{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T12:19:50Z","timestamp":1777983590126,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772150400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Ecol Evol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Green leaf volatiles (GLVs) are six-carbon volatile organic compounds that mediate plant responses to environmental stresses. The quantity and composition of emitted GLVs can vary with stress type, allowing plants to fine-tune their volatile blends. In addition, insect herbivores are capable of modulating these emissions. A key mechanism underlying this plasticity is the conversion of\n                    <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\n                    -3-hexenal to\n                    <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>\n                    -2-hexenal by the enzyme (3\n                    <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\n                    ):(2\n                    <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>\n                    )-hexenal isomerase (Hi), which reshapes GLV profiles and may influence multitrophic interactions. Here we investigate the evolutionary origin, functional diversification and catalytic mechanisms of lepidopteran Hi homologues, which belong to the glucose\u2013methanol\u2013choline oxidoreductase family. Phylogenetic analysis of 34 lepidopteran species identified a distinct glucose\u2013methanol\u2013choline-\u03b2 subclade enriched in Hi homologues, largely confined to the Apoditrysia lineage. Functional assays showed species-specific variation in Hi activity, with\n                    <jats:italic>Manduca sexta<\/jats:italic>\n                    Hi-1 displaying the highest activity among tested homologues under identical protein concentrations, both in vitro and in planta. Structural modelling and site-directed mutagenesis revealed that Hi activity requires a flavin adenine dinucleotide cofactor enabling the identification of key residues critical for flavin adenine dinucleotide binding. Comparative phylogenetics further suggests that Hi enzymes in plants and Lepidoptera evolved independently from unrelated enzyme families, representing a case of functional convergence coinciding with the Cretaceous angiosperm radiation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-026-02999-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T10:02:38Z","timestamp":1772186558000},"page":"807-819","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Convergent evolution of hexenal isomerases in Lepidoptera and plants"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2647-0495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Hsien","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1471-3987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bulah Chia-hsiang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3436-9290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdoallah","family":"Sharaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3302-3078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie Maartje Elisabeth","family":"Heijblom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9744-9719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilias","family":"Prattis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ching-Wen","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1229-1274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rudolf J.","family":"Schilder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9870-0299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jared Gregory","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6300-3741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silke","family":"Allmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2999_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1080\/07352680600899973","volume":"25","author":"N Dudareva","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dudareva, N., Florence, N., Nagegowda, D. A. & Orlova, I. Plant volatiles: recent advances and future perspectives. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 25, 417\u2013440 (2006).","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Plant Sci."},{"key":"2999_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-3084(87)90057-0","volume":"44","author":"A Hatanaka","year":"1987","unstructured":"Hatanaka, A., Kajiwara, T. & Sekiya, J. Biosynthetic pathway for C6-aldehydes formation from linolenic acid in green leaves. Chem. Phys. Lipids 44, 341\u2013361 (1987).","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lipids"},{"key":"2999_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1093\/pcp\/pcac117","volume":"63","author":"K Matsui","year":"2022","unstructured":"Matsui, K. & Engelberth, J. Green leaf volatiles\u2014the forefront of plant responses against biotic attack. Plant Cell Physiol. 63, 1378\u20131390 (2022).","journal-title":"Plant Cell Physiol."},{"key":"2999_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8139","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.141079498","volume":"98","author":"G Vancanneyt","year":"2001","unstructured":"Vancanneyt, G. et al. Hydroperoxide lyase depletion in transgenic potato plants leads to an increase in aphid performance. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98, 8139\u20138144 (2001).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2999_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1093\/pcp\/pci122","volume":"46","author":"K Kishimoto","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kishimoto, K., Matsui, K., Ozawa, R. & Takabayashi, J. Volatile C6-aldehydes and allo-ocimene activate defense genes and induce resistance against Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis thaliana. 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Components of C6-aldehyde-induced resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana against a necrotrophic fungal pathogen, Botrytis cinerea. Plant Sci. 170, 715\u2013723 (2006).","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"2999_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0308037100","volume":"101","author":"J Engelberth","year":"2004","unstructured":"Engelberth, J., Alborn, H. T., Schmelz, E. A. & Tumlinson, J. H. Airborne signals prime plants against insect herbivore attack. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101, 1781\u20131785 (2004).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2999_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-006-0365-8","volume":"148","author":"A Kessler","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kessler, A., Halitschke, R., Diezel, C. & Baldwin, I. T. Priming of plant defense responses in nature by airborne signaling between Artemisia tridentata and Nicotiana attenuata. 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