\u00f6gov, Mongolia). Am. Mus. Novit. 3545, 1\u201351 (2006).","journal-title":"Am. Mus. Novit."},{"key":"713_CR41","first-page":"189","volume":"44","author":"R Barsbold","year":"1999","unstructured":"Barsbold, R. & Osm\u00f3lska, H. The skull of Velociraptor (Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 44, 189\u2013219 (1999).","journal-title":"Acta Palaeontol. Pol."},{"key":"713_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1139\/e01-065","volume":"38","author":"PJ Currie","year":"2001","unstructured":"Currie, P. J. & Zhiming, D. New information on Cretaceous troodontids (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the People\u2019s Republic of China. Can. J. Earth Sci. 38, 1753\u20131766 (2001).","journal-title":"Can. J. Earth Sci."},{"key":"713_CR43","first-page":"51A","volume":"16","author":"W Maxwell","year":"1996","unstructured":"Maxwell, W. & Witmer, L. New material of Deinonychus (Dinosauria; Theropoda). J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 16, 51A (1996).","journal-title":"J. Vertebr. Paleontol."},{"key":"713_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11490","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11490","volume":"5","author":"J L\u00fc","year":"2015","unstructured":"L\u00fc, J. et al. A new oviraptorid dinosaur (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Southern China and its paleobiogeographical implications. Sci. Rep. 5, 11490 (2015).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"713_CR45","first-page":"95","volume":"30","author":"J L\u00fc","year":"2004","unstructured":"L\u00fc, J., Tomida, Y., Azuma, Y., Dong, Z. & Lee, Y.-N. New oviraptorid dinosaur (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria) from the Nemegt Formation of southwestern Mongolia. Bull. Nat. Sci. Mus. Tokyo Ser. C 30, 95\u2013130 (2004).","journal-title":"Bull. Nat. Sci. Mus. Tokyo Ser. C"},{"key":"713_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1163\/156854201X00279","volume":"51","author":"A Elzanowski","year":"2001","unstructured":"Elzanowski, A. A novel reconstruction of the skull of Archaeopteryx. Neth. J. Zool. 51, 207\u2013215 (2001).","journal-title":"Neth. J. Zool."},{"key":"713_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s12542-013-0186-0","volume":"88","author":"OW Rauhut","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rauhut, O. W. New observations on the skull of Archaeopteryx. Pal\u00e4ont. Z. 88, 211\u2013221 (2014).","journal-title":"Pal\u00e4ont. Z."},{"key":"713_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.1996.10011286","volume":"16","author":"A Elzanowski","year":"1996","unstructured":"Elzanowski, A. & Wellnhofer, P. Cranial morphology of Archaeopteryx: evidence from the seventh skeleton. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 16, 81\u201394 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Vertebr. Paleontol."},{"key":"713_CR49","first-page":"33","volume":"23","author":"H Tischlinger","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tischlinger, H. Neue informationen zum berliner exemplar von Archaeopteryx lithographica H. v. Meyer 1861. Archaeopteryx 23, 33\u201350 (2005).","journal-title":"Archaeopteryx"},{"key":"713_CR50","first-page":"168","volume":"A147","author":"P Wellnhofer","year":"1974","unstructured":"Wellnhofer, P. Das f\u00fcnfte skelettexemplar von Archaeopteryx. Palaeontogr. Abt. A A147, 168\u2013216 (1974).","journal-title":"Palaeontogr. Abt. A"},{"key":"713_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1120331","volume":"310","author":"G Mayr","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mayr, G., Pohl, B. & Peters, D. S. A well-preserved Archaeopteryx specimen with theropod features. Science 310, 1483\u20131486 (2005).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"713_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4191","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4191","volume":"6","author":"OW Rauhut","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rauhut, O. W., Foth, C. & Tischlinger, H. The oldest Archaeopteryx (Theropoda: Avialiae): a new specimen from the Kimmeridgian\/Tithonian boundary of Schamhaupten, Bavaria. PeerJ 6, e4191 (2018).","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"713_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23446","volume":"300","author":"M Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang, M. & Hu, H. A comparative morphological study of the jugal and quadratojugal in early birds and their dinosaurian relatives. Anat. Rec. 300, 62\u201375 (2017).","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"713_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11146","volume":"487","author":"BA Bhullar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bhullar, B. A. et al. Birds have paedomorphic dinosaur skulls. Nature 487, 223\u2013226 (2012).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"713_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0053-y","volume":"557","author":"DJ Field","year":"2018","unstructured":"Field, D. J. et al. Complete Ichthyornis skull illuminates mosaic assembly of the avian head. Nature 557, 96\u2013100 (2018).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"713_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1080\/14772019.2010.526639","volume":"9","author":"JK O\u2019Connor","year":"2011","unstructured":"O\u2019Connor, J. K. & Chiappe, L. M. A revision of enantiornithine (Aves: Ornithothoraces) skull morphology. J. Syst. Palaeontol. 9, 135\u2013157 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Syst. Palaeontol."},{"key":"713_CR57","unstructured":"Gould, S. J. Hen\u2019s Teeth and Horse\u2019s Toes: Further Reflections in Natural History (WW Norton & Company, New York, 2010)."},{"key":"713_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9902","volume":"6","author":"L Ossa-Fuentes","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ossa-Fuentes, L., Mpodozis, J. & Vargas, A. O. Bird embryos uncover homology and evolution of the dinosaur ankle. Nat. Commun. 6, 8902 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"713_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862-015-0464-4","volume":"15","author":"RE Diaz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Diaz, R. E. & Trainor, P. A. Hand\/foot splitting and the \u2018re-evolution\u2019 of mesopodial skeletal elements during the evolution and radiation of chameleons. BMC Evol. Biol. 15, 184 (2015).","journal-title":"BMC Evol. Biol."},{"key":"713_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1086\/285234","volume":"138","author":"DB Wake","year":"1991","unstructured":"Wake, D. B. Homoplasy: the result of natural selection, or evidence of design limitations? Am. Nat. 138, 543\u2013567 (1991).","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"key":"713_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.34.1.125","volume":"34","author":"CS Le Li\u00e8vre","year":"1975","unstructured":"Le Li\u00e8vre, C. S. & Le Douarin, N. Mesenchymal derivatives of the neural crest: analysis of chimaeric quail and chick embryos. Development 34, 125\u2013154 (1975).","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"713_CR62","first-page":"17","volume":"47","author":"CS Le Lievre","year":"1978","unstructured":"Le Lievre, C. S. Participation of neural crest-derived cells in the genesis of the skull in birds. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 47, 17\u201337 (1978).","journal-title":"J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol."},{"key":"713_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(83)90318-4","volume":"96","author":"DM Noden","year":"1983","unstructured":"Noden, D. M. The role of the neural crest in patterning of avian cranial skeletal, connective, and muscle tissues. Dev. Biol. 96, 144\u2013165 (1983).","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"713_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.20663","volume":"235","author":"DJ Evans","year":"2006","unstructured":"Evans, D. J. & Noden, D. M. Spatial relations between avian craniofacial neural crest and paraxial mesoderm cells. Dev. Dyn. 235, 1310\u20131325 (2006).","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn."},{"key":"713_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5661","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6661","volume":"5","author":"N Piekarski","year":"2014","unstructured":"Piekarski, N., Gross, J. B. & Hanken, J. Evolutionary innovation and conservation in the embryonic derivation of the vertebrate skull. Nat. Commun. 5, 5661 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"713_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160356","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.160356","volume":"3","author":"HC Maddin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Maddin, H. C., Piekarski, N., Sefton, E. M. & Hanken, J. Homology of the cranial vault in birds: new insights based on embryonic fate-mapping and character analysis. R. Soc. Open Sci. 3, 160356 (2016).","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"713_CR67","unstructured":"Noden, D. M. & Schneider, R. A. in Neural Crest Induction and Differentiation (ed. Saint-Jeannet, J.-P.) 1\u201323 (Landes Bioscience, Georgetown and Springer, New York, 2006)."},{"key":"713_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-017-0288-2","volume":"1","author":"M Fabbri","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fabbri, M. et al. The skull roof tracks the brain during the evolution and development of reptiles including birds. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 1, 1543 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"713_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1050880104","volume":"88","author":"V Hamburger","year":"1951","unstructured":"Hamburger, V. & Hamilton, H. L. A series of normal stages in the development of the chick embryo. J. Morphol. 88, 49\u201392 (1951).","journal-title":"J. Morphol."},{"key":"713_CR70","first-page":"425","volume":"83","author":"H Hays","year":"1971","unstructured":"Hays, H. & LeCroy, M. Field criteria for determining incubation stage in eggs of the common tern. Wilson Bull. 83, 425\u2013429 (1971).","journal-title":"Wilson Bull."},{"key":"713_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00174948","volume":"186","author":"B Hall","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hall, B. & Miyake, T. The membranous skeleton: the role of cell condensations in vertebrate skeletogenesis. Anat. Embryol. 186, 107\u2013124 (1992).","journal-title":"Anat. Embryol."},{"key":"713_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1387\/ijdb.8901191","volume":"39","author":"BK Hall","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hall, B. K. & Miyake, T. Divide, accumulate, differentiate: cell condensation in skeletal development revisited. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 39, 881\u2013893 (2004).","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"713_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.3109\/10520295.2010.506158","volume":"86","author":"Y Yamazaki","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yamazaki, Y., Yuguchi, M., Kubota, S. & Isokawa, K. Whole-mount bone and cartilage staining of chick embryos with minimal decalcification. Biotech. Histochem. 86, 351\u2013358 (2011).","journal-title":"Biotech. Histochem."},{"key":"713_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1038\/243070a0","volume":"243","author":"P Gingerich","year":"1973","unstructured":"Gingerich, P. Skull of Hesperornis and early evolution of birds. Nature 243, 70\u201373 (1973).","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41559-018-0713-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41559-018-0713-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41559-018-0713-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T00:03:54Z","timestamp":1775261034000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41559-018-0713-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,19]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["713"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41559-018-0713-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2397-334X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2397-334X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 June 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 October 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 November 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}